2-2--azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic-acid and ethyl-acetate

Medicinal plants belonging to the genus Mimosa, such as Mimosa tenuiflora, M. caesalpinifolia, and M. verrucosa are known for their popular use for asthma, bronchitis and fever. Ethnopharmacological studies report that Mimosa acutistipula is used to treat alopecia and pharyngitis, conditions that can be related to oxidative stress, inflammatory processes and painful limitations. However, there is no studies on its efficacy and mechanism of action.. To elucidate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of M. acutistipula leaves.. Phytochemical profile of M. acutistipula extracts was evaluated by several reaction-specific methods. Secondary metabolites such as tannins, phenols and flavonoids were quantified with colorimetric assays. In vitro antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS + as free radical scavenging tests, FRAP and phosphomolybdenum as oxide-reduction assays, and anti-hemolytic for lipid peroxidation evaluation. In vivo anti-inflammatory evaluation was performed by paw edema, and peritonitis induced by carrageenan. Analgesic effect and its possible mechanisms were determined by acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and the formalin test. Antipyretic activity was evaluated by yeast-induced fever.. M. acutistipula leaves ethyl acetate extract showed expressive concentrations of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. It also exhibited anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, besides its antipyretic effect. Thus, these results provide information regarding its popular use and might help future therapeutics involving this specimen.

Topics: Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Antipyretics; Edema; Flavonoids; Methanol; Mimosa; Pain; Peritonitis; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Tannins

To characterize the chemical profile of methanolic crude extract and its fractions (Ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, to evaluate their biological and pharmacological properties: antioxidant (1, 1-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic) (ABTS), galvinoxyle free radical scavenging, reducing power, phenanthroline and β carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assays), enzymes inhibitory ability against several enzymes [acetyl-cholinesterase (AChE), buthyrylcholinesterase (BChE), urease and tyrosinase].. Secondary metabolites were extracted from Tamarix africana air-dried powdered leaves by maceration, the crude extract was fractionated using different solvents with different polarities (Ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous). The amount of polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins (hydrolysable and condensed) were determined using colorimetric assays. A variety of biochemical tests were carried out to assess antioxidant and oxygen radical scavenging properties using DPPH, ABTS, galvinoxyle free radical scavenging, reducing power, phenanthroline and β carotene-linoleic acid bleaching methods. Neuroprotective effect was examined against acetylcholinesterase and buthy-rylcholinesterase enzymes. The anti-urease and anti-tyrosinase activities were performed against urease and tyrosinase enzymes respectively. The extract's components were identified using LC-MS and compared to reference substances.. The results indicated that Tamarix africana extracts presented a powerful antioxidant activity in all assays and exhibited a potent inhibitory effect against AChE and BChE as well as urease and tyrosinase enzymes. LC-MS analysis identified amount of eight phenolic compounds were revealed in this analysis; Apigenin, Diosmin, Quercetin, Quercetine-3-glycoside, Apigenin 7-O glycoside, Rutin, Neohesperidin and Wogonin in methanolic extract and its different fractions of Tamarix africana from leaves.. Based on these findings, it is reasonable to assume that Tamarix africana could be considered as a potential candidate for pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries to create innovative health-promoting drugs.

Topics: 1-Butanol; Acetylcholinesterase; Antioxidants; Apigenin; beta Carotene; Flavonoids; Free Radicals; Glycosides; Humans; Linoleic Acid; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Phenanthrolines; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Urease

In the present study the crude extracts of pollen of Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban were explored for their antioxidant potential using Ferric Reducing Power, Metal Chelating Activity and Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity assays. In crude extracts of pollen antioxidant components were initially extracted in methanol and further fractionated in solvents of different polarity, such as n-Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl Acetate and Water exhibited reasonable antioxidant activity. The extract was found to contain large amounts of phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged from 143-1155 mg/l of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 911-2488 mg/l of quercetin (QE) respectively. Moreover, Super oxide Anion Radical Scavenging Activity and GS-MS analysis were also carried out.

Topics: Acetates; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Centella; Chlorides; Chloroform; Ferric Compounds; Ferrous Compounds; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hexanes; Iron Chelating Agents; Methanol; Oxidation-Reduction; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Pollen; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Water

Our study aimed to investigate the antidepressant-like effect of ethyl acetate extract of the flowers of Campsis grandiflora (EFCG) in a mice model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS).. HPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to identify the chemical constituents of EFCG. The DPPH assay and ABTS radical-scavenging assay were performed to measure the antioxidant properties. The protective properties of EFCG against H2 O2 -induced oxidative damage were analysed in PC12 cells. The changes of behaviour profiles were investigated by using open-field test, sucrose preference test, forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Brain tissue samples of mice were collected, and antioxidative measure levels were measured.. The result showed that EFCG had the most active anti-oxidative effect and the protective effect against H2 O2 oxidative injury in PC12 cells. Treatment with the EFCG significantly reduced the depressant-like severity and immobility period as compared with untreated CUMS mice in FST and TST. Moreover, EFCG significantly elevated the contents of superoxide dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase and decreased the contents of Malonaldehyde (MDA) in mice brain.. Our study found first the antidepressant activity of the EFCG. The results suggested the therapeutic potential of EFCG for depressive disorder.

Topics: Acetates; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Antioxidants; Behavior, Animal; Benzothiazoles; Bignoniaceae; Biphenyl Compounds; Brain; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Disease Models, Animal; Flowers; Food Preferences; Male; Mice; Motor Activity; Oxidative Stress; PC12 Cells; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Solvents; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Stress, Psychological; Sulfonic Acids; Swimming

Chemical investigation of Codonopsis ovata resulted in the isolation and identification of β-sitosterol-3-O-glycoside, luteolin, apigenin, gentiacaulein, swertiaperenine, β-sitosterol, taraxeryl-3-acetate, and 3β-acetoxyoleanane-12-one. A rapid, precise, sensitive and validated HPTLC method for simultaneous quantification of these natural products (NPs) was developed on silica-gel 60F254 plate using ternary solvent system, n-hexane:ethyl acetate:formic acid (10.5:3.5:0.43, v/v/v). Markers were quantified after post chromatographic derivatization with cerric ammonium sulfate reagent. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ and all calibration curves showed a good linear relationship (r>0.9924) within test range. Precision was evaluated by intra- and inter-day tests with RSDs <2.59%, accuracy validation recovery 92.43-99.50% with RSDs <1.00%. Apigenin was found major component (natural abundance: 1.103%) and β-sitosterol the least (0.0263%). The NPs displayed antioxidant activity with luteolin exhibiting maximum effect at 1μg/mL concentration (75.9% for DPPH and 43.7% for ABTS) and others at 10 and 25μg/mL, suggesting thereby their apparent potential use for the prevention of free radical induced diseases or as an additive element to food and pharmaceutical industry.

Topics: Acetates; Ammonium Sulfate; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Calibration; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Codonopsis; Formates; Free Radical Scavengers; Hexanes; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Silica Gel; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

Based on the ethnomedicinal uses and the effective outcomes of natural products in various diseases, this study was designed to evaluate Isodon rugosus as possible remedy in oxidative stress, alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Acetylecholinestrase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities of crude methanolic extract (Ir.Cr), resultant fractions (n-hexane (Ir.Hex), chloroform (Ir.Cf), ethyl acetate (Ir.EtAc), aqueous (Ir.Aq)), flavonoids (Ir.Flv) and crude saponins (Ir.Sp) of I. rugosus were investigated using Ellman's spectrophotometric method. Antioxidant potential of I. rugosus was determined using DPPH, H2O2 and ABTS free radicals scavenging assays. Total phenolic and flavonoids contents of plant extracts were determined and expressed in mg GAE/g dry weight and mg RTE/g of dry sample respectively.. Among different fractions Ir.Flv and Ir.Cf exhibited highest inhibitory activity against AChE (87.44 ± 0.51, 83.73 ± 0.64%) and BChE (82.53 ± 0.71, 88.55 ± 0.77%) enzymes at 1 mg/ml with IC50 values of 45, 50 for AChE and 40, 70 μg/ml for BChE respectively. Activity of these fractions were comparable to galanthamine causing 96.00 ± 0.30 and 88.61 ± 0.43% inhibition of AChE and BChE at 1 mg/ml concentration with IC50 values of 20 and 47 μg/ml respectively. In antioxidant assays, Ir.Flv, Ir.Cf, and Ir.EtAc demonstrated highest radicals scavenging activities in DPPH and H2O2 assays which were comparable to ascorbic acid. Ir.Flv was found most potent with IC50 of 19 and 24 μg/ml against DPPH and H2O2 radicals respectively. Whereas antioxidant activates of plant samples against ABTS free radicals was moderate. Ir.Cf, Ir.EtAc and Ir.Cr showed high phenolic and flavonoid contents and concentrations of these compounds in different fractions correlated well to their antioxidant and anticholinestrase activities.. It may be inferred from the current investigations that the Ir.Sp, Ir.Flv and various fractions of I. rugosus are good sources of anticholinesterase and antioxidant compounds. Different fractions can be subjected to activity guided isolation of bioactive compounds effective in neurological disorders.

Topics: Acetates; Acetylcholinesterase; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butyrylcholinesterase; Chloroform; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Complex Mixtures; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Hexanes; Hydrogen Peroxide; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Isodon; Medicine, Traditional; Methanol; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Saponins; Spectrophotometry; Sulfonic Acids

Cactus (Opuntia spp) is widely cultivated as a vegetable, fruit, and forage crop and has been used in traditional medicine in American Indian, Mexican, and Korean cultures. Accumulative evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies using cacti suggests their biological and pharmacological activities, such as their anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory roles in different cancer cells. In this study, the Opuntia humifusa stem (OHS) was extracted with different solvents and screened for radical scavenging activity using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS˙(+)) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). In addition, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of each extract were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Further, the cacti's bioactive fractions were evaluated for cell cytotoxicity and to understand their mechanism of action on human colon cancer (SW480) and breast cancer (MCF7) cells. An ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract exhibited the highest cytotoxicity and resulted in an up-regulated expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax (bcl-2 associated X protein) and a down-regulated expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 in both SW480 and MCF7 cells. The apoptosis was mediated through activation of caspase 8, 9, and 3/7 activities as well as PARP cleavage in SW480 cells, while the same extract activated only a caspase 9 activity in MCF7 cells. Furthermore, incubation of cells with the EtOAc extract down-regulated the expression of inflammatory molecules such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in SW480 cells but not in MCF7 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that SW480 colon cancer cells are more susceptible to bioactive compounds present in OHS and may have potential in the prevention of cancer through modulation of apoptosis markers and inhibition of inflammatory pathways.

Topics: Acetates; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; bcl-2-Associated X Protein; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caspase 3; Caspase 7; Caspase 8; Caspase 9; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Colon; Cyclooxygenase 2; Down-Regulation; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Opuntia; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Up-Regulation

The antioxidant efficiency of dry extracts from inflorescences and/or leaves of seven Sorbus species was studied using four in vitro tests of SET (single electron transfer) and HAT-type (hydrogen atom transfer) mechanisms. The 70% methanol extracts and its diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water fractions were tested in parallel with the phenolic standards, e.g., caffeic acid, quercetin, BHA, BHT, and Trolox. The SET-type activity of the extracts depended primarily on the extraction solvent. The most valuable extracts were n-butanol and ethyl acetate ones, which activity was high in the DPPH (EC(50) = 3.2-5.2 μg/mL), TEAC (2.8-4.0 mmol Trolox/g), and FRAP (9.8-13.7 mmol Fe2+/g) tests, and strongly correlated with the total phenolic levels (39.6-58.2% of gallic acid equivalents). The HPLC-PDA analysis of the extracts led to the identification of chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, rutin, quercetin 3-O-sophoroside, and sexangularetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside as the main components. Apart from flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids, proanthocyanidins have also a significant impact on the SET-type activity. The HAT-reactivity of the extracts in the linoleic acid peroxidation test (IC(50) = 36.9-228.3 μg/mL) depended more strongly on the plant tissue than on the extraction solvent, and its correlation with the phenolic content was weak. Both SET and HAT-type activity of the most potent Sorbus extracts was comparable with the activity of the standards, indicating their great potential as effective sources for health products.

Topics: Acetates; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butanols; Chloroform; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coumaric Acids; Ether; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Methanol; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Reference Standards; Solid Phase Extraction; Solvents; Sorbus; Sulfonic Acids

To determine the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChEI) and antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of 12 traditional medicinal plants used in the treatment of neurological disorders.. AChEI activity was determined spectrophotometrically using the Ellman's colorimetric method. Antioxidant activity was carried out by determining the ability of the extracts to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals. The levels of total phenols, flavonoids and flavonols were determined quantitatively using spectrophotometric methods.. AChEI was observed to be dose-dependent. Lannea schweinfurthii (L. schweinfurthii) (Engl.) Engl. and Scadoxus puniceus (S. puniceus) (L.) Friis & I. Nordal. root extracts showed the lowest IC(50) value of 0.000 3 mg/mL for the ethyl acetate extracts while Zanthoxylum davyi (Z. davyi) (I. Verd.) P.G. Watermann had the lowest IC(50) value of 0.01 mg/mL for the methanol extracts in the AChEI assay. The roots of Piper capense (P. capense) L.f., L. schweinfurthii, Ziziphus mucronata (Z. mucronata) Willd., Z. davyi and Crinum bulbispermum (C. bulbispermum) (Burm.f.) Milne-Redh. & Schweick. showed noteworthy radical scavenging activity and good AChEI activity.. Five plants show good antioxidant and AChEI activity. These findings support the traditional use of the plants for treating neurological disorders especially where a cholinesterase mechanism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved.

Topics: Acetates; Acetylcholinesterase; Africa, Southern; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Colorimetry; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Free Radicals; Fruit; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Methanol; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal; Reactive Oxygen Species; Solvents; Spectrophotometry; Sulfonic Acids

We investigated in vitro antioxidant activities of 49 endophytic fungi isolated from the liverwort Scapania verrucosa. Based on morphological and molecular identification, the endophytic fungi isolated were classified into seven genera (Hypocrea, Penicillium, Tolypocladium, Chaetomium, Xylaria, Nemania, and Creosphaeria), all belonging to one family (Xylariaceae). By screening with the 2,2'-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) decolorization assay, the ethyl acetate extracts of five endophytic fungi (T7, T21, T24, T32, and T38 strains), which exhibited remarkable Trolox equivalent (TE) antioxidant capacity (ranging from 997.06 to 1248.10 μmol TE/g extract), were selected and their antioxidant capacity was further evaluated by assays for 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, reducing power, and ferrous ion chelating. The ethyl acetate extracts of two endophytic fungi (T24 and T38) were found to have comparable scavenging abilities on both DPPH-free radicals (93.9 and 88.7%, respectively, at 50 μg/mL) and hydroxyl radicals (97.1 and 89.4%, respectively, at 2 mg/mL) when compared with those of the positive controls (ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene, respectively). Although their reducing powers were similar to that of butylated hydroxytoluene, as indicated by absorbance (0.35 and 0.30 at 50 μg/mL, respectively), only the T38 strain's ethyl acetate extract showed ferrous ion chelating ability (92.9% at 1 mg/mL) comparable to that of the EDTA-2Na control. These endophytic fungi in S. verrucosa are a potential novel source of natural antioxidants.

Topics: Acetates; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; China; Chromans; Complex Mixtures; Endophytes; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Fungi; Genes, Fungal; Genes, rRNA; Hepatophyta; Hydroxyl Radical; Iron Chelating Agents; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids