2-2--azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic-acid and 1-1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl

The aim of this review article is to present, for the first time, an appraisal of the phytochemical, ethnobotanical and pharmacological data on Bunium species. The literature search was conducted using the Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed databases. The genus Bunium has been found to produce both essential oil (EO), mainly comprising monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, and non-volatile components mainly coumarins and flavonoids. There are several pharmacological activities associated with the Bunium species, especially antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal properties. The chemotaxonomic appraisal of the phytochemical pattern of the genus is in sink with the current classification of the family. Moreover, this review confirms the significant ethnobotanical and pharmacological potential of different Bunium species.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Apiaceae; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Ethnobotany; Fungi; Humans; Molecular Structure; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

The study of antioxidants and their implications in various fields, from food engineering to medicine and pharmacy, is of major interest to the scientific community. The present paper is a critical presentation of the most important tests used to determine the antioxidant activity, detection mechanism, applicability, advantages and disadvantages of these methods. Out of the tests based on the transfer of a hydrogen atom, the following were presented: the Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) test, the Hydroxyl Radical Antioxidant Capacity (HORAC) test, the Total Peroxyl Radical Trapping Antioxidant Parameter (TRAP) test, and the Total Oxyradical Scavenging Capacity (TOSC) test. The tests based on the transfer of one electron include the Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Power (CUPRAC) test, the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) test, the Folin-Ciocalteu test. Mixed tests, including the transfer of both a hydrogen atom and an electron, include the 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) test, and the [2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl] (DPPH) test. All these assays are based on chemical reactions and assessing the kinetics or reaching the equilibrium state relies on spectrophotometry, presupposing the occurrence of characteristic colours or the discolouration of the solutions to be analysed, which are processes monitored by specific wavelength adsorption. These assays were successfully applied in antioxidant analysis or the determination of the antioxidant capacity of complex samples. As a complementary method in such studies, one may use methods based on electrochemical (bio)sensors, requiring stages of calibration and validation. The use of chemical methods together with electrochemical methods may result in clarification of the operating mechanisms and kinetics of the processes involving several antioxidants.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biological Assay; Biphenyl Compounds; Electrochemical Techniques; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Hydrogen; Hydroxyl Radical; Kinetics; Oxygen; Phenols; Picrates; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase

The effect of water-soluble chitosan, a natural polymer derived from chitin, on indices of oxidative stress was investigated in normal volunteers. Treatment with chitosan for 4 weeks produced a significant decrease in levels of plasma glucose, atherogenic index and led to increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). Chitosan treatment also lowered the ratio of oxidized to reduced albumin and increased total plasma antioxidant activity (TPA). There was good correlation between TPA and oxidized albumin ratio. The results indicate that oxidized albumin ratio represents a potentially useful marker of oxidative stress. In in vitro studies, albumin carbonyls and hydroperoxides were significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner in the presence of chitosan, compared with controls (p<0.05). Chitosan also reduced two stable radicals in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The results suggest that chitosan has a direct antioxidant activity in systemic circulation by lowering the indices of oxidative stress in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This may confer benefits additional to the reduction in plasma carbohydrate and increase in HDL levels. It may also inhibit oxidation of serum albumin commonly observed in patients undergoing hemodialysis, resulting in reduction of oxidative stress associated with uremia.

Topics: Adult; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chitosan; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Hydrazines; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Serum Albumin; Solubility; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles; Water; Young Adult

During the search for natural antioxidants from fungal metabolites, three new sesquiterpene derivatives (1-3) have been isolated from the culture broth of Coprinopsis echinospora. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, mainly NMR and mass spectrometric analyses. These compounds exhibited antioxidant activity with IC

Topics: Agaricales; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Culture Media; Free Radical Scavengers; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mass Spectrometry; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Ferulic acid (FA) is an effective chemopreventive and therapeutic agent for colorectal cancer. However, FA cannot stably reach the colon through human digestive system, and it can be grafted into oligosaccharides to improve its digestion stability. Therefore, in this study, different degrees of substitution of feruloylated oat β-glucan (FA-OβG) were prepared by grafting FA onto water soluble oat β-glucan. FA grafting changed the crystallinity and surface morphology of OβG, and the thermal stability of the FA-OβG improved. As the DS increased, the antioxidant activity of FA-OβG increased, and FA-OβG III with DS of 0.184 showed the same antioxidant activities compared to the equal amount of free FA. The FA-OβG showed higher stability under gastrointestinal and colonic conditions than free FA. Furthermore, the FA-OβG conjugates exhibited good in vitro anticancer activity against human colorectal cancer cells, while FA-OβG III showed better anticancer activity than an equal amount of free FA.

Topics: Adult; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta-Glucans; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Proliferation; Colon; Coumaric Acids; Feces; Female; Fermentation; Gastric Juice; HCT116 Cells; Humans; Intestinal Secretions; Male; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Surface Properties; Young Adult

Black soybeans contain several bioactive compounds and commonly consumed due to their health-related activities but rarely cultivated as edible sprouts. The present study investigated the changes that occurred during germination in two new genotypes black soybeans. Raw and germinated seeds were tested against in vitro Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers, including oxidative stress, inflammatory factors and cholinesterase enzymes as well as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels. Sprouts significantly inhibited the cholinesterase enzymes and inflammatory factors (protein denaturation, proteinase and lipoxygenase) than seeds. An increase in phenolic, flavonoid and GABA (10-folds) content and antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP) was observed in germinated seeds. However, anthocyanin content was decreased in sprouts. UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS2 metabolites profiling approach identified 22 compounds including amino acids, peptides, fatty acids, and polyphenols. Among identified compounds, daidzein, genistein, gallic acid, spermidine, L-asparagine, and L-lysine exhibited the highest increase after germination. The current study reveals that germination of black soybeans have promising potential to inhibit/prevent AD and can be used to develop functional foods.

Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flavonoids; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Germination; Glycine max; Metabolome; Phenols; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Principal Component Analysis; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

We recently demonstrated the monthly variation and antioxidant activity of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) from red alga dulse in Japan. The antioxidant activity of MAAs in acidic conditions was low compared to that in neutral and alkali conditions, but we found strong antioxidant activity from the heated crude MAA fraction in acidic conditions. In this study, we identified and characterized the key compounds involved in the antioxidant activity of this fraction. We first isolated two MAAs, palythine, and porphyra-334, from the fraction and evaluated the activities of the two MAAs when heated. MAAs possess absorption maxima at around 330 nm, while the heated MAAs lost this absorption. The heated MAAs showed a high ABTS radical scavenging activity at pH 5.8-8.0. We then determined the structure of heated palythine via ESI-MS and NMR analyses and speculated about the putative antioxidant mechanism. Finally, a suitable production condition of the heated compounds was determined at 120 °C for 30 min at pH 8.0. We revealed compounds from red algae with antioxidant activities at a wide range of pH values, and this information will be useful for the functional processing of food.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cyclohexanols; Cyclohexanones; Glycine; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Japan; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Rhodophyta; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chlorophyta; Complex Mixtures; Copper; Diatoms; Esters; Fatty Acids; Genome; Iron; Microalgae; Oceans and Seas; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Phylogeny; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Many lignicolous mushroom species are used as a food supplement and may represent an alternative treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to evaluate acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChEI) of Stereum hirsutum together with antioxidant activity (AO) and cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells. Different extracts (water, ethanol, methanol, polysaccharide) were analyzed, with respect to their mineral composition and chemical content. Ethanol extract was the most potent in AChEI (98.44 %) and demonstrated cytotoxic activity (91.96 % at 900.00 μg/mL), while the highest AO was demonstrated for polar extracts (methanol and water) as well. These activities may be attributed to determined phenolics (hydroxybenzoic and quinic acid) and fatty acids (FA), while biflavonoid amentoflavone may be responsible for cytotoxic activity. The most prevalent FA was linoleic (40.00 %) and the domination of unsaturated FA (UFA) (71.91 %) over saturated (26.96 %) was observed. This is the first report of AChEI of S. hirsutum extracts and first detection of amentoflavone. Due to high amount of UFA and well-expressed AChEI, this species can be considered as a potent food supplement in the palliative therapy of AD.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Basidiomycota; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Fatty Acids; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Phenols; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Polygonatum sibiricum (P. sibiricum) rhizomes are widely used as a tonic and functional food, and are often processed to enhance their tonic function by repeated steaming and drying. As the most important constituent, the polysaccharide from P. sibiricum rhizomes (PSP) has demonstrated various activities, but the alteration of structural characteristics and activities of the purified PSPs during steaming process was rarely investigated. To well understand the effect of steaming process on the polysaccharides of P. sibiricum, neutral polysaccharides from P. sibiricum rhizomes (PSP0 ~ PSP9) after steaming were first isolated and purified, and then the chemical properties and antioxidant activities were determined. The results showed that the molar ratios of monosaccharides in PSPs were different. The molecular weights of PSPs were increased significantly after the fourth steaming. Morphological studies showed that the surface of PSPs became much tighter during the steaming process. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra displayed the polysaccharides had similar backbones and chemical groups. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of PSPs was measured through radical scavenging tests. It was found that the radical scavenging activity of PSPs was elevated strikingly after steaming, and increased gradually with numbers of steaming process. The biological and chemical variance of PSPs revealed considerable segregation of PSP0, PSP1 ~ PSP4 and PSP5 ~ PSP9. In conclusion, our results proposed the fourth time as the optimal number of steaming to extract functional polysaccharide from P. sibiricum rhizomes.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Hydroxyl Radical; Picrates; Polygonatum; Polysaccharides; Rhizome; Sulfonic Acids

Studies on green biosynthesis of newly engineered nanoparticles for their prominent medicinal applications are being the torch-bearing concerns of the state-of-the-art research strategies. In this concern, we have engineered the biosynthesized

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Death; Cell Line, Tumor; Color; Green Chemistry Technology; Humans; Ligands; Luffa; Metal Nanoparticles; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Docking Simulation; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Silver; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Toxicity Tests; X-Ray Diffraction

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; Fruit; Picrates; Polyphenols; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids

The present work describes medicinal potential and secondary metabolic picture of the methanol extract (PP-M) of Polygonum plebeium R.Br. and its fractions; hexane (PP-H), ethyl acetate (PP-E) and water (PP-W). In total bioactive component estimation, highest contents of phenolic (89.38±0.27 mgGAE/g extract) and flavonoid (51.21±0.43 mgQE/g extract) were observed in PP-E, and the same fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant potential in DPPH (324.80±4.09 mgTE/g extract), ABTS (563.18±11.39 mgTE/g extract), CUPRAC (411.33±15.49 mgTE/g extract) and FRAC (369.54±1.70 mgTE/g extract) assays. In Phosphomolybdenum activity assay, PP-H and PP-E showed nearly similar potential, however, PP-H was the most active (13.54±0.24 mgEDTAE/g extract) in metal chelating activity assay. PP-W was the stronger inhibitor (4.03±0.05 mgGALAE/g extract) of the enzyme AChE, while PP-H was potent inhibitor of BChE (5.62±0.27 mg GALAE/g extract). Interestingly, PP-E was inactive against BChE. Against tyrosinase activity, PP-E was again the most active fraction with inhibitory value of 71.89±1.44 mg KAE/g extract, followed by the activity of PP-M and PP-W. Antidiabetic potential was almost equally distributed among PP-M, PP-H and PP-E. For mapping the chemodiversity of P. plebeium, PP-M was analyzed through UHPLC/MS, which led to the identification of more than 50 compounds. Flavonoids were the main components derived from isovitexin, kaempferol and luteolin however, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, gingerols and lyoniresinol 9'-sulfate were among important bioactive phenols. These findings prompted to conclude that Polygonum plebeium can be a significant source to offer new ingredient for nutraceuticals and functional foods.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; alpha-Glucosidases; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Humans; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Polygonum; Sulfonic Acids

Quinazolinones represent an important scaffold in medicinal chemistry with diverse biological activities. Here, two series of 2-substituted quinazolin-4(3

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Quinazolinones; Sulfonic Acids

Hazelnut shells represent a waste material (about 42% of the total biomass) deriving from hazelnut harvest. These are mainly used as a heating source; however, they represent an interesting source of polyphenols useful in health field. The impact on phenolic profile and concentrations of hazelnut shell extracts obtained by three extraction methods (maceration, ultrasonic bath, and high-power ultrasonic), as well as temperature, extraction time, and preventive maceration, was studied. The prepared extracts were characterized in terms of chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Eighteen different phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by chemical analysis and gallic acid was the most abundant in all the extracts analyzed. Other relevant compounds were chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid and catechin. Preventive maceration had a positive effect on the extraction of different types of compounds regardless of the method performed. Application of the high-power ultrasonic method had different effects, either positive or negative, depending on the type of compound and extraction time. All the prepared extracts showed antioxidant activity especially those prepared by maceration, and many of them were able to inhibit the growth of both

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Bacillus cereus; Bacillus subtilis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Corylus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

The genus

Topics: alpha-Glucosidases; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chile; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Enzyme Inhibitors; Forests; Humans; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Species Specificity; Sulfonic Acids; Trees

Polydopamine (PDA) materials are important due to their unique physicochemical properties and their potential as chemopreventive agents for diseases connected with oxidative stress. Although PDA has been suggested to display antioxidant activity, its efficacy is controversial and its mechanism of action is still unclear. Herein, we report that accurately purified PDA nanoparticles in water at pH 7.4 are unable to quench alkylperoxyls (ROO˙), which are the radicals responsible for the propagation of lipid peroxidation, despite PDA reacting with the model DPPH˙ and ABTS˙

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Indoles; Materials Testing; Molecular Structure; Nitrogen Oxides; Particle Size; Picrates; Polymers; Sulfonic Acids

Carboxymethyl cellulose/agar-based functional halochromic films were fabricated by adding alizarin and grapefruit seed extract (GSE). The fillers were evenly dispersed in the polymer matrix to form compatible composite films. The addition of alizarin has improved the film's mechanical strength (20%) and water resistance (40%) with potent antioxidant and excellent color indicating properties. In contrast, GSE has imparted strong antibacterial and antioxidant activities to the film. Also, the addition of alizarin and GSE slightly improved the water vapor barrier properties but did not affect the thermal stability of the film. The composite film also exhibited UV blocking properties with adequate transparency. The composite film showed an excellent pH-dependent color change with color reversibility and color stability and a volatile gas detection function. The film also showed potent antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogenic bacteria,

Topics: Agar; Anthraquinones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biocompatible Materials; Biphenyl Compounds; Cellulose; Citrus paradisi; Escherichia coli; Listeria monocytogenes; Materials Testing; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Particle Size; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

The ABTS and DPPH methods are among the most popular assays of antioxidant activity determination. Attempts to adapt them to different analytes and the search for the highest values of antioxidant activity has resulted in a large variety of assay conditions to be presented in the literature, including the way the measurement is made. This makes it difficult to relate the results to real oxidation systems, and often makes it impossible to compare them. Such a comparison is limited in advance by the use of stable radicals that do not exist in nature and that react differently from those generated in food or in vivo. Therefore, it is important to introduce measures aimed at standardizing the conditions of the activity assay, including reaction time and several reaction environments suitable for testing different groups of compounds. In this study, we used natural antioxidants of various structures: phenolic acids, flavonoids, peptides and corresponding amino acids, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol, and also synthetic analogues of selected compounds. The curves of dependence of the measured absorbance on the concentration of antioxidants were described, the ranges of linearity were determined, and the value of the error made when reading in various ranges of dependencies was estimated. We also determined and compared the activity values using two popular methods (IC

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biological Assay; Biphenyl Compounds; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

A new flavonol glycoside named Sabiapside A (

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Disaccharides; Flavonols; Glycosides; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Magnoliopsida; Picrates; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Quercetin; Sulfonic Acids

Lysozymes, which are secreted in many organisms, including invertebrates, mammals, plants, bacteria and fungus, exhibit antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Splys-i is an invertebrate-type (i-type) lysozyme isolated from Scylla paramamosain in 2017 and is involved in immune defense against bacteria. However, the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of Splys-i remain to be elucidated. In the current study, the expression parameters (including IPTG concentration, induction temperature, and induction duration) of Splys-i in Escherichia coli were optimized to achieve high-level yield through shake-flask cultivation with approximately 120 mg of Splys-i obtained from 1 L of LB medium. The purified Splys-i displayed low cytotoxicity to RAW264.7 macrophage cells and low hemolytic activity against erythrocytes of mouse, rat, and rabbit, respectively, and exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria with minimum concentrations ranging from 15 to 90 μg/mL. The antibacterial property of Splys-i was also unaffected when treated with various temperature, pHs, and salinity, respectively, and Splys-i showed resistance to proteinase digestion. Radical-scavenging rate assay (including ABTS

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Arthropod Proteins; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Brachyura; Cloning, Molecular; Erythrocytes; Escherichia coli; Gene Expression; Genetic Vectors; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mice; Muramidase; NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; Picrates; Rabbits; Rats; RAW 264.7 Cells; Recombinant Proteins; Sulfonic Acids; Temperature; Transcription Factor RelA

Indole-based heterocyclic compounds play important roles in pharmaceutical chemistry due to their unexpected biological and pharmacological properties.. Herein, we describe novel biological properties (antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-cancer) of 3- bromo-1-ethyl-1H-indole (BEI) structure.. BEI was synthesized from 1-Methyl-2-phenylindole and N-bromosuccinimide and was characterized by using 1H and 13C NMR. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay. Apoptosis analysis of BEI was determined by Arthur™ image-based Cytometer. Different methods were applied to assess the antioxidant activity of BEI. Molecular docking studies were conducted to determine the interactions of bonding between GST isozymes and BEI.. According to the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity assays, BEI compound showed reduced total antioxidant activity compared to the Trolox standard, whereas it showed moderate antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger and Phytophora eryhtrospora. Notably, the BEI compound demonstrated substantial selective cytotoxicity for the first time towards cancer cell lines, and there existed a significant decrease in the percentage of live cells treated with BEI, in comparison to the control ones. Interestingly, BEI exhibited a promising glutathione S-transferase isozymes inhibition.. The results of this study suggest that BEI seems to be a promising molecule to be used in the design of new anti-cancer agents that provide superiority to present commercial anti-cancer drugs.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fungi; Glutathione Transferase; Humans; Isoenzymes; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

The irrational use of medications has increased the incidence of microbial infections, which are a major threat to public health. Moreover, conventional therapeutic strategies are starting to become ineffective to treat these infections. Hence, there is a need to develop and characterize novel antimicrobial compounds. Phytochemicals are emerging as a safe and accessible alternative to conventional therapeutics for treating infectious diseases. Curcumin is extracted from the dried rhizome of the spice turmeric (Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae)). However, the bioavailability of curcumin is low owing to its lipophilic property and thus has a low therapeutic efficacy in the host. A previous study synthesized structural variants of curcumin, which are called monocurcuminoids (CNs). CNs are synthesized based on the chemical structure of curcumin with only one methyl bridge. The biological activities of four previously synthesized CNs (CN59, CN63, CN67, and CN77), curcumin, and turmeric powder were examined in this study. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of curcumin and turmeric powder revealed similar peaks, which indicated the presence of curcumin in turmeric powder. The antioxidant activity of the test compounds was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assays. The ABTS radical scavenging activities of the test compounds were similar to those of vitamin C. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the test compounds against seven microbial strains were in the range of 4.06-150 μg/mL. The MIC value was equal to minimum bactericidal concentration value for CN63 (150 μg/mL) and CN67 (120 μg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus. The treatment combination of CN77 (8.75 or 4.37 μg/mL) and turmeric powder (9.37 or 4.68 μg/mL) exerted synergistic growth-inhibiting effects on Aeromonas hydrophila, Candida albicans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Photodynamic therapy using 2X MIC of CN59 decreased the growth of Enterococcus faecalis by 4.18-fold compared to the control group and completely inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli. The results of the hemolytic assay revealed that the test compounds were not cytotoxic with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values ranging from 49.65-130.9 μM. The anticoagulant activity of most compounds was comparable to that of warfarin but higher than that of heparin. This indicated that these compounds target t

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Bioprospecting; Biphenyl Compounds; Blood Coagulation; Candida albicans; Diarylheptanoids; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Hemolysis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Picrates; Sheep, Domestic; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glycoside Hydrolases; Humans; Mice; Phenols; Picrates; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1; Ribes; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Benzylamines; Biphenyl Compounds; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Design; Electrophorus; Horses; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Molecular Structure; Neuroprotective Agents; Picrates; Rats; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Xanthones

Due to the constantly growing interest in ingredients of natural origin, this study attempts to evaluate the possibility of using extracts from three Ayurvedic plants in preparations for the care and treatment of skin diseases. Therefore, studies of antioxidant properties were carried out using DPPH and ABTS radicals, obtaining 76% and 88% of these radical scavenging, respectively. A significant decrease in the intracellular level of free radicals and an increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme-superoxide dismutase by almost 60% were also observed. In addition, the extracts were assessed for anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties, obtaining over 70% inhibition of lipoxygenase activity and almost 40% of collagenase. Additionally, the cytoprotective properties of the obtained extracts on skin cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, were demonstrated. To assess the content of biologically active compounds, HPLC-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS/MS multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) analyses were performed. The obtained results show that all three analyzed plants are a valuable source of biologically active substances with desired properties in the context of skin cell protection. Particularly noteworthy is the extract of

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cells, Cultured; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cosmetics; Dermatologic Agents; Fibroblasts; Free Radicals; Humans; Keratinocytes; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Veronicastrum axillare polysaccharides (VAP) were isolated by cellulase-assisted digestion. The optimum conditions (2 % cellulase, 47 °C for 2.5 h, then, 95 °C for 2.5 h, pH 4.1, solid/liquid ratio 1 : 7.6) were identified by a combination of single factor optimization and response surface DOE (design of experiment) methods, and achieved a yield of 4.7 %. Treatment with 1 % TCA for 10 min, then, 2 % DEAE-cellulose removed protein and colored impurities. Purified VAP retained most of the radical-scavenging activities and GES-1 cell protection capability in vitro, indicating VAP were the key active components of V. axillare. Some molecular features were identified by FT-IR and NMR analyses. The molecular weight was estimated from DOSY NMR experiments to be around 21 kDa. There were 6.3 % uronic acid residues in the VAP. The constituent sugars after TFA hydrolysis were identified by HPLC to include glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, and xylose in a molar ratio of 405 : 259 : 82 : 42 : 1.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Ethanol; Humans; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

The chemical and pharmacological profiles of essential oils (EOs) hydrodistilled in yields of 0.03-0.77 % (w/w) from three exotic (Cinnamomum camphora, Petroselinum crispum, and Syzygium samarangense) and two endemic (Pittosporum senacia subsp. senacia and Syzygium coriaceum) medicinal plants were studied. GC-MS/GC-FID analysis of the EOs identified the most dominant components to be myristicin (40.3 %), myrcene (62.2 %), 1,8-cineole (54.0 %), β-pinene (21.3 %) and (E)-β-ocimene (24.4 %) in P. crispum, P. senacia and C. camphora, S. samarangense and S. coriaceum EOs, respectively. All EOs were found to possess anti-amylase (0.70-1.50 mM ACAE/g EO) and anti-tyrosinase (109.35-158.23 mg KAE/g) properties, whereas no glucosidase inhibition was displayed. Only Syzygium EOs acted as dual inhibitors of both acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterases, while P. senacia and C. camphora EOs inhibited acetylcholinesterase selectively and P. crispum EO was inactive (AChE: 4.64-4.96 mg GALAE/g; BChE: 5.96 and 7.10 mg GALAE/g). Molecular docking revealed 1,8-cineole to present the best binding affinities with butyrylcholinesterase, amylase and tyrosinase, while both myristicin and β-pinene with acetylcholinesterase and finally β-pinene with glucosidase. In vitro antioxidant potency was also demonstrated in different assays (DPPH: 13.52-53.91 mg TE/g, ABTS: 5.49-75.62 mg TE/g; CUPRAC: 45.38-243.21 mg TE/g, FRAP: 42.49-110.64 mg TE/g; and phosphomolybdenum assay: 82.61-160.93 mM TE/g). Principal component analysis revealed the EOs to differ greatly in their bioactivities due to their chemodiversity. This study has unveiled some interesting preliminary pharmacological profiles of the EOs that could be explored for their potential applications as phytotherapeutics.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Amylases; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cinnamomum camphora; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Enzyme Inhibitors; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Mauritius; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Oils, Volatile; Petroselinum; Picrates; Principal Component Analysis; Rosales; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Syzygium

Essential oils (EOs) are a promising group of natural products of the aromatic plants due to their various biological effects such as allelopathic, antioxidant, antimicrobial activities. The present study aimed to construct the detailed chemical profile of the EO derived from Deverra tortuosa aerial parts along with assessing its allelopathic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant potentialities. The EO was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The allelopathic activity of the EO was assessed against the germination and seedling growth of the weed Chenopodium murale. Also, the EO was tested against five microbes. The antioxidant activity was determined using the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). The GC/MS analysis of EO revealed the presence of 86 compounds with a preponderance of oxygenated sesquiterpenes and monoterpene hydrocarbons. Widdrol, β-phellandrene, piperitol, cubedol, α-terpinene, (E)-10-heptadecen-8-ynoic acid methyl ester, citronellyl tiglate, and m-cymene were the major compounds. A comparative profile was established between the EOs constituents of our study with the documented EOs of D. tortuosa and the other Deverra species around the world via agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) and principal components analysis (PCA). The EO showed a substantial allelopathic activity against C. murale, as well as it showed considerable antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Thereby, the EO of D. tortuosa could be considered as a promising environmental-friendly bioherbicide against weeds. Also, it could be integrated into food preservation due to its potent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. However, further study is recommended for more characterization of the major compounds and evaluation of their activities, either singular or synergistic, and assess their efficiency and biosafety.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Antioxidants; Apiaceae; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Candida albicans; Chenopodium; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

Numerous assays were developed to measure the antioxidant activity, but each has limitations and the results obtained by different methods are not always comparable. Popular examples are the DPPH and ABTS assay. Our aim was to study similarities and differences of these two assay regarding the measured antioxidant potentials of 24 phenolic compounds using the same measurement and evaluation methods. This should allow conclusions to be drawn as to whether one of the assays is more suitable for measuring specific subgroups like phenolic acids, flavonols, flavanones, dihydrochalcones or flavanols. The assays showed common trends for the mean values of most of the subgroups. Some dihydrochalcones and flavanones did not react with the DPPH radical in contrast to the ABTS radical, leading to significant differences. Therefore, to determine the antioxidant potential of dihydrochalcone or flavanone-rich extracts, the ABTS assay should be preferred. We found that the results of the flavonoids in the DPPH assay were dependent on the Bors criteria, whereas the structure-activity relationship in the ABTS assay was not clear. For the phenolic acids, the results in the ABTS assay were only high for pyrogallol structures, while the DPPH assay was mainly determined by the number of OH groups.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Electron Transport; Phenols; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cells, Cultured; Ferula; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; Humans; Lebanon; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Polysaccharides; Rats; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfonic Acids

A set of novel hydrazone derivatives were synthesized and analyzed for their biological activities. The compounds were tested for their inhibitory effect on the phosphorylating activity of the protein kinase CK2, and their antioxidant activity was also determined in three commonly used assays. The hydrazones were evaluated for their radical scavenging against the DPPH, ABTS and peroxyl radicals. Several compounds have been identified as good antioxidants as well as potent protein kinase CK2 inhibitors. Most hydrazones containing a 4-N(CH

Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Casein Kinase II; Fluorocarbons; Humans; Hydrazones; Picrates; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Sulfonic Acids

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. is extensively used in traditional medicinal systems by various cultures. Despite its frequent use in traditional medicine, there is still a paucity of scientific information on T. asiatica growing on the tropical island of Mauritius. Therefore, the present study was designed to appraise the pharmacological and phytochemical profile of extracts (methanol, ethyl acetate and water) and essential oil obtained from aerial parts of T. asiatica. Biological investigation involved the evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potentials. The chemical profile of the EO was determined using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, while for the extracts, the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content were quantified as well as their individual phenolic compounds by LC/MS/MS. Quinic acid, fumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, quercitrin and isoquercitrin were the main compounds in the extracts. Highest total phenolic (82.5±0.94 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE/g)) and flavonoid (43.8±0.31 mg rutin equivalent (RE/g)) content were observed for the methanol extract. The GC/MS analysis has shown the presence of 26 compounds with linalool (30.9 %), linalyl acetate (20.9 %) and β-phellandrene (7.9 %) being most abundant components in the EO. The extracts and EO showed notable antioxidant properties, with the methanol extract proved to be superior source of antioxidant compounds. Noteworthy anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and anti-butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) effects were recorded for the tested samples, while only the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts were active against tyrosinase. With respect to antidiabetic effects, the extracts and EO were potent inhibitors of α-glucosidase, while modest activity was recorded against α-amylase. Docking results showed that linalyl acetate has the highest affinity to interact with the active site of BChE with docking score of -6.25 kcal/mol. The findings amassed herein act as a stimulus for further investigations of this plant as a potential source of bioactive compounds which can be exploited as phyto-therapeutics.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; alpha-Amylases; alpha-Glucosidases; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butyrylcholinesterase; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Medicine, Traditional; Models, Molecular; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Oils, Volatile; Oxidative Stress; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Reactive Oxygen Species; Rutaceae; Sulfonic Acids

Sodium bicarbonate medium ultrasound pre-treatment can enhance the freeze-drying process of blueberries, but the quality of dried products cannot meet the actual production needs. To yield higher quality products, chitosan coating was applied in blueberry sodium bicarbonate medium ultrasound pre-treatment enhanced freeze-drying process. The improvement effect of different chitosan coating methodologies on the procedure of blueberry freeze-drying, enhanced by ultrasound pre-treatment in sodium bicarbonate medium, was investigated. These include: chitosan solution soaking alone (CH-A), chitosan medium ultrasound treatment (US-CH), first sodium bicarbonate medium ultrasound treatment then chitosan solution soaking (US-NaHCO

Topics: Adsorption; Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Blueberry Plants; Chitosan; Free Radical Scavengers; Freeze Drying; Hardness; Kinetics; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Models, Theoretical; Picrates; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sulfonic Acids; Temperature; Time Factors; Ultrasonics; Water

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Botrytis; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electrophorus; Fusarium; Horses; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

Quercetin is a flavonoid that is found in many plant materials, including commonly eaten fruits and vegetables. The compound is well known for its wide range of biological activities. In this study, 5-

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; HCT116 Cells; Humans; Picrates; Quercetin; Sulfonic Acids

In Thailand, people in the highland communities whose occupational exposure to pesticides used the root of

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Antidotes; Antioxidants; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Benzothiazoles; Bilirubin; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Chlorpyrifos; Creatinine; Insecticides; Litsea; Liver; Male; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sulfonic Acids

White tip silver needle, a slightly fermented white tea, is abundant in flavonoids, and it has great significance in terms of D-galactose/lipopolysaccharide-induced aging in mice.. We analyzed the antioxidant capacity of white tip silver needle flavonoids (WTSNF) in vitro, assessed the effects of WTSNF on organ indexes, pathological changes, liver function indexes, biochemical indicators, molecular biological indicators, and genes related to oxidation and inflammation.. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry results showed that WTSNF contained baicalin, kaempferol, kaempferide, quercetin, isorhamnetin, lespenephryl, and rutin. WTSNF showed strong scavenging ability for both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) free radicals. Pathological analysis results showed that WTSNF reduced liver, kidney, and lung damage in mice with induced aging. In the serum and liver tissue, WTSNF effectively increased the antioxidant-related levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity and reduced the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide. WTSNF also reduced the inflammation-related levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and increased the levels of interleukin-10 and interleukin-12. Furthermore, WTSNF upregulated the mRNA expression levels of cupro-zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, interleukin-10, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor, heme oxygenase 1, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκB-α), and thioredoxin, while it downregulated the mRNA expression levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-18, interleukin-1 beta, TNFα, IFN-γ, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB).. WTSNF is a high-quality natural product with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties that can inhibits D-galactose/lipopolysaccharide-induced aging in mice.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cytokines; Flavonoids; Galactose; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Picrates; RNA, Messenger; Sulfonic Acids

The interaction of the recently reported quinazoline derivative (E)-4-(2-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)hydrazinyl)quinazoline (L) with a series of metal(II) (= copper(II), nickel(II), cobalt(II) and cadmium(II)) chlorides or nitrates resulted in the formation of mononuclear complexes which were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and single-crystal X-ray crystallography, i.e. [Cu(L)

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cadmium; Cattle; Cobalt; Coordination Complexes; Copper; Crystallography, X-Ray; DNA; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Molecular Structure; Nickel; Picrates; Protein Binding; Quinazolines; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Sulfonic Acids

Eugenia copacabanensis and Myrciaria tenella are present in restingas of the Atlantic Forest, but little information is available about their chemical and biological potential. In this context, the hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions from the leaves of methanolic extract were analyzed by GC/MS and HPLC-DAD and the antioxidant potential was determined by DPPH and ABTS assays and using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae model. Dereplication allowed the identification of 68 compounds, 42 and 41 of which, respectively, are first reported here for E. copacabanensis and M. tenella. In vivo results revealed that the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions showed expressive antioxidant protection in the BY4741 and Δgsh1 strains, with greater impact on glutathione-deficient cells. With a high diversity of phenolic compounds, these polar fractions of E. copacabanensis and M. tenella leaves are potential protectors against intracellular oxidative stress.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Eugenia; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Models, Biological; Myrtaceae; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sulfonic Acids

A pectin/chitosan matrix-loaded curcumin film (PCCF) with a deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the solvent and plasticizer was prepared in this study. Different quantities of curcumin (identified as PCCF-0, PCCF-1, PCCF-2. PCCF-3) were loaded on the pectin/chitosan film in order to evaluate their effects on the film properties. Results showed that curcumin could interact with the pectin/chitosan matrix and form a complex three-dimensional network structure. PCCF could promote the thickness, tensile strength, thermal properties, antioxidant and antiseptic capacities, but deteriorate the light transmission and elongation at the same time. The addition of curcumin would change the color of the film, without significantly affecting the moisture content. The tensile strength of PCCF-3 reached the maximum value of 3.75 MPa, while the elongation decreased to 10%. Meanwhile, the water-resistance properties of PCCF-3 were significantly promoted by 8.6% compared with that of PCCF-0. Furthermore, PCCF showed remarkable sustained antioxidant activities in a dose-dependent manner. PCCF-3 could inhibit DPPH and ABTS free radicals by 58.66% and 29.07%, respectively. It also showed antiseptic capacity on fresh pork during storage. Therefore, curcumin addition could improve the barrier, mechanical, antioxidant and antiseptic properties of the polysaccharide-based film and PCCF has the potential to be used as a new kind of food packaging material in the food industry.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biocompatible Materials; Biphenyl Compounds; Chitosan; Curcumin; Food; Free Radical Scavengers; Humidity; Pectins; Picrates; Solubility; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Water; X-Ray Diffraction

Silk proteins have many advantageous components including proteins and pigments. The proteins-sericin and fibroin-have been widely studied for medical applications due to their good physiochemical properties and biological activities. Various strains of cocoon display different compositions such as amino-acid profiles and levels of antioxidant activity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to find a suitable silk protein extraction method to obtain products with chemical and biological properties suitable as functional foods in two strains of

Topics: alpha-Amylases; Amino Acids; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Silk; Sulfonic Acids; Thailand; Time Factors; Water

The Cistaceae family is well represented in Sardinia, and the Cistus genus is widely used in traditional medicine. Nowadays only few studies have been performed on this genus vegetating in Sardinia in spite of its ethnobotanical importance. Moreover, in the past there have been conflicting opinions among botanists for the exact assignment of the species growing in Sardinia. We started several years ago to carried out studies on this genus and in the present study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of several samples of Cistus salvifolius L., Cistus monspeliensis L., and Cistus albidus L. collected in Sardinia as antimicrobial agents against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and four Candida species and their antioxidant activity using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Furthermore, the phenolic content and composition of the extracts were first evaluated. Using statistical multivariate analysis on the complete metabolomics profile of all Cistus species growing wild in Sardinia, we confirmed the botanical classification, and we observed an interesting correlation between metabolomics profile and antioxidant activity.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Candida; Cistus; Escherichia coli; Italy; Metabolomics; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multivariate Analysis; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulfonic Acids

Lemon peel, a traditional Chinese medicine, was tested in this study for its novel application in inhibiting cellular oxidative stress, and the effect of lemon peel extract (LPE) on protecting H9c2 rat heart cells from oxidative stress was investigated.. The scavenging effects of LPE on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals were measured in extracellular experiments. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolinyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-h-tetrazolylammonium bromide (MTT) assay was used to detect the cell survival rate. The cell supernatant and intracellular oxidation-related indicators were detected by a kit, and the mRNA expression in H9c2 cells was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The chemical substances of LPE were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).. The results showed that LPE exhibited better DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging abilities than vitamin C. Compared with the cells in the normal state (control group), the cell survival rate in the model group decreased, and the level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) decreased, and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. Compared with the control group, the expression of Bcl-2-related X protein (Bax), caspase-3, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the model group was increased, and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was reduced. Compared with the model group, LPE treatment improved the cell survival rate, reduced the levels of LDH and MDA, increased the levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH, downregulated the expression of Bax, caspase-3, Nrf2 and HO-1, and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2. The composition analysis showed that LPE contained catechin, rutin, naringin, quercetin, and hesperidin.. The results indicated that LPE could protect H9c2 cells from oxidative stress through five active components. LPE has the potential to be developed into natural medicine or health food for the inhibition of cell oxidative damage.

Topics: Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Citrus; Fruit; Heart; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Protective Agents; Rats; Sulfonic Acids

Plants belonging to Euphorbia L. genus are considered very interesting from a medicinal point of view due to their diverse metabolites and bioactivities. The essential oil (EO) of Euphorbia mauritanica L. is not studied up to date. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the chemical profile of this EO and evaluate its antioxidant, cytotoxic, and allelopathic potentialities. The EO was extracted from the whole plant via hydrodistillation and then, analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The correlation of E. mauritanica with the other Euphorbia plants was established using chemometric analysis. The antioxidant activity was determined based on scavenging of the free radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). The anti-proliferation of the EO on the Hep G2 and MCF-7 cells was evaluated. Finally the allelopathic activity of the EO was assessed against the two noxious weeds, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Urospermum picroides. Forty-one compounds were identified using GC/MS analysis, with an abundance of terpenoids (91.54 %) that were categorized into mono- (30.75 %), sesqui- (15.23 %), and diterpenes (45.56 %). Interestingly, the results revealed the preponderance of diterpenoid constituents although they are rarely found in the EOs of the plant kingdom. The major compounds were (3E)-cembrene A (18.66 %), verticiol (17.05 %), limonene (7.91 %), eucalyptol (7.26 %), α-pinene (5.61 %), neo-cembrene A (3.52 %), kaur-16-ene (3.24 %), and cembrene (3.09 %). The EO showed moderate antioxidant activity where it attained IC

Topics: Allelopathy; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Diterpenes; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Euphorbia; Humans; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Selenium-containing compounds are gaining more and more interest due to their valuable and promising pharmacological properties, mainly as anticancer and antioxidant agents. Ebselen, the up to now only approved drugs, is well known to possess very good glutathione peroxidase mimicking effects. To date, the most of efforts have been directed to build pure synthetic Se containing molecules, while less attention have been devoted to Se-based semisynthetic products resembling natural compounds like terpenes, polyphenols, and alkaloids. The aim of this short communication is to report the synthesis of the first example of a Se-phenylpropanoids, namely selenoauraptene, containing a selenogeranyl side chain in position 7 of the umbelliferone core. The key step was the Newman-Kwart rearrangement to obtain a selenocarbamate in which the Se atom was directly attached to umbelliferone (replacing its 7-OH function) followed by hydrolysis to get diumbelliferyl diselenide, which was finally easily converted to the desired Se-geranyl derivative in quite a good overall yield (28.5%). The synthesized adduct displayed a greater antioxidant and a radical scavenger in vitro activity than parent auraptene. The procedure we describe herein, to the best of our knowledge for the first time in the literature, represents an easy-to-handle method for the synthesis of a wide array of seleno analogues of naturally occurring biologically active oxyprenylated secondary metabolites.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Coumarins; Picrates; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Selenium Compounds; Sulfonic Acids

Nowadays, natural dyes are expected by the cosmetic and food industries. In contrast to synthetic dyes, colorants derived from natural sources are more environmentally friendly and safer for human health. In this work, plant extracts from

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Death; Collagenases; Color; Coloring Agents; Cosmetics; Cytoprotection; Desiccation; Flowers; HaCaT Cells; Humans; Kinetics; Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; Oxazines; Pancreatic Elastase; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants; Skin Cream; Sulfonic Acids; Ultraviolet Rays; Water Loss, Insensible; Xanthenes

Topics: Aerobiosis; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Escherichia coli; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Porphyra; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Sepharose; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulfonic Acids; Tyrosine

Pineapple is consumed on a large scale around the world due to its appreciated sensorial characteristics. The industry of minimally processed pineapple produces enormous quantities of by-products (30-50%) which are generally undervalued. The end-of-life of pineapple by-products (PBP) can be replaced by reuse and renewal flows in an integrated process to promote economic growth by reducing consumption of natural resources and diminishing food waste. In our study, pineapple shell (PS) and pineapple core (PC), vacuum-packed separately, were subjected to moderate hydrostatic pressure (225 MPa, 8.5 min) (MHP) as abiotic stress to increase bromelain activity and antioxidant capacity. Pressurized and raw PBP were lyophilized to produce a stable powder. The dehydrated samples were characterized by the following methodologies: chemical and physical characterization, total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant capacity, bromelain activity, microbiology, and mycotoxins. Results demonstrated that PBP are naturally rich in carbohydrates (66-88%), insoluble (16-28%) and soluble (2-4%) fiber, and minerals (4-5%). MHP was demonstrated to be beneficial in improving TPC (2-4%), antioxidant activity (2-6%), and bromelain activity (6-32%) without affecting the nutritional value. Furthermore, microbial and mycotoxical analysis demonstrated that powdered PC is a safe by-product. PS application is possible but requires previous decontamination to reduce the microbiological load.

Topics: Ananas; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Bromelains; Carbohydrates; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Color; Dietary Fiber; Food Packaging; Food Preservation; Freeze Drying; Fruit; Functional Food; Mycotoxins; Nutritive Value; Phenol; Picrates; Powders; Pressure; Sulfonic Acids; Water

The aim of the study was to assess the antioxidant potential of goat's milk and whey from goat's milk fermented with selected bacteria strains from kefir grain (

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Bioreactors; Biphenyl Compounds; Cattle; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Fermentation; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; Food Analysis; Goats; Kefir; Lactic Acid; Milk; Phenol; Picrates; Proteolysis; Species Specificity; Sulfonic Acids; Temperature; Whey; Whey Proteins

The effectiveness of tannic acid as antimicrobial and wound healing for burns have been shown for a century; however, uncontrolled target dosage may result in undesirable side-effects. Remarkably, tannic acid polyphenols compounds crosslinked with polymeric materials produce a strong composite containing the beneficial properties of this tannin. However, investigation of the crosslink structure and its antibacterial and regenerative properties are still unknown when using nanocellulose by mechanical defibrillation; additionally, due to the potential crosslink structure with chitosan, its structure can be complex. Therefore, this work uses bleach kraft nanocellulose in order to investigate the effect on the physical and regenerative properties when incorporated with chitosan and tannic acid. This film results in increased rigidity with a lamellar structure when incorporated with tannic acid due to its strong hydrogen bonding. The release of tannic acid varied depending on the structure it was synthesised with, whereas with chitosan it presented good release model compared to pure cellulose. In addition, exhibiting similar thermal stability as pure cellulose films with antibacterial properties tested against S. aureus and E. coli with good metabolic cellular viability while also inhibiting NF-κB activity, a characteristic of tannic acid.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Bandages; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Cellulose; Chitosan; Cross-Linking Reagents; Drug Liberation; Escherichia coli; Gels; Humans; Hydrogen Bonding; Keratinocytes; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; NF-kappa B; Picrates; Polyphenols; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Stress, Mechanical; Sulfonic Acids; Tannins; Temperature; Wound Healing

Chitosan - tea tree essential oil (TTEO) films were obtained as a new biodegradable material. Malic acid or lactic acid solvents were evaluated to obtain easy-removing films. The microstructure by SEM and FT-IR, the thermal properties by TGA/DSC, the mechanical properties, the water vapor permeability, the antioxidant (DPPH

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chitosan; Color; Elastic Modulus; Food Packaging; Lactic Acid; Malates; Picrates; Solubility; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; Surface Properties; Tea Tree Oil; Tensile Strength; Water

Topics: Adiposity; Animals; Antioxidants; Auricularia; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caenorhabditis elegans; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; Chemical Fractionation; Down-Regulation; Fungal Polysaccharides; Hypolipidemic Agents; Metalloendopeptidases; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Triglycerides

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Bees; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cinnamates; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle East; Morocco; Phenols; Picrates; Polyphenols; Principal Component Analysis; Propolis; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Amino Acids; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Antiviral Agents; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Complex Mixtures; Flavonoids; Fungal Proteins; Humans; Lectins; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Organ Specificity; Phenols; Picrates; Pleurotus; Primary Cell Culture; Proteome; Serine Proteases; Shiitake Mushrooms; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase; Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase; Vitamins; Water

The aim of the present study was to quantify selected phenolic compounds, determine antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory effects of the aerial parts of Alkanna trichophylla Hub.-Mor. (A. trichophylla) and Convolvulus galaticus Rost.ex Choisy (C. galaticus) extracts prepared by homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE), maceration (MAC) and infusion techniques. This is the first time such study has been designed to validate the phytochemical composition and bioactivity of these plants. Multivariate analysis was conducted on collected data. Rutin and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were the most significant compounds in A. trichophylla and C. galaticus, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity of A. trichophylla was mostly exhibited by HAE/methanolic extracts as determined by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP (51.39, 112.70 and 145.73 mg TE/g, respectively) and phosphomolybdenum (2.05 mmol TE/g) assays. However, significant antioxidant activities varied within the extracts of C. galaticus. HAE/methanolic extract of A. trichophylla significantly depressed AChE (2.70 mg GALAE/g), BChE (5.53 mg GALAE/g) and tyrosinase (26.34 mg KAE/g) activities and that of C. galaticus inhibited AChE (2.04 mg GALAE/g), tyrosinase (31.25 mg KAE/g) and α-amylase (0.53 mmol ACAE/g) activities significantly. We concluded that HAE was the most efficient extraction technique as high yield of compounds and promising bioactivities were recorded from extracts prepared. Multivariate analysis showed that types of solvents influenced recovery of compounds and biological activities. This research study can be used as one methodological starting point for further investigation on these plants as all results are clearly promising and open the door to further research challenges such as cytotoxicity evaluation, molecular docking analysis, and more screening of pharmacological actions.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Agaricales; alpha-Amylases; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Boraginaceae; Butyrylcholinesterase; Convolvulus; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sulfonic Acids; Turkey

A combinative method using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection for fingerprinting and quantitative analysis was developed and successfully applied for the quality evaluation of Lophatherum gracile Brongn leaves collected from 21 geographical locations in China. In the fingerprint analysis, 18 common peaks were observed among the 21 samples, and 10 peaks were identified. Simultaneous quantification of the 10 components was conducted to interpret the variations in these compounds among the L. gracile Brongn leaves originating from different geographical locations. The correlation between the chromatograms and the antioxidant activities of the samples was further studied. The results indicated a linear correlation between the antioxidant activity and the total common peak areas of the fingerprints obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection. Importantly, it was found that high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection fingerprinting can not only determine the quantities of individual components present in such samples but also evaluate the antioxidant activities of the samples. The developed method is a valuable reference for the further study and development of L. gracile Brongn.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Electrochemical Techniques; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Poaceae; Sulfonic Acids

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Antioxidants; Aspergillus niger; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Candida albicans; Cinnamomum camphora; Escherichia coli; Fruit; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulfonic Acids

Chrysophyllum cainito L. (C. cainito) is a traditional folk medicine in tropical area which can be an alternative agent for diabetes mellitus. Although the antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of the extracts are reported, little is known on the antiglycation activity and effects on diabetic complications.. This work was aimed to investigate the chemical profile, antidiabetic, antioxidant activities of C. cainito. Especially, the antiglycation potential as well as the relationships between components and activities were evaluated.. The content of the primary components (polyphenols, flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenes), antioxidant, and hypoglycemic effects of ethanolic extracts from C. cainito leaves (CCE-1, 2, 3, 4) and stems (CSE-1, 2, 3, 4) were analyzed and detected. The chemical profiles of CCE-2 were characterized by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The antiglycation and protection against oxidative stress effects were determined by in vitro assays. Relationship between bioactivities and components was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), heatmap analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis.. C. cainito leaves might be a promising candidate for antioxidant, hypoglycemic and antiglycation dietary supplement or potential agent against diabetes associated chronic diseases.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Glucose; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Oxidative Stress; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Sapotaceae; Sulfonic Acids

The antioxidant effect of 95% ethanol extract and its three subfractions, PE (petroleum ether), EtOAc (ethyl acetate), and water extracts, from Gannanzao navel orange peel, were evaluated by ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)), DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing/antioxidant potential) methods for the first time. Furthermore, the TPC (total polyphenol content), TFC (total flavonoid content), and primary individual flavonoids of the four extracts were analyzed and compared. The results indicated that: (1) the EtOAc extract exhibited the best antioxidant potential among these four extracts in all three antioxidant bioassay platforms; (2) Corresponding to the antioxidant potential, the EtOAc extract contained the highest contents of both TPC and TFC; (3) Compared with other extracts, the EtOAc extract was significantly (p < 0.01) rich in the contents of narirutin, sinensetin, nobiletin, 4',5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone, and 3,3',4',5,6,7-hexamethoxyflavone, which might be the main bioactive compounds responsible for the excellent antioxidant potential of EtOAc extract.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Citrus sinensis; Flavonoids; Iron; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids

Ecofriendly chitosan-gelatin (Ch-ge) bio-composite films containing Quercetin-starch (Q) were synthesized using solution casting method. Physicochemical characteristics and mechanical properties of the resulting chitosan-gelatin containing Quercetin-starch films (Ch-ge-Q) were studied using UV, FTIR, XRD and SEM techniques. The films were also investigated for their swelling, water-vapor permeability (WVP), water solubility properties. The FTIR spectra confirmed the chemical interactions between the chitosan-gelatin and Q. Surface morphology of prepared film was analyzed by the SEM imaging while XRD spectra suggest the expanded crystallinity of the film with the addition of Q. The film also showed enhanced barrier property against UV rays. The reduction of water-vapor permeability and increase in tensile strength while a decrease in elongation at break has been observed in the Ch-ge-Q film compared to Ch-ge film. The antibacterial activity of Ch-ge-Q film against both gram positive (B. substilis) and gram negative (E. coli) bacteria suggested the Q loaded Ch-ge films as more feasible antibacterial candidate especially against the strain E. coli. The antioxidant activity of the Ch-ge-Q film was evaluated using the DPPH and ABTS as standards and corresponded to 81.45% of DPPH and 72.2% of ABTS scavenging activities. It was observed that the film containing Quercetin-starch presented superior antioxidant activity results in comparison to Ch-ge film promising its application in food packaging.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Bacillus subtilis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chitosan; Escherichia coli; Food Packaging; Gelatin; Oxygen; Permeability; Picrates; Quercetin; Sulfonic Acids; Ultraviolet Rays; Water

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Orchidaceae; Picrates; Plant Roots; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

In this study, four sequentially extracted polysaccharides (AEPs) from Amana edulis were modified by sulphation, phosphorylation, and carboxylation modifications (S-AEPs, P-AEPs, C-AEPs), and compared for their anti-oxidant activities. After modification, sugar and protein contents were decreased and uronic acid content was increased in comparison to native AEPs. UV absorption showed similar maximum absorption peaks of modified derivatives which indicated their homogeneous nature. FTIR spectra confirmed the conversion of hydroxyl groups to OS, COO, and POH bonds, respectively. The phosphorylated derivatives (P-AEPs) displayed the highest DPPH, hydroxyl radical, and ferrous ions radical scavenging abilities. Sulfated polysaccharides (S-AEPs) were observed with high reducing ability. The C-AEPs maintained the stable antioxidant properties after carboxylation modification. Our results indicated that the chemical modification of different polysaccharide components has significantly affected their antioxidant potential for their use in food industry and human health.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Iron Chelating Agents; Liliaceae; Oxidation-Reduction; Phosphorylation; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfates; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: alpha-Amylases; alpha-Glucosidases; Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Camelus; Elasticity; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Lactobacillus plantarum; Milk; Monosaccharides; Picrates; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Probiotics; Rheology; Sulfonic Acids; Temperature; Viscosity

Topics: Adsorption; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cellulose; Emulsions; Oxygen; Picrates; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids; Tea

To ascertain the preliminary structural characteristics and biological activity of different fractions of polysaccharides from Sagittaria sagittifolia L. (SPCs) by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE), four new polysaccharides (SPC-60, SPC-70, SPC-80 and SPC-90) were successively fractionated by ethanol. The results implied that except for neutral sugar, four contained proteins and uronic acids in their structure, which were further confirmed by the ultraviolet and infrared spectra. Molecular weight and monosaccharide composition analysis exhibited that SPC-60 (52.0 kDa), SPC-70 (294.9 kDa), SPC-80 (230.6 kDa) and SPC-90 (229.4 kDa) were a neutral polysaccharide composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose with dramatically different mole ratios. In addition, SPC-70 exhibited stronger antioxidant activity in vitro than the other three components. SPCs could significantly promote macrophage proliferation, NO release and phagocytosis. Thus, these results provided a reference for applications of S. sagittifolia L. polysaccharides which would benefit the development of industry and agriculture.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Fruit; Hydroxyl Radical; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Phagocytosis; Picrates; Polysaccharides; RAW 264.7 Cells; Sagittaria; Sulfonic Acids

In this study, the seed polysaccharides (PCSP) was ultrasonic-assisted extracted from Pouteria campechiana and optimized by response surface method (RSM). After separation and purification by DEAE-52 cellulose column and Sephadex G-75 glucan gel column, the pure polysaccharide component of PCSPa-1 was obtained, and its structure and antioxidant activity were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal parameters of PCSP with maximum yields (15.94%) were ultrasonic temperature of 79 °C, ultrasonic time of 69 min, and liquid to material ratio of 41 mL/g. The molecular weight of PCSPa-1 was 67900 Da. PCSPa-1 consisted of glucose and mannose with a molar ratio of 86.65:4.62, and the glycosidic bond mainly included →4)-α-d-Glc(1→ and →6)-α-d-Glc(1→. Scanning electron microscopy showed that PCSPa-1 was a strip structure with a smooth surface. In addition, PCSPa-1 had strong scavenging capacity to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis- (3-ethylbenzthiaz oline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), hydroxyl radical, and superoxide radical. Polysaccharides of Pouteria campechiana seeds could be exploited as a natural antioxidant.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Hydroxyl Radical; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Pouteria; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

In this paper, polysaccharides from the seeds of three species of genus Glycyrrhiza were extracted to investigate the physicochemical properties, structural characteristics and antioxidant activities. The polysaccharides were composed of xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose with different molar ratio. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the presence of key functional groups of polysaccharides whereas scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the characteristic morphology of different polysaccharides, and thermogravimetric analysis exhibited good thermal stability of all samples. The antioxidant activities of polysaccharides were evaluated in vitro. All the three polysaccharides demonstrated strong reducing power, as well as scavenging activity against DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl free radicals. Antioxidant assays indicated that all the polysaccharides have obvious antioxidant activities and possess a potential development and application value in food, cosmetics as well as pharmaceutical industries.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Galactose; Glucose; Glycyrrhiza; Hydrolysis; Mannose; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polysaccharides; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids; Xylose

A series of 16 novel benzenesulfonamides incorporating 1,3,5-triazine moieties substituted with aromatic amines, dimethylamine, morpholine and piperidine were investigated. These compounds were assayed for antioxidant properties by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2`-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical decolarisation assay and metal chelating methods. They were also investigated as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and tyrosinase, which are associated with several diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson and pigmentation disorders. These benzenesulfonamides showed moderate DPPH radical scavenging and metal chelating activity, and low ABTS cation radical scavenging activity. Compounds

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Enzyme Inhibitors; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Picrates; Sulfonamides; Sulfonic Acids; Triazines

The functional gelatin/curcumin composite film was prepared using an emulsifier, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The composite films were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The FE-SEM test results showed that curcumin was evenly distributed in the gelatin polymer matrix to form a flexible composite film with a smooth surface. The addition of 1.5 % of curcumin improved the UV blocking effect by more than 99 % at a loss of 5.7 % of transparency compared to neat gelatin films. The addition of curcumin (up to 1 wt%) significantly improved mechanical and water vapor barrier properties. Also, the gelatin/curcumin composite films exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogenic bacteria, E. coli and L. monocytogenes, and showed strong antioxidant activity comparable to ascorbic acid. Antibacterial and antioxidant gelatin/curcumin composite films with improved UV protection, water vapor barrier and mechanical properties have high potential in active food packaging applications.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Curcumin; Escherichia coli; Food Packaging; Gelatin; Listeria monocytogenes; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Particle Size; Picrates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Stress, Mechanical; Sulfonic Acids; Surface Properties

Impacts of hot water extraction (HWE), pressurized water extraction (PWE), high-speed shearing homogenization extraction, microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE), ultrasound assisted enzymatic extraction, and ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) on physicochemical characteristics and bioactivities of polysaccharides from loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) leaves (LLPs) were investigated. Results showed that the degrees of esterification, contents of phenolics and uronic acids, constituent monosaccharides, apparent viscosities, and molecular weights of LLPs varied by different extraction methods. Bioactivities of LLPs were also significantly affected by different extraction methods. The high molecular weight and high degree of esterification of LLP-W and LLP-P extracted by HWE and PWE, respectively, might contribute to their strong binding capacities. The strong antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase were found in LLP-M and LLP-U extracted by MAE and UAE, respectively, which might be attributed to their contents of uronic acids, contents of total phenolics, and molecular weights. The low molecular weights and viscosities of LLP-U and LLP-UM extracted by UMAE might contribute to their strong prebiotic effects. These findings could provide scientific foundations for selecting appropriate extraction methods to obtain LLPs with desired bioactivities for applications in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries.

Topics: alpha-Amylases; alpha-Glucosidases; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical Phenomena; Cholesterol; Eriobotrya; Esterification; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Molecular Weight; Monosaccharides; Nitric Oxide; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Polysaccharides; Rheology; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Viscosity

To investigate and compare the preliminary structural characteristics and biological activity in vitro of polysaccharides from Sagittaria sagittifolia L. (SSs) by different extration methods, three polysaccharides (SSW, SSU, and SSP) were obtained with hot water, ultrasound-assisted, and subcritical water extraction. Their structural features were elucidated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography (GC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Zeta Potential and Congo red methods. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity and immunostimulatory effects were investigated in vitro. Molecular weight and monosaccharide composition analysis exhibited that SSW (2275.0 kDa), SSU (148.7 kDa), and SSP (1984.0 kDa) were heteropolysaccharide with dramatically different monosaccharide species and mole ratios. In addition, SSP exhibited stronger antioxidant activity in vitro and more potent immunomodulatory activity than SSW and SSU. SSP has greater potential to be explored as biologicalagents for use in complementary medicine or functional foods.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Hydroxyl Radical; Immunologic Factors; Macrophages; Mice; Molecular Weight; Nitric Oxide; Particle Size; Picrates; Polysaccharides; RAW 264.7 Cells; Sagittaria; Sulfonic Acids; Surface Properties

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based novel functional films containing Chinese chives root extract (CRE) at different concentrations (1, 3 and 5 % in w/w) were successfully fabricated. It was revealed by SEM that higher extract concentration triggered the formation of agglomerates within the film. Tensile strength of the films was decreased from 30.91 to 16.48 MPa. Thickness of films was increased from 43 to 84 μm, while decrease in water solubility from 77.51-52.91 %, swelling degree from 55.74 to 40.37 %, and water vapor permeability from 5.76 to 1.17 10

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium; China; Chive; Food Packaging; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Particle Size; Picrates; Solubility; Steam; Sulfonic Acids; Surface Properties

Dalbergia pinnata (Lour.) Prain (D. pinnata) is a plant widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. In humans, it is used in the prevention and treatment of diseases such as respiratory system, digestive system, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.. This study was aim to evaluate chemical composition, antioxidant activities, antimicrobial, and anti-melanogenesis properties of Essential oils (EO) from D. pinnata.. In this paper, the EO of D. pinnata were extracted using the supercritical CO. The EO of D. pinnata were obtained in a yield of 4.75% (v/w) calculated on dry weight basis. 14 volatile compounds could be detected and the predominant components include elemicin (91.06%), methyl eugenol (3.69%), 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol (1.16%), and whiskey lactone (0.55%). The antioxidant assay showed that the EO could scavenge DPPH (IC50 values of 0.038 mg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 value of 0.032 mg/mL) free radical, indicating that the EO had strong antioxidant activity. The results of antimicrobial test showed that Staphylococcus aureus was most sensitive to EO with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.78 μL/mL, followed by Streptococcus pyogenes (6.25 μL/mL) and Candida albicans (12.5 μL/mL). Gram-negative strains, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium, were slightly affected by the EO. Additionally, EO from D. pinnata could reduce tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis of zebrafish embryos in dose-dependent manner. And EO exhibited the more obvious anti-melanogenic effect compared with the positive control arbutin at the same dose (30 mg/L).. Our results validated the main activities attributed to D. pinnata for its antimicrobial and antioxidant. In addition, the potent inhibitory impacts of EO on the pigmentation provides a theoretical basis for the in-depth study of the EO from D. pinnata and their application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Candida albicans; Dalbergia; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Melanins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Oils, Volatile; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Zebrafish

Imidazoline derivatives with different exocyclic substituents were simply prepared from common starting materials. The procedures were carried out in an eco-friendly manner. The antioxidant activity of these derivatives was explored by different experimental assays, such as ABTS

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Escherichia coli; Imidazolines; Light; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Staphylococcus aureus; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

Phenolamines and flavonoids are two important components in bee pollen. There are many reports on the bioactivity of flavonoids in bee pollen, but few on phenolamines. This study aims to separate and characterize the flavonoids and phenolamines from rape bee pollen, and compare their antioxidant activities and protective effects against oxidative stress. The rape bee pollen was separated to obtain 35% and 50% fractions, which were characterized by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. The results showed that the compounds in 35% fraction were quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, while the compounds in 50% fraction were phenolamines, including di-p-coumaroyl spermidine, p-coumaroyl caffeoyl hydroxyferuloyl spermine, di-p-coumaroyl hydroxyferuloyl spermine, and tri-p-coumaroyl spermidine. The antioxidant activities of phenolamines and flavonoids were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. It was found that the antioxidant activity of phenolamines was significantly higher than that of flavonoids. Moreover, phenolamines showed better protective effects than flavonoids on HepG2 cells injured by AAPH. Furthermore, phenolamines could significantly reduce the reactive oxygen species (ROS), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, and increase the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels. This study lays a foundation for the further understanding of phenolamines in rape bee pollen.

Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Amidines; Animals; Antioxidants; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bees; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Gene Expression; Glutathione; Glycosides; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Kaempferols; Oxidants; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Pollen; Quercetin; Reactive Oxygen Species; Spermidine; Spermine; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase

In this study, the phenolic profiles and bioactivities of five representative cultivars of okra collected in China were investigated. Noticeable variations of phenolic compounds and their bioactivities were observed among these different cultivars of okra. The contents of total flavonoids (TFC) in "Shuiguo", "Kalong 8", "Kalong 3", "Wufu", and "Royal red" ranged from 1.75 to 3.39 mg RE/g DW, of which "Shuiguo" showed the highest TFC. Moreover, five individual phenolic compounds were found in okra by high performance liquid chromatography analysis, including isoquercitrin, protocatechuic acid, quercetin-3-O-gentiobioside, quercetin, and rutin, while isoquercitrin and quercetin-3-O-gentiobioside were detected as the main phenolic compounds in okra. Moreover, all tested okra exhibited significant antioxidant activities (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging capacity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power) and inhibitory effects on digestive enzymes (lipase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase). Indeed, "Shuiguo" exhibited much better antioxidant activities and inhibitory activities on digestive enzymes, which might be attributed to its high TFC. Results suggested that okra, especially "Shuiguo", could be developed as natural antioxidants and inhibitors against hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in the fields of functional foods and pharmaceuticals, which could meet the increasing demand for high-quality okra with health-promoting properties in China.

Topics: Abelmoschus; alpha-Amylases; alpha-Glucosidases; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Disaccharides; Flavonoids; Fruit; Hydroxybenzoates; Lipase; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Quercetin; Rutin; Sulfonic Acids; Swine; Thiazoles

Morus and Broussonetia trees are widely used as food and/or feed. Among 23 phenolics identified from leaves of five Moraceae species using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, 15 were screened using DPPH/ABTS-guided HPLCs, including seven weak (flavonoids with one hydroxyl on B-ring) and eight strong (four caffeoylquinic acids and four flavonoids, each with a double hydroxyl on B-ring) antioxidants. We then determined the activity and synergistic effects of individual antioxidants and a mixture of the eight strongest antioxidants using DPPH-guided HPLC. Our findings revealed that (1) flavonoid glucuronide may have a more negative effect on antioxidant activity than glucoside, and (2) other compounds in the mixture may exert a negative synergistic effect on antioxidant activity of the four flavonoids with B-ring double hydroxyls but not the four caffeoylquinic acids. In conclusion, the eight phenolics with the strongest antioxidant ability reliably represented the bioactivity of the five extracts examined in this study. Moreover, the Morus alba hybrid had more phenolic biosynthesis machinery than its cross-parent M. alba, whereas the Broussonetia papyrifera hybrid had significantly less phenolic machinery than B. papyrifera. This difference is probably the main reason for livestock preference for the hybrid of B. papyrifera over B. papyrifera in feed.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Broussonetia; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flavonoids; Free Radicals; Moraceae; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Trees

Two chitosan extracts were prepared by chemical and enzymatic treatment of Ganoderma lucidum mushroom, as an alternative source to crustacean shells. The molecular weight of the enzymatic extract was lower than that of the chemical one and of shrimp chitosan, as determined by viscosity measurements. Characteristic signals were identified in the

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Chitosan; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Humans; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Reishi; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is known to cause oxidative stress and inflammation leading to cardiovascular disease (CVD) complications. MPO-mediated oxidation of lipoproteins leads to dysfunctional entities altering the landscape of lipoprotein functionality. The specificity of guaiacol derivatives toward preventing MPO-mediated oxidation to limit MPO's harmful effects is unknown. Diligent in silico studies were accomplished for a portfolio of compounds with guaiacol as a building block. The compounds' activity toward MPO inhibition was also validated. The role of these chemical entities in controlling MPO-mediated oxidation of lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) was shown to agree with our approach of developing powerful MPO inhibitors. The mechanism of MPO inhibition was demonstrated to be reversible in nature. This study reveals that there is great potential for guaiacol derivatives as therapeutics for CVD by modulating lipid profiles, reducing atherosclerotic plaque burden, and subsequently optimizing cardiovascular functions.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Atherosclerosis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Guaiacol; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Peroxidase; Picrates; RAW 264.7 Cells; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

This study aims to determine the potential renal protective effects of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller (OFI) fruits against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. The antioxidant activity of OFI methanol extract was calculated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging assays. Furthermore, the LC-mass spectroscopy (MS) analysis of the OFI fruit extract was carried out. Mice were treated with OFI extract (250 mg/kg) for 10 d and injected with a single dose of cisplatin (20 mg/kg) on the 7th day. The blood samples were collected to measure blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine level on the 10th day. Their kidneys were removed for histopathological examination. The renal morphological alterations were assessed through the mesangial matrix index and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The OFI fruit extract showed significant in vitro antioxidant activity. In further, it was revealed that the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice was ameliorated; this outcome was supported by both histological examination results and the depicted reduced levels of BUN and serum creatinine. The potent antioxidant compounds which were detected in the extract of OFI fruits such as myricetin, quercetin, luteolin might be responsible for the observed renoprotective effect. The results clarified that the OFI fruit extract could ameliorate cisplatin-induced renal toxicity in mice via including antioxidant and renoprotective compounds.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cisplatin; Flavonoids; Fruit; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Opuntia; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Bacillus subtilis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Escherichia coli; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Piper; Plant Extracts; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Anions; Antioxidants; Arabinose; Benzothiazoles; Biological Availability; Biphenyl Compounds; Cations; Coumaric Acids; Dietary Fiber; Flavonoids; Fruit; Galactose; Glucose; Hydroxybenzoates; Mannose; Micronutrients; Minerals; Opuntia; Pectins; Picrates; Plant Mucilage; Polyphenols; Polysaccharides; Rhamnose; Sulfonic Acids; Xylose

Natural product studies explore potential and interesting new compounds to discover innovative drugs.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Diabetes Mellitus; Flavonoids; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mass Spectrometry; Molecular Structure; Nigella sativa; Oleanolic Acid; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; Saponins; Sulfonic Acids; Triterpenes

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ultrasound degradation on the physicochemical, rheological and antioxidant properties of Sargassum pallidum polysaccharides (SpPS). The results indicated that the ultrasound irradiation could significantly decrease the average molecule weight (MW), and particle size (Z

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemistry, Physical; Molecular Weight; Particle Size; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Rheology; Sargassum; Sulfonic Acids; Surface Properties; Ultrasonics

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Male; Mice; Molecular Weight; Monosaccharides; Picrates; Pleurotus; Polysaccharides; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Statistics as Topic; Sulfonic Acids

In this work, the synthesis method and applications of nanocomposite polymer stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are reported. 3-Aminophenyl boronic acid (3APBA) was used as a reductant of silver nitrate which acted as an oxidant for the polymerization of 3APBA through in situ chemical oxidative polymerization to poly(3-aminophenyl boronic acid) or PABA. The formation of PABA in the reaction mixture led to particle agglomeration owing to PABA poor solubility. However, in the presence of hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), PABA binds to the free hydroxyl group of PVA to form a composite polymer (PABA-PVA), which perfectly stabilized the formed AgNPs. Succinctly, PVA acted as a solubilizer and stabilizer for (PABA-PVA)AgNPs synthesis. Synthesis was optimized and sharp absorption peaks at 290 nm and 426 nm were observed, attributing to the π-π* transition of the benzenoid ring of PABA and the characteristic absorption spectrum of AgNPs, respectively. (PABA-PVA)AgNPs was characterized using UV-vis, TEM, FESEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, TGA/DTG, DLS and zeta potential analysis. In addition, the antibacterial, antioxidant and metal chelating capacities of (PABA-PVA)AgNPs were evaluated. The (PABA-PVA)AgNPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes, and good antioxidant and metal chelating properties of (PABA-PVA)AgNPs, thus validating its attractive biological applications.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Escherichia coli; Listeria monocytogenes; Metal Nanoparticles; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Nanocomposites; Particle Size; Picrates; Silver; Sulfonic Acids; Surface Properties

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cadmium; Carbamates; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Eye Abnormalities; Flavones; Hydrogen Peroxide; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Tail; Yolk Sac; Zebrafish

The citrus herbs have proved their important medicinal and nutritional values as medicine-food dual-purpose herbs, functional foods, or medical herbs in China. In this study, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity among ten typical citrus herbs (ethanol extracts) were investigated comprehensively. The major ingredients and their contents were analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry, and the differences of typical fragment ions between flavanone-7-O-rutinoside(s) and flavanone-7-O-neohesperidoside(s) were discriminated properly in negative electrospray ionization mode. Total polyphenols, total flavonoids, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), and ferric reducing antioxidant power tests were performed, which indicated their beneficial values and antioxidant effects. The medicine-food dual-purpose herbs including Chenpi, Juluo, Daidaihua, Huajuhong, Xiangyuan, and Foshou exhibited antioxidant capacities significantly by decreasing intracellular reactive oxygen species intensity (P < 0.01), enhancing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities (P < 0.01) in H

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; China; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Citrus; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Hydrogen Peroxide; Metabolomics; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Rats; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids

This work investigates the effect of drying okra pods by different techniques [freeze-drying (FD), sun-drying (SD), oven-drying (OD) and microwave-drying (MD)] on the molecular structure, physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the subsequently extracted OP. Remarkably, although the degree of methyl esterification (∼41.1 %) remained similar among samples, the content of galacturonic acid (62.67-68.77 %), average number molecular weight (MnI: 758.8-808.5 kDa, MnII: 20.9-24.2 kDa), and to a greater extent the apparent viscosity of an aqueous solution of pectin molecules, water holding capacity (0.21-10.71 g/g) and emulsifying activity (42.3-72.7 %) and stability (38.6-53.5 %), decreased with the drying temperature in the order of FD-OP > SD-OP > OD-OP > MD-OP. On the other hand, only FD-OP presented a higher proportion of galactan and/or arabinan side chains [(Ara + Gal) / Rha = 12.37%] compared to the rest of the samples, with values ranging from 7.79 to 9.17%. FD-OP and SD-OP resulted in lower DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities.

Topics: Abelmoschus; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Desiccation; Freeze Drying; Fruit; Hot Temperature; Microwaves; Pectins; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Sunlight

The current study investigated the effect of developmental stages on the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of fifteen crude oil samples obtained from Pistacia atlantica Desf. leaves, galls, and fruits. Twelve fatty acids were detected by GC/FID, linolenic acid (C18 : 3) was the major fatty acid detected in leaves crude oils that registered [41.73 % (P<0.05)] on the last stage. The best content of tocopherols and carotenoids was recorded at the last stage for leaves and galls oils, respectively, with values of [1.530±0.01, 0.52±0.01 (P<0.05) mg α-tocopherol equivalent/g DW] and [86.60±0.95, 69.15±0.13 (P<0.05) μg β-carotene equivalent/g DW]. For fruits oils, the content varied depending on the levels of fruits maturation. The results from DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays revealed that the antioxidant activity increased with the increasing content of tocopherols and carotenoids in leaves and galls oils during development stages, and varied for fruits oils depending on the ripening stages. Moreover, according to PCA analysis, the best phytoconstituent content and antioxidant activity were attributed to P. atlantica Desf. fruit's crude oils. Also, a strong relationship was found between the antioxidant activity and bioactive phytochemical components, such as tocopherols, carotenoids, and omega-three fatty acid, which confirmed that P. atlantica Desf. crude oils present a valuable source of natural antioxidant that could be used for pharmaceutical and food industries purposes.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carotenoids; Fatty Acids; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; Fruit; Petroleum; Picrates; Pistacia; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids; Tocopherols

To explore fresh strategies in colorectal cancer (CRC) chemotherapy, we evaluated the capability of the ruthenium-phloretin complex in exterminating colon cancer by effectively addressing multiple apoptotic mechanisms on HT-29 cancer cells together with an animal model of colorectal cancer activated by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and dextran sulfate sodium. Our current approach offers tangible evidence of the application of the ruthenium-phloretin complex in future chemotherapy. The complex triggers intrinsic apoptosis triggered by p53 and modulates the Akt/mTOR pathway along with other inflammatory biomarkers. The ruthenium-phloretin complex has been synthesized and successfully characterized by numerous spectroscopic methodologies accompanied by DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays assessing its antioxidant potential. Studies conducted in human cell lines revealed that the complex improved levels of p53 and caspase-3 while diminishing the activities of VEGF and mTOR, triggers apoptosis, and induces fragmentation of DNA in the HT-29 cells. Toxicity studies were conducted to identify the therapeutic doses of the novel complex in animal models. The outcomes of the in vivo report suggest that the complex was beneficial in repressing multiplicity of aberrant crypt foci as well as hyperplastic lesions and also promoted increased levels of CAT, SOD, and glutathione. In addition, the ruthenium-phloretin complex was able to control cell proliferation and boosted apoptotic outbursts in cancer cells associated with the increase in cellular response towards Bax while diminishing responses towards Bcl-2, NF-

Topics: Aberrant Crypt Foci; Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; bcl-2-Associated X Protein; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Colon; Colonic Neoplasms; DNA; Female; Free Radical Scavengers; HT29 Cells; Humans; Kidney; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Mice, Inbred BALB C; NF-kappa B; Oxidation-Reduction; Phloretin; Picrates; Ruthenium; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Toxicity Tests

The current study was designed to synthesize derivatives of succinimide and compare their biological potency in anticholinesterase, alpha-glucosidase inhibition, and antioxidant assays.. In this research, two succinimide derivatives including (. In AChE inhibitory assay, compounds. Both succinimide derivatives exhibited considerable inhibitory activities against cholinesterases and α-glucosidase enzymes. Of these two, compound

Topics: alpha-Glucosidases; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterases; Electrophorus; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Horses; Humans; Kinetics; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Succinimides; Sulfonic Acids

Subcritical-water extraction is an ecofriendly method for extracting antioxidant compounds only using water. The Subcritical-water extraction was employed for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Orostachys japonicus known as rock pine by investigating the use of various temperatures (110-260 °C) and extraction times (5-20 min). The Subcritical-water extraction condition at 220 °C for 15 min; the total phenolics content (39.9 ± 4.1 mg/g), flavonoids content (11.4 ± 0.6 mg/g), and antioxidant activities (90.3 ± 2.2%, 96.0 ± 2.9%, and 662.4 ± 17.2 mg/g) of Subcritical-water extract were higher under this condition than for extraction with either methanol or ethanol. Triterpene saponins were observed only in subcritical-water extraction condition at 220 °C for 15 min. Further, some of its phenolic constituents; gallic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. Subcritical-water extraction is an effective method for extracting valuable bioactive compounds from Orostachys japonicus.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Crassulaceae; Ethanol; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Gallic Acid; Methanol; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Saponins; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; Triterpenes; Water

In this study, chemical composition and in vitro biological activities of artichoke by-products (leaves, floral stems and bracts) issued from two Tunisian varieties were evaluated. Analysis was performed by means of high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (LC/DAD/ESI-MS). Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents as well as the antioxidant activity conducted by three complementary methods, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP tests, were performed for each sample. Enzyme inhibitory effects against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and α-amylase were also studied. Results showed that TPC and TFC varied according to variety as well as the plant part. Bracts presented the highest TPC values (10-15 mg GAE/g DW), while leaves were distinguished by the highest TFC values (52-58 mg EQ/g DW). In vitro assays showed that Violet d'Hyères bracts and Blanc d'Oran leaves present the most antioxidant activities (30.040 and 20.428 mgET/gDW, respectively, by the DPPH method). Leaves demonstrated the highest acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effects. Moreover, all organs displayed a noticeable inhibition towards α-amylase. LC/DAD/MS analysis revealed that artichoke by-products are a potential source of biopharmaceuticals such as luteolin derivatives from leaves and mono/dicaffeoylquinic acids in the other parts. This research demonstrates that globe artichoke by-products, unexploited in our country, are a promising source of natural health promoting compounds with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; alpha-Amylases; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cynara scolymus; Enzyme Inhibitors; Flavonoids; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

Thirty benzofuran-2-yl(phenyl)methanones 1-30 were synthesized and characterized their structures by spectroscopic techniques. Substituted phenacyl bromide and different derivatives of 2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde treated in the presence of anhydrous K

Topics: alpha-Amylases; Benzofurans; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Free Radical Scavengers; Kinetics; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

The use of higher plants for the production of plant growth biostimulants is receiving increased attention among scientists, farmers, investors, consumers and regulators. The aim of the present study was to examine the possibility of converting plants commonly occurring in Europe (St. John's wort, giant goldenrod, common dandelion, red clover, nettle, valerian) into valuable and easy to use bio-products. The biostimulating activity of botanical extracts and their effect on the chemical composition of celeriac were identified. Plant-based extracts, obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction and mechanical homogenisation, were tested in field trials. It was found that the obtained formulations increased the total yield of leaves rosettes and roots, the dry weight of leaves rosettes and roots, the content of chlorophyll

Topics: Antioxidants; Apium; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carotenoids; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Chlorophyll; Chlorophyll A; Europe; Fatty Acids; Horticulture; Nitrates; Photosynthesis; Picrates; Pigmentation; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids; Ultrasonics

Topics: Antimalarials; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chloroquine; Chromans; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Peroxides; Picrates; Plasmodium falciparum; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Ocimum basilicum; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Thailand

Antioxidants have been the subject of intense research interest due to their numerous health benefits. In this work, a series of new conjugates of hydroxytyrosol and coumarin were synthesized and evaluated for their free radical scavenging, toxicity and antioxidant mechanism in vitro. The all target compounds 14a-t exhibited better radical scavenging activity than BHT, hydroxytyrosol, and coumarin in both DPPH radical and ABTS

Topics: Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Coumarins; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Molecular Structure; Phenylethyl Alcohol; Picrates; Reactive Oxygen Species; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

The bioactive peptides and trace element selenium (Se) both have good antioxidant activity. However, whether combined Se and bioactive peptides have more excellent antioxidant activity remain unknown. The aim of this study is to prepare a Se-rich peptide fraction containing both Se and peptides from Se-rich yeast protein hydrolysate and investigated its antioxidant activity and effect on ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced skin oxidative damage. The peptide fractions with different molecular weight (MW) and Se content were obtained by enzymatically hydrolyzing normal or Se-rich yeast proteins followed by a filtration process. In vitro free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays showed that Se-rich peptides fraction with lower MW of <1 kDa (sSeP) had the highest antioxidant activity compared with Se-rich peptide fractions with higher MW of <3 kDa or normal peptide fractions. Oral administration of sSeP significantly decreased the level of malonaldehyde (MDA) in liver and serum, and increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver and serum in normal mice. When topically applied on the dorsal skin of mice, sSeP effectively alleviate UVB radiation-induced skin damage and oxidative stress by increasing GPx and catalase activities and glutathione content in skin or serum. Furthermore, sSeP showed a protective effect against H

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Molecular Structure; Oxidative Stress; Peptides; Picrates; Protective Agents; Protein Hydrolysates; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Selenium; Skin; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Ultraviolet Rays

This study aimed to isolate, prepare and identify the main flavonoids from a standardized

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catechin; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Glycosides; Lipopolysaccharides; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mice; Picrates; RAW 264.7 Cells; Smilax; Sulfonic Acids

Seeking to enrich the yet less explored field of scorpionate complexes bearing antioxidant properties, we, here, report on the synthesis, characterization and assessment of the antioxidant activity of new complexes derived from three scorpionate ligands. The interaction between the scorpionate ligands thallium(I) hydrotris(5-methyl-indazolyl)borate (TlTp

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cadmium; Copper; Hydroxyl Radical; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Ligands; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Nitric Oxide; Peroxides; Picrates; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Temperature; Thallium; Zinc

Plant biostimulants are under investigation as innovative products to improve plant production and fruit quality, without resulting in environmental and food contaminations. Here, the effects of the application of Expando, a biostimulant based on seaweed and yeast extracts, on plant productivity, fruit ripening times, and fruit quality of

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Fruit; Minerals; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Polyphenols; Seaweed; Solanum lycopersicum; Sulfonic Acids; Yeasts

The essential oil (EO), the methanolic (MeOH), and the 70% ethanolic (70% EtOH) extracts obtained from the aerial parts of

Topics: A549 Cells; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Candida; Cell Death; Cell Survival; Cinnamates; Depsides; Drug Synergism; Ecuador; Eugenol; Fluconazole; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutagenesis; Ocimum; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Rosmarinic Acid; Sulfonic Acids

In this study, catechin (CTN) isolated from

Topics: alpha-Amylases; alpha-Glucosidases; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Catechin; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Elaeagnaceae; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Fruit; Glyburide; Hyperglycemia; Hyperlipidemias; Hypoglycemic Agents; In Vitro Techniques; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Kidney; Lipid Peroxides; Lipids; Malondialdehyde; Phenol; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Streptozocin; Sulfonic Acids

The essential oils of five Lavandula stoechas cultivars grown in Thailand were characterized for their volatile compounds using GC-FID and GC/MS methods as well as screened for antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Dried aerial parts, including flowers and stems from each cultivar, were subjected to hydrodistillation for 4 h. The essential oil yields were 0.18 %-0.82 % w/w. Of the 95 compounds detected and identified, 1,8-cineole, fenchone, and camphor were considered the major compounds. Essential oil from each cultivar demonstrated different patterns of antibacterial activity and a variety of antioxidant properties. The highest antibacterial activity, MIC=0.39 mg mL

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flowers; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Lavandula; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Salmonella typhimurium; Sulfonic Acids; Thailand

Diabetes is one of the metabolic disorders in the world. It is the prime reason of mortality and morbidity owing to hyperglycemia which is link with numerus obstacles. Artemisia argyi is commonly used as an ingredient in healthy foods as well as an herbal medicine in Asian countries. The present research aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of A. argyi and reveal its the potentially active constituents. The chemical composition was identified by HPLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS, and fractionation was performed by extraction. The fractions were assessed by the blood glucose level, oral glucose tolerance and small intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory tests, and an analysis of the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. In our efforts to characterize the compounds responsible for hypoglycemic effect, bioactivity-guided fraction of the MeOH extract and chemical investigation of its active EtOAc fraction led to the successful identification of caffeoylquinic acids, which were elucidated by molecular docking, using the crystal structure of S. cerevisiae isomaltase (PD code: 3AXI). In summary, this bio-guided search revealed that caffeoylquinic acids from A. argyi as potential active constituents displayed with hypoglycemic activity, which provided a basis for further study of pharmacological activity.

Topics: alpha-Glucosidases; Animals; Antioxidants; Artemisia; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Blood Glucose; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Hypoglycemic Agents; Intestine, Small; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

The development of a new generation antioxidant peptides with high free radical scavenging rates is highly desirable, but remains a great challenge. Herein, a new dual-peptide development strategy based on plant and animal proteins has been proposed to enhance the antioxidant activity of peptides. Sea cucumber peptide and pine nut peptide were selected to assemble the dual-peptides, namely, VTPYKDHCH and VTPYQDHCH. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the dual-peptides was confirmed to be much higher than that of the individual peptides VTPY, KDHCH, and QDHCH according to the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging and EPR experiments. The antioxidant activity of the dual-peptides was also further confirmed via cell experiments. Moreover, circular dichroism (CD), Raman spectrum and

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Peptides; Picrates; Pinus; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sea Cucumbers; Sulfonic Acids

In this work, an efficient method for the rapid extraction and separation of antioxidant phenols was developed and optimized. The method was then applied to extract and separate nine phenols from 37 varieties of raspberry, in which their antioxidant activities were further investigated. First, the extraction was conducted using ultra-sonication, which was then further separated using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet (RP-HPLC/UV) analysis. In this step, several key parameters (volume of the extraction reagent, time of extraction, and the temperature of extraction) affecting its efficiency were investigated and optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) combined with the Box-Behnken design (BBD) so that the optimal conditions were obtained. According to the overall results of the optimization study, the optimal conditions were chosen as follows: volume of extraction reagent = 2.0 mL, time of extraction = 50.0 min, and temperature of extraction = 50 °C. The optimal conditions were then applied to extract nine phenols, including gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, cumaric acid, ferulic acid, rosemary acid, and quercetin from 37 raspberry varieties. The extracted phenols were characterized and their antioxidant activities, including DPPH

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Free Radical Scavengers; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Phenols; Picrates; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Rubus; Sulfonic Acids; Tibet

Rapeseed plants, known for oil production, are also known to contain phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, with potential antioxidant and anticancer activities. The separation and identification of 11 phenolic acids in rapeseed extracts (including leaves, flowers, Chinese seeds, Belgian seeds, and cake) by capillary electrophoresis were investigated. The results were compared with those obtained with high-performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography and showed that the capillary electrophoresis technique offers several advantages for the identification of phenolic compounds in various rapeseed extracts. The antioxidant activity of rapeseed extracts and reference compounds was evaluated using four different approaches, namely, 2,2'-azinobis- (3-ethylbenzohiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assay, free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and the measurement of the total polyphenol content. The contents of total polyphenols in the tested extracts were ranging between 5.4 and 21.1% m/m and ranked as follows: Chinese seeds ˃ Belgian seeds ˃ Flowers ˃ Cake ˃ Leaves.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Brassica rapa; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Flowers; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids

N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a drug well known for its antimucolytic action, antioxidant activity and ability to protect cells from oxidative stress. Conjugation of NAC with double bonds in the main polymer chain of poly(globalide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PGlCL) through thiol-ene reaction is reported. Different globalide (Gl) (an unsaturated macrolactone) to ε-caprolactone (CL) ratios were employed for PGlCL synthesis. The polymeric materials (PGlCL-NAC) were evaluated in terms of the number of functionalized double bonds, thermal properties, affinity for water and antioxidant potential. PGlCL-NAC containing more globalide repeating units presented higher degree of functionalization, due to the higher number of double bonds available to react through thiol-ene coupling. For high globalide contents (Gl/CL ratios above 50/50), NAC coupling in PGlCL chains resulted in completely amorphous copolymers with a more hydrophilic character, which should enhance bioresorption and cell adhesion characteristics. Functionalization also gave rise to a thioether linkage, conferring to PGlCL-NAC an antioxidant character, important for biomedical applications, where the material could combat cellular oxidative-stress.

Topics: Acetylcysteine; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Picrates; Polyesters; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Sulfonic Acids; Surface Properties

Dihydropyridines (DHPs) obtained from Hantzsch multicomponent reactions are an important pharmaceutical class of compounds marketed as antihypertensive (e.g., nifedipine, nitrendipine, and amlodipine) drugs. This study synthesized new symmetrical and unsymmetrical long-chain fatty DHPs using multicomponent reactions under metal-free conditions with sulfamic acid as a catalyst. The DHPs were tested for antioxidant activity using three different methods. The insertion of a long chain into the DHP core contributed to antioxidant potential, and compounds derived from nitro aldehydes have better antioxidant potential than the antihypertensive drug nifedipine. In addition, fatty analogs to nifedipine derived from palmitic and oleic chains showed similar antioxidant activity to the common standards butylated hydroxytoluene and vitamin E. These results showed that our new synthesized products may find novel applications as antioxidant additives or for tools for use in drug discovery.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Dihydropyridines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

A group of N-benzylpiperidine-3/4-carbohydrazide-hydrazones were designed, synthesized and evaluated for acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities, Aβ

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electrophorus; Horses; Humans; Hydrazones; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Neuroprotective Agents; Picrates; Piperidines; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

The use of antioxidants is the most effective means to protect the organism against cellular damage caused by oxidative stress. In this context, organotellurides have been described as promising antioxidant agents for decades. Herein, a series of N-functionalized organotellurium compounds has been tested as antioxidant and presented remarkable activities by three different in vitro chemical assays. They were able to reduce DPPH radical with IC

Topics: Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Drug Design; Fibroblasts; Free Radical Scavengers; Mice; Molecular Structure; Organometallic Compounds; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Tellurium

Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott is widely cultivated in China, and its flowers and flower buds (FFB-SJ) are commonly used as traditional Chinese medicine. This work aimed to assess variations in the chemical components and antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of S. japonicum extract during five flower maturity stages (ES1-ES5). The results showed that the contents of total flavonoids, rutin, and narcissin were highest at ES1, whereas the contents of quercetin and isorhamnetin were highest at ES3. ES1 presented considerable antioxidant activities in terms of reducing power (RP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH

Topics: Agaricales; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fabaceae; Flowers; Hydroxyl Radical; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

Tuber indicum, an endemic truffle species in eastern Asian, is an edible mushroom that is both an important export and widely distributed across China. Many existing studies on truffles focus on analyzing their taxonomy, population genetics, volatile organic compounds and artificial cultivation of the truffles, while little information is available about their nutrient composition and pharmacological activity, especially the relationship between chemical composition in ascocarps and their geographic distributions. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the chemical composition of T. indicum, including free sugars, fatty acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, and tracks the antioxidant activity of T. indicum ascocarps collected from five geographical regions of four provinces in P. R. China: Hebei, Tibet, Yunnan, and Liaoning province. Our results showed that T. indicum collected from Qujing, Yunnan province, possessed the highest amount of free sugars (23.67 mg/g dw), total flavonoids (2.31 mg/g dw), total phenolics (4.46 mg/g dw) and the highest DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities. The amount of water-soluble polysaccharides was the highest (115.24 mg/g dw) in ascocarps from Tibet, the total organic acids was the highest (22.073 mg/g dw) in ascocarps from Gongshan, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were most abundant in those from Hebei province. This study reveals that the quantity of chemical compounds in T. indicum varies by geographical origin. Detecting differences in chemical composition may provide important data for understanding the relationship between environmental factors and truffle formation, as well as quality evaluation of the commercial species T. indicum throughout China.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascomycota; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; China; Flavonoids; Phenols; Picrates; Sugars; Sulfonic Acids

A new series of 21 Schiff bases of spiro-isatin was synthesized, and their DPPH, CUPRAC and ABTS cation radical scavenging abilities were investigated for antioxidant activity. The results showed that all the synthesized compounds exhibited antioxidant activity for each assay. 5̍-(2,3-Dihydroxybenzylideneamino)spiro[[1,3] dioxolane-2,3̍-indoline]-2̍-on (5c) (IC

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Copper; Isatin; Picrates; Schiff Bases; Spiro Compounds; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

Two novel ligand-metal complexes were prepared through the reaction of Zn(II) and Sn(II) with moxifloxacin (MOX) in the presence of glycine (Gly) to investigate their biological activities. IR, UV/VIS and

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Membrane; Coordination Complexes; Erythrocytes; Glycine; Humans; Lepidium sativum; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Moxifloxacin; Picrates; Raphanus; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids; Tin; Zinc

Gardenia jasminoides fruit (GJF) is used as a well-known traditional folk medicine, a food and a natural colorant in Asia with a long history. The herbal medicine has usually been harvested in the autumn from September to November. However, this time span is too long and might result in the quality instability of GJF.. We aimed to conduct the comprehensive quality evaluation of GJF including the quantitative analysis of the bioactive components and the main bioactivities, and further to determine the most appropriate harvest time of this phytomedicine.. In this study, an UFLC-Q-TRAP-MS/MS method was established to quantify 7 iridoid glycosides (geniposide, geniposidic acid, secoxyloganin, gardenoside, genipin 1-gentiobioside, scandoside methyl ester, and shanzhiside), 7 phenylpropanoid acids (chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid C, and caffeic acid) and 2 carotenoids (crocin-1 and crocin-2) in GJF. With this method, nine samples of GJF harvested at different times were analyzed and compared. These samples were also investigated and compared in terms of their antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical scavenging, ABTS free radical scavenging, ferric-reducing antioxidation) and anti-influenza activity (neuraminidase inhibition), which are closely related to the GJF efficacies. Then, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was separately performed for the quantitative analysis and bioactivity evaluation in vitro.. The HCA results demonstrated that three GJF samples (S5, S6, and S7) were clustered into one group for both quantitative analysis and bioactivity evaluation in vitro; these three samples were found to have the highest standardized scores in both the former (12.775, 12.106, 10.817) and the latter (3.406, 3.374, 3.440). Based on the comprehensive results, the optimum harvest period was confirmed to extend from mid-October to early-November.. This study firstly validated the use of UFLC-Q-TRAP-MS/MS method for the determination of 16 bioactive components in GJF. It was also the first time that a quantitative analysis and a bioactivity assay in vitro were integrated for the determination of the most appropriate harvest period of GJF. We hope this paper may provide some reference to studies of appropriate harvest periods and even the quality control of TCMs.

Topics: Agriculture; Antioxidants; Antiviral Agents; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cluster Analysis; Fruit; Gardenia; Neuraminidase; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

A novel crude exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Lactobacillus plantarum KX041 possessed prominent antioxidant activity which was proved in our previous study. In our present study, the further purifications were conducted to obtain EPS fractions, which were called as EPS-1-1, EPS-2-1 and EPS-3. The structures and conformational characterizations were determined through FT-IR, UV, GC, HPLC, NMR, SEM and Congo red test analysis. The Mw of EPS-1-1, EPS-2-1 and EPS-3 were estimated to be 57,201, 70,734, and 26,387 Da, respectively. EPS-1-1 and EPS-2-1 had the similar structure, composed of arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose with a ratio of 1.09:88.53:3.99:6.39 and 0.58:94.11:3.55:1.76, and both were α-type configurations. Whereas EPS-3 contained rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose and galacturonic acid in a molar ratio of 2.01:2.65:10.95:4.62:4.07:27.81:44.16:3.73 and possessed a triple helical structure. SEM results indicated EPS-1-1 and EPS-2-1 appeared flake shapes piling up into compact structures with a rough surface. In addition, these purified EPS fractions all possessed the immune activity, DPPH/ABTS radicals scavenging activities and DNA damage protective effect.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; DNA Damage; HT29 Cells; Humans; Lactobacillus plantarum; Mice; Phagocytosis; Picrates; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; RAW 264.7 Cells; Sulfonic Acids

Lignin, is the most abundant, renewable and degradable biopolymer available in the nature. The present study exploited purified lignin from wheat straw as reducing, capping and stabilizing agent for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Li-AgNPs) under optimized conditions. The analytical studies revealed synthesized Li-AgNPs having a face centered cubic crystalline structure, size ranging ~15-20 nm and the biomolecules comprising majorly phenolic, hydroxyl and carboxylic group of lignin coated on the surface of AgNPs. Li-AgNPs showed significant antimicrobial efficacy against human pathogens namely; Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and also determined their minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC). Li-AgNPs also displayed substantial antioxidant activity in terms of well-known enzyme marker viz.; ABTS and DPPH free radical scavenging assay relative to commercial AgNPs. In vitro cytotoxicity assay of Li-AgNPs demonstrated dose-dependent toxicity effects in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell line (LD50; 150 μg/mL) indicative of promising anticancer agent. Further, H

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Escherichia coli; Free Radical Scavengers; Green Chemistry Technology; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Lignin; Metal Nanoparticles; Picrates; Silver; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulfonic Acids; Triticum

Exposure of skin to urban air pollutants is closely related to skin aging and inflammatory responses such as wrinkles formation, pigmentation spot, atopic dermatitis, and acne. Thus, a great deal of interest has been focused on the development of natural resources that can provide a protective effect to skin from pollutants.. The antioxidative activity of Camellia japonica flower extract (CJFE) was evaluated by 1,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay, and the inhibitory effect of CJFE by urban air pollutants-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was determined in cultured normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). We additionally investigated the protective effects of CJFE against urban air pollutant using in vitro and ex vivo model.. CJFE with high phenolic concentration showed antioxidative activity on scavenging capacity of 1,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical cation in a concentration dependent manner. CJFE inhibited urban air pollutants-induced ROS generation, matrixmetalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production and a xenobiotic response element (XRE)-luciferase activity indicating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transactivation. In addition, CJFE showed an excellent protective activity against pollutants-induced deteriorating effect in ex vivo model. CJFE reduced the level of pollutants-induced malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid peroxidation marker, inhibited MMP-1 expression and increased collagen synthesis. It also reduced the cell numbers with pyknotic nuclei (mainly occurring in apoptosis) and detachment of dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ) induced by pollutants.. Apparently, it is proposed that CJFE can be used as a protective material against pollutant-induced skin damages.

Topics: Air Pollutants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Camellia; Cells, Cultured; Fibroblasts; Flowers; Humans; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Protective Agents; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Models, Molecular; Oligopeptides; Picrates; Protein Hydrolysates; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Seeds; Sesamum; Subtilisins; Sulfonic Acids; Trypsin

Glutinous rice-based foods have a long history are consumed worldwide. They are also in great demand for the pursuit of novel sensory and natural health benefits. In this study, we developed a novel fermented glutinous rice product with the supplementation of Fu brick tea. Using in vitro antioxidant evaluation and phenolic compounds analysis, fermentation with Fu brick tea increased the total phenolic content and enhanced the antioxidant activity of glutinous rice, including scavenging of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical, and hydroxyl radical, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and ferric ion reducing power and iron chelating capability. Besides, compared with traditional fermented glutinous rice, this novel functional food exhibited a stronger activity for protecting DNA against hydroxyl radical-induced oxidation damage. Quantitative analysis by HPLC identified 14 compounds covering catechins and phenolic acids, which were considered to be positively related to the enhanced antioxidant capability. Furthermore, we found that 80% ethanol was a suitable extract solvent compared with water, because of its higher extraction efficiency and stronger functional activities. Our results suggested that this novel fermented glutinous rice could serve as a nutraceutical food/ingredient with special sensory and functional activities.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catechols; China; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; DNA Damage; Fermentation; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Hydroxyl Radical; Iron Chelating Agents; Oryza; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Triterpenes

The antioxidant potential of leaf, stem, root and flower extracts of Quisqualis indica Linn. was assessed to verify its ethnopharmacological importance. Both polar and non-polar solvents like n-hexane, chloroform, ethanol and distilled water were used to obtain crude extracts. The chloroform extract of leaves showed the maximum %age yield, i.e. 27.3% while the n-hexane extract of stem showed the minimum yield, i.e. 0.2%. Five activities including DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS+ assay, Total flavonoid components (TFC), Total phenolic components (TPC) and Metal chelating Assay (MC) were employed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the plant. The ethanol extract of inflorescence of the plant displayed most elevated DPPH potential, i.e. 452.11%. Aqueous extract of root had highest value of TEAC i.e., 7.4515 mmol. The aqueous extract of flower displayed the highest level of phenolic contents with the value of 35 in terms of GAE mg/mL. On the other hand, the chloroform extract had the highest % bound iron value of 128 and the aqueous extract of flower showed a high concentration of Flavonoids having the value 347.65mg/l of Quercetin. It has been inferred that all parts of Quisqualis indica L. possess good antioxidant potential. Differents parts showed different antioxidant potentials hence they can be used as curative agents against human and animal ailments.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Combretaceae; Ethnobotany; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Iron Chelating Agents; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Plant Stems; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chitosan; Gold; Green Chemistry Technology; Hydroxides; Iron; Metal Nanoparticles; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Capsaicin is a spicy capsaicinoid, produced as secondary metabolite by Capsicum fruits. This alkaloid has been used for years in folk medicine for its analgesic and antinflammatory properties although most data is referred to the raw fruit. In this study, the antiradical activity of the pure capsaicin has been studied using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays as well as its antiproliferative activity, using MTT assay, against two human tumour cell lines, the colorectal Caco-2 and the oesophageal OE19 cells. Furthermore, the antiproliferative activity observed on tumoral cells was compared with that of the human normal-like fibroblast cell line TelCOFS02MA. In addition, the apoptotic activity was evaluated using TUNEL assay. A higher radical scavenging activity was observed against ABTS radical cation than DPPH. Capsaicin showed also a higher cytotoxicity against cancer cells than normal-like cells with Selectivity index values greater than 2 at 72 h. Capsaicin induced apoptosis especially in OE19 cell line.

Topics: Apoptosis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Capsaicin; Capsicum; Cell Line; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Fibroblasts; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruit; Humans; Medicine, Traditional; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Dendrimers; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fibroblasts; Humans; Mice; Molecular Structure; Peptides; Picrates; Reactive Oxygen Species; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

Two series of sulfonylpiperazines linked [1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]chromenones were synthesized featuring phenyl (7a-k) and chalcone (12a-k) bridge representing flavones or homoisoflavonoids core. New molecules are synthesized utilizing aldol condensation to inspect as antioxidants against DPPH and ABTS

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Chromones; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Humans; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Piperazine; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

Milk is a nutritionally important source of bioactive peptides with anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. These compounds can be useful as ingredients of functional food. For this reason, in the last decades, bioactive peptides attracted the interest of researchers and food companies. In this work, the results obtained with six milk-derived bioactive peptides (Y-4-R, V-6-R, V-7-K, A-10-F, R-10-M, and H-9-M) synthesized and studied for their antioxidant properties in vitro and in a cellular model, are reported. These molecules correspond to peptide fragments derived from parent compounds able to cross the apical membrane of Caco-2 cell layer and released in the basolateral compartment. In vitro, antioxidant tests such as 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and crocin bleaching showed antioxidant activity mainly for peptides Y-4-R and V-6-R, respectively. In Caco-2 cells, peptides V-6-R, H-9-R, Y-4-R, and particularly R-10-M and V-7-K are able to prevent the decrease of viability due to oxidative stress. The latter peptide is also the most effective in protecting cells from lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, the reported hydrolyzed peptides are shown to exert the antioxidant properties both in vitro and in a cellular model.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caco-2 Cells; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Computational Biology; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Milk; Models, Biological; Peptides; Picrates; Protein Conformation; Sulfonic Acids

In this paper, a series of novel bromophenol derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their acetylcholinesterase and α-glycosidase enzymes inhibition properties and antioxidant activity. Diarylmethanones were synthesized and their bromination was carried out. During bromination, some compounds gave new bromophenols via regioselective O-demethylation. Demethylation of brominated diarylmethanones was also performed with BBr

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cholinergic Antagonists; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eels; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glycoside Hydrolases; Hypoglycemic Agents; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Polybrominated Biphenyls; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chelating Agents; Chemical Phenomena; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Hypoglycemic Agents; Iron; Kinetics; Molecular Weight; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Sargassum; Selenium; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Acetylcholine; Acetylcholinesterase; Amnesia; Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cognition Disorders; Donepezil; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ginkgo biloba; Ginkgolides; Ligands; Malondialdehyde; Memory Disorders; Mice, Inbred ICR; Molecular Docking Simulation; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Receptor, trkB; Scopolamine; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase; Tablets

The roots of Stipa species have been used for treatment and prevention of a various number of diseases. To the best of my knowledge, little information is regarding the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of polysaccharides from Stipa parviflora (SPP). Hence the polysaccharides from this plant sample have been investigated here. In addition, Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology were used to optimize the hot extraction conditions. The optimal conditions were determined as: extraction time 120 min, extraction temperature 70 °C and ratio of water to raw material 30. Crude SPP was composed of mannose, ribose, glucose, galactose, pyranose and arabinose. In addition, the SPP showed a strong antioxidant capacity in vitro. In vivo experiments showed that CCl

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbon Tetrachloride; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cytoprotection; Liver; Male; Malondialdehyde; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Poaceae; Polysaccharides; Protein Carbonylation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids

Chlorogenic acid (CA), the ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid, is one of the most abundant polyphenols in coffee, and has multiple pharmacological functions. The present study is designed to explore the protection provided by CA against hydrogen peroxide (H

Topics: Animals; Antioxidant Response Elements; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Differentiation; Chlorogenic Acid; Gene Expression Regulation; Glutathione; Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); Hydrogen Peroxide; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone); Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidative Stress; PC12 Cells; Picrates; Rats; Reactive Oxygen Species; RNA, Small Interfering; Signal Transduction; Sulfonic Acids; Thioredoxin Reductase 1; Thioredoxins

Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Picrates; Reactive Oxygen Species; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Thymalfasin

Polysaccharides extracted from seeds and husk of psyllium were characterized for different physicochemical characteristics, and bioactivities. Extracted polysaccharides are comprised of d-xylose, l-arabinose, d-glucose, d-galactose, and l-rhamnose. Crude husk-polysaccharide was crystalline, whereas rest was amorphous in nature. Husk-polysaccharide was structurally stable, and purified fractions were thermostable. Crude polysaccharides were irregular in shape with non-porous smooth-surface, however purified husk-polysaccharides showed some porosity, and fibrous nature. Husk-polysaccharide showed higher viscosity compared to seed-polysaccharide, but viscosity decreased with the purification. Crude polysaccharides contained hydrogel-like behavior compared to corresponding purified fractions. The purified fractions of seed-polysaccharide showed the utmost antioxidant and scavenging activities with a half-maximal effective concentration of 347.40 ± 1.79 and 362.72 ± 2.75 μg, respectively. Crude seed-polysaccharide showed about 34% anti-proliferation on Huh-7, whereas its purified fractions showed 42% anti-proliferation on HeLa cell line. The study confirms that psyllium polysaccharides are potential natural antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic agent; however a detailed study is needed to explore psyllium for nutraceutical applications.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Proliferation; Chemical Phenomena; Free Radical Scavengers; HeLa Cells; Humans; Molecular Weight; Monosaccharides; Optical Phenomena; Particle Size; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Psyllium; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids; Temperature

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, Liquid; Drimia; Indicators and Reagents; Limit of Detection; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Structures; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Asphodelus microcarpus is an important medicinal plant belonging to family Liliaceae. This plant is used in traditional medicine to treat abscesses by local application of the powder; the roots are used against white spots, and specifically used for ear pain.. The aim of the present study was to assess the in vitro antioxidant effects and the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the different parts methanolic extracts of the Asphodelus microcarpus: aerial part (APME), leaf (LME), stem flowers (SFME) and root (RME).. The antioxidant potency of extracts was evaluated by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS, β-carotene bleaching assays, iron chelating, free hydroxyl radicals (HO. The estimation of polyphenols and flavonoids showed that the leave methanolic extract contains a high amount of polyphenols and flavonoids: 755.3 ± 0.036 mg Gallic acid equivalent and 42.2 ± 0.043 mg Rutin equivalent/g of dried material, respectively. Oral administration of the APME and RME extract produced significant (p < 0.05) anti-edematogenic effect with a dose of 500 mg/kg in the carrageenan induced paw edema after 6 h (58.04%, 58.75%, respectively). APME, LME; SFME and RME extracts at 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg, exhibited significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of xylene induced ear edema.. the present study confirms the use of A. microcarpus in traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory agent.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Carrageenan; Edema; Female; Hydroxyl Radical; Iron; Liliaceae; Mice; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids; Xylenes

The anticancer activity of acridone derivatives has attracted increasing interest, therefore, a variety of substituted analogs belonging to this family have been developed and evaluated for their anti-cancer properties. A series of

Topics: Acridines; Acridones; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Survival; DNA; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I; Female; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Wound Healing

The novel kojic acid derivatives KAD1 and KAD2 have been demonstrated that they exhibited potent anti-melanogenesis activity in our previous report. In this study, we further study the inhibitory mechanism on mushroom tyrosinase. The inhibitory types of both KADs on diphenolase were classified as mixed type based on the results of the kinetic model. The interaction between KADs and tyrosinase was illustrated by fluorescence quenching, molecular docking and copper chelate activity. The KADs were also evaluated with respect to their antioxidant activities by DPPH and ABTS

Topics: Agaricales; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Kinetics; Molecular Docking Simulation; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Picrates; Pyrones; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

A series of (hetero)arylethenesulfonyl fluorides (1-58) were synthesized and screened for their in vitro antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS and DMPD methods) and anti-inflammatory activities. The results revealed that compounds 4, 15, 16, 24, 25, 26, 38, 39, 40, and 54 exhibited excellent antioxidant activity using all the three performed antioxidant methods, which were superior to the standard antioxidants ascorbic acid and gallic acid. Compounds 6-9, 11, 18, 19, 21, 22, 30, 39, 40, 44, 45, 48-50, 54, 55 and 57 displayed promising anti-inflammatory activity, which were better than the reference drug indomethacin. Preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) revealed that compounds containing electron donating (OH and OCH

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Erythrocytes; Ethylenes; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Molecular Structure; Phenylenediamines; Picrates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfinic Acids; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cadmium; Cell Survival; Cytoprotection; HCT116 Cells; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Reactive Oxygen Species; Spinacia oleracea; Sulfonic Acids

The present study aimed to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant effects and antitumor properties of a methanol extract of Anchusa azurea Mill. (Boraginaceae) aerial parts against four tumour cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, RKO, and R2C). The antioxidant effects were assessed by using β-carotene bleaching, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing ability power (FRAP) tests. HPLC analyses revealed chlorogenic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, and astragalin as the most abundant compounds. Interesting results were obtained in the β-carotene bleaching test with IC50 values of 7.6 and 27.5 μg mL-1 after 30 and 60 min of incubation, respectively. Furthermore, the A. azurea extract protects 3T3-L1 mouse cells from oxidative stress induced by menadione and exhibits good antitumor activity, with very low toxicity. Our data indicate that the antitumor properties are due to the ability to induce programmed cancer cell death through caspase 3/7 and 9 activation and interference with the cytoskeleton dynamics.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Boraginaceae; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Cytoskeleton; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfonic Acids

Elm fruits were once an important food source in the years of famine. Research on the functional compounds in elm fruits was almost unavailable. In this study, we established an efficient high-performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous separation of eight chlorogenic acids and 28 flavonoids in elm fruits for the first time. Total flavonoid contents ranged from 286 mg/100 g (Ulmus laciniata) to 1228 mg/100 g (U. pumila). High concentrations of rutin, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, and kaempferol derivatives were present in U. laevis, U. castaneifolia, and U. pumila, respectively. Furthermore, the fruit extracts of U. americana, U. castaneifolia, U. davidiana, and U. pumila showed higher antioxidant activity. These results suggest that fruits of these species can be used as bioresources for the extraction of the corresponding functional compounds. This work provides informative data and can be an important reference for future research on elm fruits as a renewed food resource.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chlorogenic Acid; Flavonoids; Fruit; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Ulmus

Nowadays, advanced extraction techniques and highly sensitive metabolic profiling methods are effectively employed to get new information on plant chemical constituents. Among them wild medicinal plants or their parts, with large and ancient use in folk medicine, are investigated for their potential functional use and cultivation. In this context, Inula viscosa leaves engaged our attention. A simple experimental design, based on Soxhlet extraction and chromatographic fractionation, allowed us to obtain the investigated polyphenol fraction (IvE). UHPLC-HRMS analyses revealed shikimoyl depsides of caffeic acid and unusual dihydrobenzofuran lignans as main secondary metabolites. These compounds, together with cinchonain-type phenols, and hydroxycinnamoyl flavonol glycosides, are reported for the first time in inula. Overall, forty-three secondary metabolites were identified. The extract exerted a remarkable antiradical activity towards DPPH

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Inula; Mitochondria; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Polyphenols; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Chrysin-based sulfonylpiperazines 7a-k were synthesized and investigated for their in vitro free radical scavenging potential as well as cytotoxic efficacies against selected cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity of the new compounds toward noncancer cells was confirmed using the SRB assay against Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells. Reaction of piperazine with different substituted benzenesulfonyl chlorides in triethylamine furnished sulfonylpiperazines (3a-k), which were then allowed to react with 7-(4-bromobutoxy)-5-hydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one (6) prepared reacting chrysin with 1,4-dibromobutane to give the final derivatives 7a-k. The results concluded that chrysin-sulfonylpiperazines exerted better antioxidant and anticancer efficacies than previously studied chrysin-piperazine precursors. For example, compounds 7h, 7j, and 7k with 4-OCF

Topics: A549 Cells; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Dogs; Flavonoids; Free Radicals; HeLa Cells; HT29 Cells; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

To evaluate the comparative effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seed extract (FSE) alone and in combination with an antidiabetic conventional medicine, glibenclamide (GLB), on the inhibition of in vitro lipid peroxidation (LPO) in liver, the major target organ of a drug.. While FeSo. FSE therapy in moderate concentration along with a hypoglycemic drug may prove to be advantageous in ameliorating diabetes mellitus and other diseases that are LPO mediated.

Topics: Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Ferrous Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Glyburide; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Male; Mice; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Rats; Sulfonic Acids; Trigonella

The chemical treatment of gastrointestinal parasitic diseases has been undermined by increasing resistance and high toxicity. There is an urgent need to search for alternative natural sources for the treatment of such parasites. In this respect, the present study aims to quantify phenolic compounds of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) and to study their in vitro anti-oxidant and anthelmintic activities in solvents with increasing polarity. In vitro determination of anti-oxidant capacity was carried out using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation methods. In vitro anthelmintic activity was investigated on egg-hatching inhibition and loss of motility of adult worms of Haemonchus contortus from sheep. The results showed that methanolic and aqueous extracts contain more total polyphenols, total flavonoids and condensed tannins than chloroformic and hexanic extracts. ABTS and DPPH assays showed that methanolic extracts had the highest anti-oxidant potency (IC50 = 1.19 μg/ml and 1.18 μg/ml, respectively). In vitro anthelmintic activity showed that both methanolic (IC50 = 1.559 mg/ml) and aqueous (IC50 = 2.559 mg/ml) extracts had the greatest effect on egg hatching and motility of worms (100% after 8 h post exposure at 8 mg/ml). A significant and positive correlation between DPPH and ABTS tests was observed for all tested extracts. Therefore, total phenolic, total flavonoid and condensed tannin values were correlated with IC50 from both ABTS and DPPH, and with inhibition of egg hatching. To our knowledge, this report is the first of its kind to deal with in vitro anthelmintic activities of chamomile extracts.

Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chamomile; Haemonchiasis; Haemonchus; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sulfonic Acids; Tunisia

A novel polysaccharide named Sorghum Water-Soluble Polysaccharide (SWSP) was purified from Sorghum bicolor (L.) seeds. It was structurally characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mass spectroscopy (MS). HPLC and TLC showed that SWSP is a glucose polymer. The FT-IR spectrum proved the polysaccharide characteristic band of SWSP. XRD and microscopy analyses revealed that SWSP is a semi-crystalline polymer. Functional properties of SWSP were determined based on Water Holding Capacity (WHC), Oil Holding Capacity (OHC) and emulsification properties. SWSP showed good WHC and OHC, recorded at 3.01±0.03 and 1.02±0.03g/g, respectively and exhibited excellent emulsion properties even after 168h (61.5±0.02%). The effect of SWSP on oxidative stability of sausage during storage up to 12days at 4°C was investigated. Results showed a high rate (P<0.05) of oxymyoglobin and low lipid oxidation. The antioxidant activities of SWSP were also studied in vitro. Results demonstrated that the polysaccharides exhibited interesting 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS radical scavenging, and ß-carotene bleaching inhibition activities. Overall, this natural polysaccharide was proved to enhance the oxidation stability of sausages, since it can efficiently substitute synthetic antioxidants in meat industry.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Food Storage; Lipids; Meat Products; Myoglobin; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Seeds; Solubility; Sorghum; Sulfonic Acids; Water

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have attracted increasing interest over the last decades because of their activities on redox balance in human body. However, the SeNPs tend to aggregate into large clusters, resulting in lower bioactivity, bioavailability and biocompatibility. Surface-capping agents on SeNPs play crucial roles in its stabilization and biological activity. Here, a green synthesis method for the preparation of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides capped SeNPs using green tea extracts as reductants under mild conditions, at room temperature, is reported. The structure, size, morphology and thermal behaviour were analyzed by various characterization techniques. The functionalized nanoparticles demonstrated high antioxidant activity, including DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging. Moreover, the SeNPs significantly protected the H

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Death; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Green Chemistry Technology; Oxidative Stress; PC12 Cells; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Rats; Selenium; Sulfonic Acids; Tea

The antioxidant activity of polysaccharides has attracted tremendous research interest in recent years. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antioxidant properties of Helicteres angustifolia L. polysaccharides (HALP) that was acquired by water extraction and alcohol precipitation using ultrasound-assisted method with decolorization and protein removal. The polysaccharides were then successively purified using chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex S-300 columns with two major fractions: HALPs1-1 and HALPs2-1. The physicochemical properties, structural characterization, and antioxidant activities of these fractions were investigated. The results indicated that HALPs1-1 was a glucan with an average molecular weight of 151.70kDa, and HALPs2-1 was composed of glucuronic acid with an average molecular weight of 114.81kDa. Infrared spectroscopies and iodine potassium iodide tests showed that the HALP were acid α-pyranoses. The antioxidant activities of the polysaccharide fractions (HALP, HALPs1-1, and HALPs2-1) were evaluated in vitro. The results suggested that HALPs2-1 had the highest scavenging activities for ABTS, hydroxyl and DPPH radicals than other polysaccharides. Taken together, the results of this study suggested that polysaccharides from Helicteres angustifolia L. could be used as novel potential antioxidants.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Malvaceae; Molecular Weight; Monosaccharides; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids

Phenolic heterocyclic imine based Schiff bases from Thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde and Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde were synthesized and characterized as novel antioxidants. The solvent effects of these Schiff bases were determined and compared with standard antioxidants, BHA employing DPPH assay and ABTS assay. Fixed reaction time and Steady state measurement were used for study. IC

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Death; Cell Survival; Free Radical Scavengers; Heterocyclic Compounds; Kinetics; Mice; Picrates; Schiff Bases; Solvents; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

Teminalia chebula (TC) has been traditionally used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine primarily for gastrointestinal disorders. Its fruit extract has also been used to treat epilepsy and other CNS disorders.. To evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic fruit extract of Terminalia chebula (HETC) on experimental models of seizures, seizure-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats.. In vitro antioxidant activity of HETC was evaluated by using ABTS, NO and DPPH radical scavenging assay. For in-vivo study, seizures were induced in Wistar rats (200-225g) by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and maximal-electroshock. (MES). The anticonvulsant effect of the HETC (250, 500, and 1000mg/kg, orally) was evaluated in seizure models. The therapeutic and sub-therapeutic dose of valproate and phenytoin were also assayed. The potential effect of co-administration of HETC (500mg/kg) with sub-therapeutic dose of valproate and phenytoin were also evaluated in PTZ and MES seizures model respectively. Effect on cognition was assessed using elevated plus maze (EPM) and passive avoidance test (PA). The in- vivo oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde and glutathione) were assessed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus part of rat brain.. The IC50 value of HETC in in vitro antioxidant assays i.e. ABTS, DPPH and NO radical scavenging assay was found to be 2.27μg/ml, 6.04μg/ml and 4.37μg/ml respectively. In experimental study, PTZ and MES treated groups exhibited 100% seizures with increased oxidative stress (p < 0.001) and cognitive deficits (p < 0.01) as compared to control group. HETC at highest dose (1000mg/kg) showed 83.33% (5/6) protection in MES induced seizures while 66.66% (4/6) protection in PTZ induced seizures. However, HETC (1000mg/kg) and co-administration of sub-therapeutic dose of HETC with valproate and phenytoin showed complete protection. In addition, it also attenuated the seizure induced oxidative stress and cognitive impairment as indicated by significant (p < 0.01) improvement in the transfer latencies in EPM and PA as compared to PTZ and MES treated group.. The findings suggest that HETC exhibited significant anticonvulsant activity and also potentiated the subtherapeutic dose of phenytoin and valproate indicate its usefulness as an adjuvant to antiepileptic drugs with an advantage of preventing cognitive impairment and oxidative stress.

Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Behavior, Animal; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cognitive Dysfunction; Electroshock; Free Radical Scavengers; Maze Learning; Nitric Oxide; Oxidative Stress; Pentylenetetrazole; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Seizures; Sulfonic Acids; Terminalia

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chlorides; Chromatography, Liquid; Ferric Compounds; Malva; Mass Spectrometry; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Stems; Plants, Medicinal; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids

In this study, we extracted fucoidan from compressional-puffing-pretreated

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipocytes; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Death; Cell Line; Hydrogen Peroxide; Lipids; Mice; Molecular Weight; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polysaccharides; Sargassum; Sulfonic Acids

Irvingia gabonensis stem bark is a medicinal plant used in most parts of Africa to manage a number of ailments including neurodegenerative diseases that occur without scientific basis. This work characterized the phenolic composition, evaluated the cholinergic enzymes (acetylcholinesterase, AChE and butyrylcholinesterase, BChE) inhibition, and assessed the antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts from I. gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill bark.. Total phenol and flavonoids content was evaluated in addition to antioxidant activity as shown by Fe2+ chelation, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging ability. Inhibitory activities on AChE and BChE were evaluated.. The extract was found to be rich in phenolic acid (ellagic acid) and flavonoids (quercetrin, kaempferol, and apigenin). The phenolic extracts displayed DPPH radical scavenging ability (IC50=19.98 μg/mL), ABTS radical scavenging ability (IC50=18.25 μg/mL), iron chelation (IC50=113.10 μg/mL), and reducing power (Fe3+ to Fe2+) (5.94 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/100 g). Extracts of I. gabonensis inhibited AChE (IC50=32.90 μg/mL) and BChE (IC50=41.50 μg/mL) activities in concentration-dependent manner.. Hence, possible mechanism through which the stem bark executes their anti-Alzheimer's disease activity might be by inhibiting cholinesterase activities in addition to suppressing oxidative-stress-induced neurodegeneration.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Antioxidants; Apigenin; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cellulose; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Kaempferols; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Quercetin; Sulfonic Acids

Three extraction methods were sequentially combined to obtain fractions from Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushrooms) containing bioactive compounds against cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Fruiting bodies were first extracted with plain water, obtained residue was then submitted to supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and remaining residue submitted to hot water extraction. Sequential design allowed reutilization of the nonextracted material as raw material for the successive extractions increasing extraction yields and separating interesting compounds. Obtained fractions contained different amounts of ß-glucans, chitins, eritadenine, lenthionine, ergosterol, proteins/peptides and phenolic compounds conferring them different bioactivities. Water soluble fractions showed high antioxidant activities (ABTS

Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chemical Fractionation; Humans; Picrates; Shiitake Mushrooms; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Cations; Chromatography, Gas; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrolysis; Linoleic Acid; Mass Spectrometry; Monosaccharides; Oligosaccharides; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Solanum tuberosum; Sulfonic Acids; Temperature; Time Factors; Waste Products

Four types of sequentially extracted peony seed dreg polysaccharides (PSDPs) fractions were modified through sulfation, phosphorylation and carboxymethylation and studied for their in vitro antioxidant characteristics. The modified derivatives showed decreased sugar and protein content, while uronic acid content was elevated as compared to native (un-modified) polysaccharides. Further, modified derivatives shared the similar maximum absorption peaks indicating their homogeneous nature. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of sulfated, carboxymethylated and phosphorylated derivatives showed that hydroxyl groups were converted to OS, COO and POH bonds, respectively. The sulfated polysaccharides (S-PSDPs) displayed the highest reducing ability [S-CASS (1.854)], DPPH radical scavenging ability [S-CASS (95.07%)] and ABTS radical scavenging activity [S-CASS (99.85%)]. The phosphorylated polysaccharides (P-PSDPs) exhibited maximum hydroxyl radical scavenging activity [P-DASS (92.61%)] and ferrous ion chelating ability (99.94% for all the fractions). The carboxymethylated polysaccharides (C-PSDPs) maintained moderately stable antioxidant ability. Overall, the four different PSDPs modified by the same chemical method also resulted into different chemical composition, characteristic absorption peaks and antioxidant attributes. We conclude that the different modifications of the polysaccharide fractions had their own potential significance as new antioxidants for food industry and human health.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Ions; Iron Chelating Agents; Oxidation-Reduction; Paeonia; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Seeds; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids

This study was designed to investigate the extraction conditions of polysaccharides from comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) root (CRPs) using response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of three variables including liquid-solid ratio, extraction time and extraction temperature on the extraction yield of CRPs were taken into consideration. Moreover, the effects of drying methods including hot air drying (HD), vacuum drying (VD) and freeze drying (FD) on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of CRPs were evaluated. The optimal conditions to extract the polysaccharides were as follows: liquid-solid ratio (15mL/g), extraction time (74min), and extraction temperature (95°C), allowed a maximum polysaccharides yield of 22.87%. Different drying methods had significant effects on the physicochemical properties of CRPs such as the chemical composition (contents of total polysaccharides and uronic acid), relative viscosity, solubility and molecular weight. CRPs drying with FD method showed stronger reducing power and radical scavenging capacities against DPPH and ABTS radicals compared with CRPs drying with HD and VD methods. Therefore, freeze drying served as a good method for keeping the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from comfrey root.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical Phenomena; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Comfrey; Congo Red; Desiccation; Free Radical Scavengers; Humidity; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Molecular Weight; Monosaccharides; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Roots; Polysaccharides; Regression Analysis; Solubility; Sulfonic Acids; Temperature; Time Factors; Viscosity

The differences between ultrasonic and non-ultrasonic approaches in synthesizing Lignosus rhinocerotis polysaccharide-selenium nanoparticles (LRP-SeNPs) were compared in terms of size, morphology, stability and antioxidant activity by UV-VIS, FT-IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) with high resolution TEM. Results indicated that the SeNPs were associated with the LRP macromolecules in a physical adsorption pattern without breaking chemical bonds, and the ultrasonic treatment reduced the size of SeNPs, narrowed the size distribution as well as improved the stability. Due to the LRP compact coil structure loosed under ultrasonic cavitation, the SeNPs could be easily diffused into the LRP internal branches instead of gathering on the LRP surface and were well dispersed and eventually stabilized throughout the extended branches. After ultrasound treatment, the SeNPs had a minimum average diameter of ∼50 nm and the LRP-SeNPs could remain homogeneous and translucent for 16 days within 200 nm size. Furthermore, the ultrasound-treated LRP-SeNPs exhibited higher DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging abilities than those untreated with ultrasound. This difference may be attributed to the reason that ultrasound can reduce the SeNPs size and increase the specific surface area, which provides sufficient active sites to react with the free radicals and suppress the oxidizing reactions. The integrated results demonstrated that ultrasound played a crucial role in the dispersion, size control, stabilization and antioxidant activity of SeNPs.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Drug Stability; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Fungal Polysaccharides; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Picrates; Polyporaceae; Selenium; Sulfonic Acids; Ultrasonic Waves

Rich polysaccharides were directly observed in the bulbs of Fritillaria unibracteata var. wabuensis (FUW) using the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) method and microexamination. An acidic water-soluble heteropolysaccharide (FWPS1-1) was isolated from FUW through ethanol precipitation, decoloration, deproteinization, dialysis and separation using a DE-52 anion-exchange column and a Sepharose G-150 gel filtration column. FWPS1-1 (average molecular weight: ~7.44 kDa) has many branches and long side chains; holds the triple-helix conformation; was composed of mannose (Man), galacturonic acid (GalA), galactose (Gal), xylose (Xyl) and arabinose (Ara) with a molar ratio of 2.62:5.59:10.00:0.76:9.38; and features side chains that may be composed of Ara, Man, Gal and GalA, while the backbone may be composed of Xyl, Ara and Gal. In addition, the backbone of FWPS1-1 mainly consists of α-type glycosidic bonds. Bioactivity tests in vitro showed that the polysaccharide exhibited weak 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and low ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) but high 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)l (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, good Fe(II)-chelating ability and remarkable DNA damage protective activity. FWPS1-1 was the first heteropolysaccharide purified from FUW and showed good antioxidant activity and DNA protective effect. The results confirmed that macromolecule is also bioactive ingredient that requires attention like the small-molecule active compounds in FUW.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbohydrate Conformation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Complex Mixtures; DNA Damage; Free Radical Scavengers; Fritillaria; Iodine; Iron Chelating Agents; Monosaccharides; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Reference Standards; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids

Response surface methodology (RSM) including three variables was performed to optimize the extraction parameters of Astragalus cicer L. polysaccharides (ACPs). The influence of different drying techniques on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant abilities of ACPs were evaluated. The ACPs were dried with hot air (HD), vacuum (VD) and freeze drying (FD) methods. The optimal conditions for ACPs extraction were as follows: water to raw material ratio of 25 mL/g, extraction time of 61 min and temperature of 75 °C. Under these parameters, an ACPs yield of 10.97% was obtained. HPLC analysis showed that the monosaccharide compositions of the three ACPs dried with HD, VD or FD techniques were identical. The three ACPs exhibited antioxidant abilities in a concentration-dependent manner. ACPs dried with the FD method (FD-ACPs) had the best antioxidant activities, which might be related to their smaller molecular weight and higher uronic acid content. At the determined concentration of 1 mg/mL, the ferric reducing power, and DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging capacities of FD-ACPs were 0.762, 75.30% and 99.21%, respectively. Therefore, FD was a good choice for the drying of Astragalus cicer L. polysaccharides.

Topics: Antioxidants; Astragalus Plant; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical Phenomena; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Desiccation; Freeze Drying; Hot Temperature; Molecular Weight; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids; Uronic Acids; Vacuum

In this paper, we have reported the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of monodispersed Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesized by the room temperature precipitation (aqueous phase) and polyol method (organic phase). ZnO nanoparticle synthesized by both the methods had shown excellent DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging, metal chelating (MC), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis; 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activity (SAS). Scavenging activities were assayed within a concentration range of 25-75 ng ml

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chelating Agents; Free Radical Scavengers; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Hydroxyl Radical; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Picrates; Polymers; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; X-Ray Diffraction; Zinc Oxide

The purpose of this study was to analyze the phenolic profiles of seeds from fifteen Paeonia ostii cultivated populations in China and identify their relationship with antioxidant activities and associated environmental factors. Thirteen individual phenolic compounds were quantitatively determined by HPLC, and (+)-catechin was the most abundant phenolic compound in the seeds. Correlation analysis showed that phenolics were the most effective antioxidant compound class by evaluating DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power. Latitude and annual rainfall had significant effects on the contents of many phenolic compounds, and elevation was only significantly correlated with gallic acid content. Within fifteen P. ostii cultivated populations, the seeds of Tongling population exhibited the highest phenolic contents and strongest antioxidant activities. These results suggest that Tongling population has a relatively high utilization value and a potential for sources of natural antioxidants.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; China; Hydroxyl Radical; Paeonia; Phenols; Picrates; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids

The effects of extraction techniques on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity and antihyperglycemic activity of comfrey polysaccharides (CPs) were evaluated. Four techniques were used to extract CPs: hot water extraction (HW), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UA), enzyme-assisted extraction (EA) and enzyme-ultrasonic-assisted extraction (EUA). Experimental results indicated that CPs extracted by the UA (UA-CPs) and EUA methods (EUA-CPs) had higher extraction yields. The four CPs showed the same monosaccharide composition but a significant difference in monosaccharide content. CPs showed antioxidant activities and antihyperglycemic activities in a concentration-dependent manner. UA-CPs exhibited better antioxidant capacity, which might have been related to its smaller molecular weight and higher uronic acid content. In addition, UA-CPs showed notable α-glucosidase inhibition activity. These results suggested that ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology was more beneficial to enhance the extraction yields of the polysaccharides, and obtain higher bioactive polysaccharides from comfrey.

Topics: alpha-Amylases; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical Fractionation; Chemical Phenomena; Comfrey; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Hypoglycemic Agents; Molecular Weight; Monosaccharides; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids; Ultrasonic Waves; Water

Fuzhuan brick tea (FBT) possesses various health-promoting functions. However, the available information regarding biological activity of polysaccharides from FBT (FBTPS) is still limited. In this work, the chemical property, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo of FBTPS were evaluated. It was found that FBTPSs were typical acidic heteropolysaccharides mainly composed of Man, Rha, GalA, Glc, Gal and Ara with little molar content of Rib and GlcA. FBTPS showed little toxicity to human hepatic epithelial (L-02) cell. FBTPS exhibited antioxidant activities, including limited scavenging activity on DPPH free radicals (ranged from 54.3 ± 1.9 to 67.8 ± 2.5%), noticeable scavenging activity on superoxide radicals (over 85%), superior scavenging activity on ABTS radicals (near 100%), and protective effect on H

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cytotoxins; Free Radicals; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polysaccharides; Rats; Sulfonic Acids; Tea

This research aimed to evaluate 32 genotypes of Oenocarpus distichus fruits regarding the contents of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, flavanols, monomeric anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH assays), and the phenolic compound profiles of the five genotypes that presented the highest yields of bioactive compounds. The genotypes were harvested in three different locations in Pará State, Northern Brazil, (Belém, São João do Araguaia and Marabá). Among the 32 genotypes, the highest bioactive compound contents and antioxidant capacity were found for three genotypes harvested in Belém (B-3, B-7 and B-8) and two harvested in São João do Araguaia (SJ-1 and SJ-4), and the total phenolic compounds varied from 131.97 to 363.01 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, total flavonoids from 24.23 to 38.19 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g, total flavanols from 72.29 to 259.18 mg catechin equivalent/100 g, and monomeric anthocyanins from 21.31 to 67.76 mg cyanidin 3-rutinoside/100 g. The main phenolic compounds tentatively identified in the five selected genotypes were cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (48.47 to 196.51 μg/g), which could be identified and quantified as the major phenolic compound in Oenocarpus distichus fruits, for the first time, followed by chlorogenic acid (0.71 to 64.56 μg/g) and rutin (13.98 to 56.76 μg/g).

Topics: Antioxidants; Arecaceae; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Brazil; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cluster Analysis; Food Analysis; Fruit; Genotype; Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity; Phenols; Picrates; Principal Component Analysis; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biomass; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Metabolome; Models, Biological; Phosphates; Picrates; Plant Proteins; Plant Roots; RNA, Messenger; Salvia; Salvia miltiorrhiza; Secondary Metabolism; Sulfonic Acids

The aim of this study was to evaluate flower and leaf methanol extracts of Artemisia alba Turra for their total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity and to investigate their phenolic composition. The flower extract was richer in total phenolics and flavonoids and possessed higher antioxidant activity through DPPH and ABTS assays. The UHPLC-PDA-MS analysis of the flower and leaf methanol extracts revealed similar phenolic profile and allowed identification of 31 phenolic compounds (flavonoids, coumarins, and phenolic acids) by comparison with the respective reference compounds or tentatively characterized by their chromatographic behavior, UV patterns, and MS fragmentations. The presence of hispidulin, jaceosidin, desmethoxycentaureidin, and dicaffeoyl esters of quinic acid in A. alba is reported herein for the first time. The distribution of flavonoids in A. alba from different origins was discussed from chemotaxonomic point of view.

Topics: Antioxidants; Artemisia; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Flowers; Molecular Structure; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids

A new polysaccharide fraction (CCPP-1) was obtained from Craterellus cornucopioides. CCPP-1 had an average molecular weight of 9.2 × 10

Topics: Agaricales; Amidines; Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Catalase; Erythrocytes; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal; Glutathione Peroxidase; Male; Malondialdehyde; Methylation; Mice; Molecular Weight; Monosaccharides; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Protective Agents; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Reactive Oxygen Species; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids

The thermal inactivation kinetics of enzymes, including polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD), in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) leaves were evaluated. In addition, the influences of different drying techniques (shade drying, hot air drying and freeze drying) on the phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of chicory leaves were determined. The antioxidant activities of chicory leaves were evaluated on the basis of their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. The results showed that the activation energy for PPO and POD inactivation were 123.00 kJ/mol and 78.99 kJ/mol, respectively. Preliminary treatment with hot water for 3 min at 90 °C was beneficial for preserving the phenolics present in fresh leaves. Hot air drying was better for the phenolics preservation. The hot air-dried and freeze-dried leaves possessed good antioxidant activities. The leaves with higher phenolics contents had better antioxidant activities, which indicated that the preservation of the phenolics was important for maintaining the antioxidant activity of chicory leaves.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catechol Oxidase; Cichorium intybus; Enzyme Activation; Freeze Drying; Hot Temperature; Kinetics; Peroxidases; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids

Microencapsulation of polyherbal formulation (PHF) extract was carried out by freeze drying method, by employing gum arabic (GA), gelatin (GE), and maltodextrin (MD) with their designated different combinations as encapsulating wall materials. Antioxidant components (i.e., total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoids contents (TFC), and total condensed tannins (TCT)), antioxidant activity (i.e., DPPH, β-carotene & ABTS⁺ assays), moisture contents, water activity (a

Topics: Administration, Oral; alpha-Amylases; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biological Availability; Biphenyl Compounds; Drug Compounding; Freeze Drying; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Mice; Particle Size; Picrates; Plant Preparations; Polyphenols; Powders; Solubility; Sulfonic Acids; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Transition Temperature; Wettability

A series of fourteen new asymmetrical 1,3-diketone derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated in the ABTS, FRAP and DPPH assays as a new chemotype with antioxidant and drug-like properties. All the compounds displayed low cytotoxicity in comparison to curcumin against the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. Among them, (3

Topics: Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Curcumin; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Iron Chelating Agents; Ketones; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Quinones; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of juicer type (blender or LSM household juicer) on the browning reaction of apple juice and evaluate the remaining antioxidant activity in the juice. The blender apple juice showed a darker brown color and 4.5 times higher PPO activity than LSM apple juice. This result suggested that the blender caused severer damage to plastids in cells leading to leakage of PPO into the juice than the LSM juicer. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content of LSM apple juice was approximately 2 times higher than that of blender apple juice because polyphenols and flavonoids can be used as substrates by PPO. The antioxidant activity of LSM juice was higher than that of blender juice. Together, these results suggested that the LSM juicer is superior to the blender for preparation of fresh apple juices due to the minimization of enzymatic oxidation reactions. Abbreviations: LSM: low-speed masticating; PPO: polyphenol oxidase; ABTS: 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catechol Oxidase; Color; Flavonoids; Food Handling; Fruit and Vegetable Juices; Maillard Reaction; Malus; Picrates; Polyphenols; Substrate Specificity; Sulfonic Acids

The grains and sprouts of colored wheat genotypes (having blue, purple and yellow colored grains) contain specific anthocyanidins, such as pelargonidin and cyanidin derivatives, that produce beneficial health effects. The objective of the presented study is to compare the antioxidant capacity and contents of bioactive phytochemicals in grains and sprouts of wheat genotypes that differ in grain color. The methods α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activities, together with spectrophotometrical and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) methods, were used to study the presence of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and anthocyanidins (pelargonidin, peonidin, cyanidin, delphinidin) content. It was predicted that the sprouts of all colored wheat genotypes would have significantly higher total flavonoids, total phenolics, anthocyanidin levels and antioxidant activity than the grains. The correlation results between antioxidant activity and contents of bioactive phytochemicals in grains and sprouts of colored wheat genotypes have shown a high correlation for cyanidin and pelargonidin, especially in grains, as well as quercetin in sprouts. It was found that total anthocyanin, quercetin and pelargonidin contents were significantly higher in the sprouts of the purple wheat genotypes than in the blue or yellow wheat genotypes. Delphinidin was detected at a higher level in the grains than in the sprouts of the blue wheat genotypes. Peonidin was present at very low quantities in the grains of all colored wheat genotypes. The sprouts of the purple wheat genotypes, among the colored wheat genotypes, had the highest pelargonidin, cyanidin and quercetin contents and, therefore, can be a promising source for functional food use.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Color; Edible Grain; Flavonoids; Genotype; Phenols; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Seedlings; Sulfonic Acids; Triticum

The genus Silene is renowned in Turkey for its traditional use as food and medicine. Currently, there are 138 species of Silene in Turkey, amongst which have been several studies for possible pharmacological potential and application in food industry. However, there is currently a paucity of data on Silene salsuginea Hub.-Mor. This study endeavours to access its antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and anti-inflammatory properties. Besides, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (RP-HPLC-DAD) was used to detect phenolic compounds, and molecular docking was performed to provide new insights for tested enzymes and phenolics. High amounts of apigenin (534 μg/g extract), ferulic acid (452 μg/g extract), p-coumaric acid (408 μg/g extract), and quercetin (336 μg/g extract) were detected in the methanol extract while rutin (506 μg/g extract) was most abundant in the aqueous extract. As for their biological properties, the methanol extract exhibited the best antioxidant effect in the DPPH and CUPRAC assays, and also the highest inhibition against tyrosinase. The aqueous extract was the least active enzyme inhibitor but showed the highest antioxidant efficacy in the ABTS, FRAP, and metal chelating assays. At a concentration of 15.6 μg/mL, the methanol extract resulted in a moderate decrease (25.1%) of NO production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells. Among the phenolic compounds, epicatechin, (+)-catechin, and kaempferol showed the highest binding affinity towards the studied enzymes in silico. It can be concluded that extracts of S. salsuginea are a potential source of functional food ingredients but need further analytical experiments to explore its complexity of chemical compounds and pharmacological properties as well as using in vivo toxicity models to establish its maximum tolerated dose.

Topics: alpha-Amylases; alpha-Glucosidases; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cholinesterases; Computer Simulation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Mice; Molecular Docking Simulation; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Nitric Oxide; Phenols; Picrates; RAW 264.7 Cells; Silene; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Turkey

Probiotic bacteria is able to metabolize polyphenols and produce functional compounds. In this study, we investigated the ability of probiotic bacteria including

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Bifidobacterium; Biphenyl Compounds; Caffeic Acids; Chlorogenic Acid; Enterococcus; Free Radicals; Lactobacillus; Lotus; Picrates; Polyphenols; Probiotics; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids

In this study,

Topics: Alginates; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Calcium Chloride; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Free Radical Scavengers; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oils, Volatile; Optical Phenomena; Phaeophyceae; Picrates; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Thermogravimetry

Six new flavonols (

Topics: Amines; Animals; Antioxidants; Area Under Curve; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Flavonols; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Iron; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen; Picrates; Quercetin; Rats; Reference Standards; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Death; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Fermentation; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; MCF-7 Cells; Monascus; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Picrates; Pigments, Biological; Solubility; Sulfonic Acids; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Water

The present study investigated the phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties of different fractions from

Topics: alpha-Glucosidases; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Enzyme Activation; Fruit; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Lipase; Molecular Docking Simulation; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfonic Acids

Inflammation is a complex phenomenon that results as a healing response of organisms to different factors, exerting immune signaling, excessive free radical activity and tissue destruction. Lipoxygenases and their metabolites e.g., LTB₄, are associated with allergy, cell differentiation and carcinogenesis. Lipoxygenase 12/15 has been characterized as a mucosal-specific inhibitor of IgA and a contributor to the development of allergic sensitization and airway inflammation. Development of drugs that interfere with the formation or effects of these metabolites would be important for the treatment of various diseases like asthma, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, cancer and blood vessel disorders. In this study we extended our previous research synthesizing a series of multi-target cinnamic acids from the corresponding aldehydes with suitable 4-OH/Br substituted phenyl acetic acid by Knoevenagel condensation. The final products

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cinnamates; Hydroxyl Radical; Inflammation; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipoxygenase; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Helicteres vegae Cristóbal (Sterculiaceae) (Hv) and Heliopsis sinaloensis B.L. Turner (Asteraceae) (Hs) are endangered and poorly studied plant species; related plants have been used against chronic-degenerative and infectious diseases. Therefore, Hv and Hs could be sources of bioactive compounds against these illnesses.. To determine the chemical composition and biological activities (antioxidant, antimutagenic and antimicrobial) of Hv and Hs leaves (L) and stems (S).. Methanol extracts (ME) of each plant/tissue were evaluated for their phytochemicals; phenolics (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS); antioxidant activity (AA) (0.125-4 mg/mL) (DPPH, ABTS, ORAC and β-carotene discoloration); antimutagenicity (0.5 and 1 mg/plate) (Ames assay, tester strain Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium YG1024, 1-nitropyrene as mutagen); activity against human pathogens (1 mg/mL); and toxicity (0.01-2 mg/mL) (Artemia salina assay).. Both Hv and Hs are potential sources of preventive and therapeutic agents against chronic-degenerative diseases.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antimutagenic Agents; Antioxidants; Artemia; Asteraceae; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Giardia lamblia; Malvaceae; Methanol; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutagenicity Tests; Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Stems; Plants, Medicinal; Salmonella typhimurium; Solvents; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids

Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea), green tea (Camellia sinensis) and yaylacayi (Thymus praecox OPIZ subsp. grossheimii (Ronniger) Jalas) are herbs used in traditional medicine because of their beneficial health effects. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) post-column method was developed by coupling HPLC with on-line antioxidant assays using diode array (DAD) and ultraviolet (UV) detectors. Thus antioxidant compounds and fifteen phenolic standards were detected in echinacea, green tea and yaylacayi methanol extracts simultaneously. Later on, the developed on-line HPLC coupled system was used to compare three different antioxidant methods, ABTS [2,2'-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)], DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power). Eight compounds with antioxidant activity were identified as gallic acid, protocatechuic aldehyde, p-OH benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, and rosmarinic acid. For validation purposes, LOD (limit of detection) (0.36-14.68μg/mL) and LOQ (limit of quantification) (1.35-48.92μg/mL) values were calculated for six standards. The results showed that while the post-column ABTS and FRAP assays were repeatable, sensitive and supportive of each other, the post-column DPPH assay did not provide reliable results. Also due to the base-line noise and drifts in post-column DPPH assay, identification and quantitation of analytes could not be done accurately.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Camellia sinensis; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Echinacea; Free Radicals; Phenols; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Thymus Plant

The crude tea polysaccharides (CTPS) from Qingzhuan brick tea(QZBT) were extracted and fractionated to afford two fractions, namely TPS-1 and TPS-2. Analyses were conducted concerning the structural characterization and antioxidant activities of these samples. Component analysis revealed that the carbohydrate, uronic acid, protein and polyphenol contents of these samples differed significantly. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that these samples showed similar characteristic absorption peaks for polysaccharides. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, circular dichroism, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analyses indicated that there were considerable differences in the presence of protein, surface features, conformational characteristics and thermodynamic behaviors. For antioxidant activities in vitro, CTPS, TPS-1 and TPS-2 exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activities, with TPS-2 showing significantly higher antioxidant activity than CTPS and TPS-1. These results provide a scientific and strong foundation for the use of tea polysaccharides(TPS) from QZBT and further research towards the relationships between the characteristics and antioxidant activities of TPS.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Fermentation; Iron; Molecular Weight; Monosaccharides; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids; Tea

Polyphenols are important compounds of red wine owing to their contribution to sensory properties and antioxidant activities. In this study, high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) coupled with semi-preparative HPLC was used for large-scale separation and purification of polyphenols from red wine extracts. With the solvent system of hexane-ethyl acetate-water (1-50-50), various oligomeric procyanidins including monomer catechin, epicatechin, dimers B1, B2; phenolic acids including coutaric acid, caftaric acid and other type of polyphenols were largely separated within 370min and most of these compounds presented high yields (0.97mg to 13.79mg) with high purity (90.34% to 98.91%) after the semi-preparative HPLC isolation. Using the solvent system of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) - n-butyl alcohol- acetonitrile-water (1-40-1-50, acidified with 0.01% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)) by one-step HSCCC of 100mg of the red wine extracts, the major anthocyanins, i.e., malvidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside, as well as two polymeric proanthocyanidin fractions were successfully separated one another within 320min. The yields of malvidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside were 12.12mg, 1.78mg and 11.57mg with the purity of 92.74%, 91.03% and 91.21%, respectively. Thiolysis-UPLC analysis indicated that the two polymeric proanthocyanidin fractions presented high purity, with mean degree of polymerization of 7.66±0.12 and 6.20±0.09, respectively. The further experiments on the antioxidant activities by DPPH radical test, FRAP assay and ABTS method showed that all of the isolated procyandins and anthocyanins and the two polymeric proanthocyanidin fractions, with exception of phenolic acids possessed much greater antioxidant activities compared to standard Trolox andl-ascorbic acid (2-14 times).

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Countercurrent Distribution; Free Radicals; Picrates; Polyphenols; Proanthocyanidins; Sulfonic Acids; Wine

Synthesis of chitosan-Cu(II) complex by solution plasma process (SPP) irradiation was investigated. The effects of the distance between the electrodes, initial Cu(II) concentration, and initial pH on the Cu(II) adsorption capacity were evaluated. The results showed that narrower distance between the electrodes, higher initial Cu(II) concentration and higher initial pH (at pH<6) were favourable for the adsorption capacity of Cu(II). Characterization of the chitosan-Cu(II) complex by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy revealed that the main structure of chitosan was not changed after irradiation. Thermogravimetry (TG) analysis indicated that Cu(II) ions were well incorporated into the chitosan. The antioxidant activity of the chitosan-Cu(II) complex was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power assays. The chitosan-Cu(II) complex exhibited greater antioxidant activity than the original chitosan. Thus, SPP could be used for preparation of chitosan-Cu(II) complexes.

Topics: Adsorption; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Chitosan; Copper; Electrodes; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Organometallic Compounds; Picrates; Plasma Gases; Solutions; Sulfonic Acids

The effects of copper pollution on the polyphenol content, color, and antioxidant activity of wine, as well as correlations among these factors, were investigated. Copper had clear influences on wine polyphenol content. At low copper concentrations, the concentrations of nearly all polyphenols increased, and the antioxidant activity values of the wine also increased. When the copper concentration reached the lowest level of the medium copper range (9.6~16 mg/L), most of the indices also improved. When the copper concentrations reached the latter part of the medium copper range (19.2 and 22.4 mg/L), many of the tested indices began to decrease. Furthermore, when the copper concentration reached the high ranges (32, 64, and 96 mg/L), the polyphenol content, CIELAB color parameters, and antioxidant activity of wine were substantially decreased, indicating the need to control increasing copper content in grape must.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Color; Copper; Food Safety; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Picrates; Polyphenols; Soil Pollutants; Sulfonic Acids; Vitis; Wine

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Edema; Hydroxides; Inflammation; Male; Methanol; Mice; Ononis; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skin; Sulfonic Acids; Wound Healing

This study guided the potential of nanoliposomal vesicles for the encapsulation of an active peptidic fraction from the fish skin gelatin by enzymatic hydrolysis using alcalase. The average particle size of peptide-loaded nanoliposomes was found to be in the range 134-621nm, with a ζ-potential of 0.06-8.65mV and a polydispersity index of 0.27-0.49, when the initial peptide content was 0-10mg/ml. The FTIR analysis showed that there was an effective hydrophobic interaction as well as hydrogen bonding between phosphatidylcholine and peptidic fraction. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) was remarkably influenced by peptide concentration and the maximum EE (84.5%) was achieved with 1mg/ml peptide concentration. A prolonged release of peptide from nanoliposomes was also observed as compared to free peptidic fraction. The results showed that the encapsulation of gelatin peptidic fraction using liposomal nanocarrier could represent a useful approach to overcome the issues associated with direct application of these antioxidant peptides in foodstuffs.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Drug Liberation; Gelatin; Hydrolysis; Iron; Liposomes; Nanoparticles; Nanostructures; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Oxidation-Reduction; Particle Size; Peptide Fragments; Picrates; Skin; Sulfonic Acids

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrinal disorders and medicinal plants continue to play an important role in the management of this disease. In this study,. Methanolic extract of

Topics: Amylases; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Diabetes Mellitus; Flavonoids; Hypoglycemic Agents; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Rosa; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Candida albicans; Escherichia coli; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Liquid-Liquid Extraction; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Monosaccharides; Picrates; Pinellia; Polysaccharides; Sonication; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Temperature; Uronic Acids

The present study investigates anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant potentials of the aerial parts of Aerva javanica and seeds of Linum ustitatissimum. Our results revealed that maximum antioxidant activity was found in hexane fractions of both plants. Linum ustitatissimum recorded maximum antioxidant value of 15.77mmol/L while Aerva javanica had antioxidant activity of 16.07mmol/L. Anti-diabetic activities were also evaluated using normal rats, induced diabetic (untreated) rats and treated diabetic rats. Aerva javanica revealed a significant potential in decreasing blood glucose level to 77.08mg/dl and body weight 76.30mg/kg while Linum ustitatissimum reduced blood glucose level to 84.20mg/dl and body weight 83.090mg/kg. From these results it can be concluded that both plants possesses anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activity.

Topics: Alloxan; Amaranthaceae; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biomarkers; Biphenyl Compounds; Blood Glucose; Chlorides; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Ferric Compounds; Flax; Hexanes; Hypoglycemic Agents; Oxidation-Reduction; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

Anthocephalus cadamba is used in traditional and folklore medicinal system.. In order to validate its traditional medicinal claim, the present study was designed to assess antioxidant, antigenotoxic and cytotoxic activity of fractions from Anthocephalus cadamba bark and to identify their active phytoconstituents.. The four fractions viz. hexane (HACB), chloroform (CACB), ethylacetate (EACB) and nbutanol (NACB) were fractionated from the crude methanol extract from bark of A. cadamba. All fractions were evaluated for antiradical efficacy using various in vitro antioxidant assays and for antigenotoxicity by SOS chromotest using E. coli PQ37 tester strain. Cytotoxic potential was checked using MTT assay.. Among the four fractions, EACB and NACB exhibited promising radical quenching potential in DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion radical scavenging and pBR322 plasmid DNA nicking assays. All the fractions were evaluated for genotoxic and antigenotoxic activity in SOS chromotest using E. coli PQ37 tester strain. Results revealed that fractions were non-genotoxic and have potential to suppress the genotoxicity induced by 4NQO (4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide) and AFB1 (aflatoxin B1). NACB was found to inhibit the growth of colon (COLO 205) cancer cells with GI50 of 54.36 µg/ml. To identify bioactive principles in the active fractions, NACB and EACB were subjected to UPLC-electrospray-ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry which revealed the presence of 3β-isodihyrocadambine-oxide, cadambine, phelasin A/B, 3β- dihydrocadambine and 3'-O-caffeoylsweroside like compounds.. Overall results revealed that A. cadamba is a rich source of antioxidant, antigenotoxic and cytotoxic constituents which may find their significance in various food and pharmaceutical products.

Topics: Antimutagenic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Chemistry, Physical; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Escherichia coli; Humans; Picrates; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Rubiaceae; SOS Response, Genetics; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chenopodium; Free Radical Scavengers; Methanol; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

White rose petal extract (WRE) contains large amounts of phenolic compounds and is considered edible. In this study, red and white wines were prepared by the addition of WRE (0.10% or 0.25% (w/v)), followed by fermentation at 25°C for 15 days. The fermentation profiles, colors, sensory test results, and antioxidant activities of the wines were compared. As reported herein, the fermentation profiles of the pH, CO₂ production rate, and final ethanol concentration were not affected by the addition of WRE, but a slow consumption rate of sugar was observed in 0.25% WRE-added wine. In contrast, the total polyphenol concentrations in WRE-added wines increased significantly (

Topics: Alcohols; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Fermentation; Gallic Acid; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Rosa; Sulfonic Acids; Wine

There are many chronic diseases related with inflammation. The chronic inflammation can produce other problems as cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to design drugs with better anti-inflammatory activity than those in the clinic. Likewise, these could be used in chronic treatments with minimum adverse effects. The amide or ester functionality in combination with the insertion of a silyl alkyl moiety is able to improve some drug properties. In this context, the evaluation of a group of silicon containing ibuprofen derivatives (SCIDs) as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents is reported. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH⨪), 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid (ABTS

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catalytic Domain; Computer Simulation; Cyclooxygenase 2; Ibuprofen; Iron Chelating Agents; Male; Molecular Docking Simulation; Picrates; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Silicon; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Macrophages; Mice; Nitrites; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; RAW 264.7 Cells; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids; Urticaceae

The aim of this study was to develop quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models for predicting antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds. The bond dissociation energy of O-H bond (BDE) was calculated by semi-empirical quantum chemical methods. As a new parameter for QSAR models, sum of reciprocals of BDE of enol and phenol groups (X

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Free Radicals; Linear Models; Models, Chemical; Molecular Structure; Phenols; Picrates; Predictive Value of Tests; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

Extracts from three macroalgae species (Ascophyllum nodosum (ANE), Bifurcaria bifurcata (BBE) and Fucus vesiculosus (FVE)) were tested for proximate composition (total solid, protein and total carbohydrate contents), total phenols content (TPC), and for their antioxidant activities in vitro in comparison to that of BHT compound by using four different assays (ABTS radical cation decolouration, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)). The inclusion of the extracts as oil stabilizers in canola oil in substitution of the synthetic antioxidant (BHT) was also evaluated by assessing lipid oxidation parameters (peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (AV), TBARS value, conjugated dienes (CD) and TOTOX index) under accelerated storage conditions (16days, 60°C). There was an inverse relationship between total solid content and total polyphenols content in the seaweed extracts. FVE showed an intermediate TPC (1.15g PGE/100g extract), but it presented the highest in vitro antioxidant activity when measured using the ABTS, DPPH and FRAP tests. BBE, that displayed the highest TPC (1.99g PGE/100g extract), only showed the highest in vitro antioxidant activity when measured using the ORAC test. ANE showed the lowest TPC and the lowest antioxidant activity in all the tests performed. The seaweed extracts added in a 500ppm concentration significantly reduced the oxidation during canola oil storage at 60°C, being this antioxidant effect significantly higher than that of BHT added at 50ppm. Results indicate that seaweed extracts can effectively inhibit the oxidation of canola oil and they can be a healthier alternative to the synthetic antioxidants in the oil industry.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Chlorides; Ferric Compounds; Food Preservatives; Food Storage; Fucus; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity; Phaeophyceae; Picrates; Polyphenols; Rapeseed Oil; Seaweed; Sulfonic Acids; Time Factors

Topics: 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors; Alopecia; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Chick Embryo; Chlorides; Cholestenone 5 alpha-Reductase; Chorioallantoic Membrane; Dietary Supplements; Equisetum; Ferric Compounds; Functional Food; Humans; Interleukin-6; Lipid Peroxidation; Macrophages; Male; Mice; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Prostatic Neoplasms; RAW 264.7 Cells; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

We aimed in the reported study to investigate the impact of using various solvents in the extraction of potentially active compounds from Algerian propolis. Phenolic and flavonoids contents in association with antioxidant activity of the tested extracts were evaluated. Moreover phenolic composition was determined using UFLC-MS/MS. The tested parameters varied according to the used solvent. Total phenolic and flavononid contents ranged from 0.81±0.16 to 8.97±0.25 EGA mg/g and from 0.57±0.01 to 3.53±0.84 EQ mg/g respectively. All the investigated extracts demonstrated notable antiradical and reducing activities. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol were found to contain the highest amounts of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and the strongest antioxidant properties. The antioxidant activity of propolis extracts appears to be largely influenced by total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Rutin, chlorogenic, ferulic, caffeic and gallic acids were found to be the main phenolic compounds in Algerian propolis. Our results suggest that Algerian propolis may be a poplar-type propolis.

Topics: Algeria; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chlorides; Chromatography, Liquid; Copper; Ferric Compounds; Hydroxybenzoates; Picrates; Propolis; Solvents; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Dihydroquercetin is a kind of dihydroflavonol compounds with antioxidant, antitumor, antivirus and radioresistance activities. This study attempted to produce the dihydroquercetin complexes with lecithin and β-cyclodextrin, and research their characteristics and bioactivities via ultraviolet spectrum (UV), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction spectrum (XRD), and MTT assay. Results showed that the complexes with lecithin and β-cyclodextrin could improve the solubility and dissolution rate, and remove the characteristic endothermic peak of dihydroquercetin. IR spectra proved their interaction, and results of SEM and XRD showed the amorphous characteristics of the dihydroquercetin compounds. These results indicated that dihydroquercetin was combined by lecithin or β-cyclodextrin with better physical and chemical properties, which would effectively improve the application value in the food and drug industries.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta-Cyclodextrins; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Lecithins; Picrates; Quercetin; Solubility; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

During the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in the search for novel bioactive compounds from marine origins.. The present study is the first to determine the molecular characterization which it was deposited in the genebank database, to investigate and evaluate the biological properties of sulfated polysaccharide from Cymodocea nodosa (CNSP) seagrass.. The results revealed that CNSP had high activity in total antioxidant assay (59.03 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g extract), reducing power (OD = 0.3), DPPH radical scavenging (IC. Overall, the results presented in this study demonstrate that CNSP has several attractive antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative properties with potential benefits towards health.

Topics: Alismatales; Anti-Infective Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Aquatic Organisms; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fungi; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; HeLa Cells; Humans; Microbial Viability; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polysaccharides; Sulfates; Sulfonic Acids

This paper described the extraction procedure and determination method for the total flavonoids in ethanol extract from the leaves of Abutilon theophrasti Medic., and evaluated antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Maximum extraction yield was achieved using 60% ethanol, 1 : 30 (g/mL) of a ratio of material to solvent, 20 min of extraction time, 40 kHz of ultrasonic frequency, 100 W of ultrasonic power, 600C of extraction temperature and two extraction cycles. Total flavonoids content was 16.79 RE mg/g medicinal materials. The extracts had effective antibacterial activity against 24 test strains from S. aureus and E. coli, MICs ranged from 2.18 to 8.7 mg/mL; it was also revealed that the extracts demonstrated high flavonids content and potent antioxidant activity, achieved by hydroxyl radical, DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging. These results indicated thathe extract may be a promising plant demonstrating antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Escherichia coli; Ethanol; Hydroxyl Radical; Malvaceae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microbial Viability; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plants, Medicinal; Solvents; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulfonic Acids

The aim of this study was to investigate the secondary metabolites related to Pistacia atlantica Desf as well as their biological activities. Results show that using ethanol as a solvent exhibited the highest content of total phenolics and flavonoids (68.23 mg GAE g

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Ethanol; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenols; Picrates; Pistacia; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Monoterpenes; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; Scutellaria; Sesquiterpenes; Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane; Sulfonic Acids; Uzbekistan

The genus Thymus includes several species that are used as flavouring, food preservative as well as in cosmetics. Their secondary metabolites have been extensively studied for pharmacological effects. Nonetheless, some species are neglected and deserve to be explored for chemical composition and biological activities. This is the case with Thymus alternans, a Carpathian bush used as a food additive and for the preparation of a traditional herbal medicine. In this work, we have analysed the chemical composition of T. alternans essential oil by GC and GC-MS and evaluated its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity by disc diffusion, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods, respectively. Results showed that T. alternans belongs to the nerolidol chemotype, being rich of this sesquiterpene alcohol (15.8%) which might contribute to the antimicrobial (particularly effective on C. albicans growth) and antioxidant (weak inhibition on ABTS radical and reducing power) activities observed.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antifungal Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Candida albicans; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Italy; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Sesquiterpenes; Sulfonic Acids; Thymus Plant

A new dihydrochalcone, 2',4'-dihydroxy-3,4-(2″,2″-dimethylchromeno)-3'-prenyldihydrochalcone (1) together with 4-hydroxyonchocarpin (2), isobavachalcone (3), 4',5-dihydroxy-6,7-(2,2-dimethylpyrano)-2'-methoxy-8-γ,γ-dimethylallyflavone (4), artocarpin (5) and cycloheterophyllin (6) were successfully isolated from the leaves and heartwoods of Artocarpus lowii King (Moraceae). The structures of these compounds were fully characterised using spectroscopic methods and by direct comparison with published data. These compounds were tested for their antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Compound (1) displayed moderate antioxidant activity towards DPPH and tyrosinase inhibitory activities with SC

Topics: Antioxidants; Artocarpus; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chalcones; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Enzyme Inhibitors; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mannose-Binding Lectins; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Lectins; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids; Wood

Red beetroot (RB) powder was incorporated into starch-based bio-elastomers to obtain flexible biocomposites with tunable antioxidant properties. Starch granules within the bio-elastomers affected the release of the antioxidant molecule betanin in the RB powder. The bio-elastomers were hydrophobic and resisted dissolution in water, hence the release of betanin was due to diffusion rather than polymer matrix disintegration. Hydrophobicity was maintained even after water immersion. Released betanin demonstrated highly efficient antioxidant scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS(+)). RB powder was also found to increase the Young's modulus of the bio-elastomers without compromising their elongation ability. Infrared spectral analysis indicated weak interactions through hydrogen bonding among starch granules, RB powder and PDMS polymer within the bio-elastomers. Hence, as a simple but intelligent biomaterial consisting of mainly edible starch and RB powder the present bio-elastomers can be used in active packaging for a variety of pharmaceutical, medical, and food applications.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Beta vulgaris; Betacyanins; Biphenyl Compounds; Elastomers; Free Radicals; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Preparations; Plant Roots; Starch; Sulfonic Acids

Extracts of different parts (heads, bracts and stems) of Cynara cardunculus L. (cardoon) and Cynara scolymus L. (globe artichoke), obtained by two different extraction techniques (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and classical extraction (CE)) were examined and compared for their total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity. Moreover, infusions of the plant's parts were also analysed and compared to aforementioned samples. Results showed that cardoon's heads extract (obtained by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction) displayed the highest TPC values (1.57 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE) g

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cynara; Cynara scolymus; Free Radical Scavengers; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Ultrasonics

Dried citrus peel derived from Citrus reticulata, also called "chenpi", possesses a complex mixture of flavonoids and has a history of traditional use to treat a variety of digestive disorders. We compared three sources of conventional chenpi from California (USA), Guangxi, Zhejiang, and two sources of "nchenpi", which contain greater nobiletin content, from Sichuan and Xinhui (China). Xinhui orange peel extract (OPE) had highest content of polymethoxylated flavones, along with greatest capacity to scavenge 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-pcrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2'-azobis-2-methyl-propanimidamide, dihydrochloride (AAPH) radicals and nitric oxide (NO). OPE also had higher NO, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitory activity than an equivalent mixture of flavonoids (P<0.05). In conclusion, nobiletin is a good chemical marker for assessing the anti-inflammatory potential of OPE from different sources. Obtaining "nchenpi" from either Sichuan or Xinhui provided potentially superior health benefits compared to conventional chenpi sources.

Topics: Amidines; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; California; Cell Survival; China; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Citrus; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Flavones; Flavonoids; Fruit; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; RAW 264.7 Cells; Sulfonic Acids

Purification, preliminary characterization and bioactivity of polysaccharides from Grateloupia livida (GL) were investigated. Three water-soluble sulfated polysaccharide fractions (GLP-1, GLP-2 and GLP-3) were isolated and purified from the edible and medicinal red seaweed, Grateloupia livida (Harv.) Yamada by DEAE Sepharose CL-6B and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography, and chemical characterization was performed by HPGPC, GC-MS, FT-IR and SEM. In addition, anticoagulant activities were determined by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and prothrombin time (PT) using normal human plasma in vitro. The antioxidant activities against DPPH and ABTS

Topics: Anticoagulants; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Galactose; Humans; Hydrolysis; Partial Thromboplastin Time; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Prothrombin Time; Rhodophyta; Sulfates; Sulfonic Acids; Thrombin Time

Echinacea (Asteraceae) is used because of its pharmacological properties. However, there are few studies that integrate phytochemical analyses with pharmacological effects.. Evaluate the chemical profile and biological activity of hydroalcoholic Echinacea extracts.. The difference in the chemical and pharmacological properties among extracts highlights the need to consider strategies and policies for standardization of commercial herbal extracts in order to guarantee the safety and identity of this type of products.

Topics: Alloxan; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biomarkers; Biphenyl Compounds; Blood Glucose; Carrageenan; Cell Proliferation; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Echinacea; Edema; HeLa Cells; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Male; MCF-7 Cells; Neoplasms; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids; Time Factors

Lectins are proteins able to interact specifically and reversibly with carbohydrates. They are present in all living beings, particularly in legume seeds, which have many biological functions. The aim of this study was to isolate, characterize and verify antioxidant, anti-hemolytic, antitumor and gastroprotective activities in a lectin present in seeds of Phaseolus lunatus L. var. cascavel (PLUN). The isolation of lectin was performed by size exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-100, which was isolated from a protein capable of agglutinating only human erythrocytes type A, being this the only inhibited haemagglutination n-acetyl-d-galactosamine. Its weight was estimated by PAGE is 128kDa. The lectin is thermostable up to 80°C and is active between pH 2-11. As 8M urea was able to denature the lectin. PLUN is a glycoprotein consisting of 2% carbohydrate and has antioxidant action with ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (μMAA/g) of 418.20, 326 and 82.9 for total antioxidant activity, ABTS radical capture and capture of DPPH radical, respectively. The lectin has antitumor activity against melanoma derived cells at doses of 100 and 50mg/ml, reducing up to 83% tumor cells, and gastroprotective action, reducing up to 63% damaged area of ​​the stomach induced by ethanol.

Topics: Acetylgalactosamine; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Erythrocytes; Ethanol; Gastrointestinal Agents; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Male; Mice; Molecular Weight; Phaseolus; Picrates; Plant Lectins; Protein Denaturation; Seeds; Solid Phase Extraction; Stomach; Stomach Ulcer; Sulfonic Acids; Urea

Ultraviolet A (UVA), one of the major components of sunlight, can penetrate the dermal layer of the skin and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). It causes alterations in the dermal connective tissue and gene expression, inflammation, photoaging, and DNA damage.. Therefore, the harmful effects of UVA and strategies to reduce it have been consistently investigated. 23-Hydroxytormentic acid (23-HTA) has been demonstrated to improve drug-induced nephrotoxicity and exhibit several free radical scavenging effects with other molecules. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and extracellular matrix (ECM) reconstructive activity of 23-HTA in UVA-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs).. The antioxidant capacity of 23-HTA was determined by examining its scavenging activities against hydrogen peroxide, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), and diphenylpicrylhydrazyl in vitro. Its effect on cell viability was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tertazolium bromide, and 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate was used to investigate intracellular ROS scavenging activity. The mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. A senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining kit was used to assess senescent cells.. 23-HTA showed antioxidant capacity mediated by ROS scavenging and regulation of antioxidant-related gene expression. Further, the SA-β-gal analysis and mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases and type I procollagen suggested that 23-HTA regulates the gene expression of ECM proteins and cellular senescence under UVA-irradiated conditions.. In conclusion, 23-HTA protects against and attenuates UVA-induced oxidative stress in NHDFs likely via the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 signaling pathway.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catalase; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cellular Senescence; Collagen Type I; Collagen Type I, alpha 1 Chain; Dermis; Fibroblasts; Gene Expression; Glutathione Peroxidase; Heme Oxygenase-1; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Matrix Metalloproteinase 1; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Reactive Oxygen Species; RNA, Messenger; Sulfonic Acids; Triterpenes; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Ultraviolet Rays

A novel series of tacrine derivatives containing sulfonamide group were synthesized and their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were evaluated. The result showed that all the synthesized tacrine-sulfonamides (VIIIa-o) exhibited inhibitory activity on both cholinesterases. VIIIg showed the highest inhibitory activity on AChE IC

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Electrophorus; Free Radicals; Horses; Humans; Microwaves; Picrates; Sulfonamides; Sulfonic Acids; Tacrine

Background Phenolic compounds from Citrus are known to be a topic of many studies due to their biological properties including antioxidant activity. Methods Methanolic and aqueous extracts were isolated from Citrus leaves of different species (C. clementina, C. limon, C. hamlin, C. navel, C. aurantifolia, C. aurantium and C. grandis) harvested in Algeria. Results The results showed that aqueous extracts of all species are rich in total phenolic compounds and flavonoids (from 68.23 to 125.28 mg GAE/g DM) and (from 11.99 to 46.25 mg QE/g DM) respectively. The methanolic and aqueous extracts were examined for in vitro antioxidant properties using various antioxidant assays. For aqueous extracts, C. limon showed an important DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 35.35 µg/mL), and C. clementina exerted the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity (1,174.43 µM ET/g DM) and a significant ferric reducing potential (30.60 mg BHAE/g DM). For methanolic extracts, C. clementina showed the highest antioxidant activity for all the realized assays (IC50 41.85 µg/mL, 378.63 µM ET/g DM and 13.85 mg BHAE/g DM) for DPPH, ABTS radicals scavenging activities and ferric reducing potential respectively. Antiperoxidase and antipolyphenol oxidase activities of these samples were also evaluated. Conclusions In this investigation, the assessment of antiperoxidase activity proved that the leaves extracts of different species were able to inhibit peroxidase activity. However, this inhibition varied with the species and the source of these enzymes. On the other hand, the aqueous extracts of different species showed moderate inhibition of polyphenol oxidase, while no effect on these enzymes was obtained with methanolic extracts.

Topics: Algeria; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catechol Oxidase; Citrus; Flavonoids; Maillard Reaction; Oxidoreductases; Peroxidases; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Species Specificity; Sulfonic Acids

Anthraquinone (9,10-anthraquinone) and several hydroxy derivatives, including purpurin (1,2,4-trihydroxyanthraquinone), anthrarufin (1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone), and chrysazin (1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone), were evaluated for antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities in chemical assays and mammalian cells (murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells). Several tests were used to assess their activities: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical; ABTS radical cation; hydrogen peroxide scavenging; reduction of potassium ferricyanide; chelation of ferrous ions; inhibition of lipid peroxidation; inhibition of nitric oxide generation; scavenging of the intracellular hydroxyl radical; expression of NLRP3 polypeptide for inflammasome assembly; and quantitation of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β) for inflammasome activation. The results show that purpurin, from the root of the madder plant (

Topics: Animals; Anthraquinones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrogen Peroxide; Inflammasomes; Iron Chelating Agents; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; RAW 264.7 Cells; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Benth has been used in Indian folk medicine to treat numerous inflammatory pathologies, such as leprosy, ulcers, burns and asthma.. To evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of A. odoratissima.. Dried leaves of A. odoratissima were extracted in organic solvents (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol). The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was examined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H. The leaves of A. odoratissima showed potent free radical scavenging property and antimicrobial activity.

Topics: Albizzia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chlorides; Ferric Compounds; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrogen Peroxide; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plants, Medicinal; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

Bergenin, a compound derived from gallic acid, is a secondary metabolite of the plant Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub.. In this study, we aimed to characterize the ability of bergenin to eliminate the radicals in non-biological systems.. We evaluated bergenin's ability to protect erythrocytes from oxidative damage in a biological system. We have elucidated bergenin structure using nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. We then evaluated its antioxidant capacity in vitro against DPPH•, ABTS•+, hydroxyl radicals, and nitric oxide, and determined its ability to transfer electrons owing to its reduction potential and ability to chelate iron. We also evaluated its protective capacity against oxidative damage produced by AAPH in erythrocytes, its hemolytic properties, its ability to inhibit hemolysis, and its ability to maintain intracellular reduced glutathione homeostasis.. Bergenin concentrations between 0.1 and 3mM significantly (p < 0.05) and dose dependently decreased formation of ABTS•+, DPPH•, nitrite ions, OH•, reduced formation ferricyanide, ferrozine-Fe2+complex, inhibited AAPH-induced oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes, raised GSH levels in the presence of AAPH, inhibited AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes.. Bergenin may represent a novel alternative antioxidant, with potential applications in various industries, including drugs, cosmetics, and foods.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzopyrans; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Electron Transport; Erythrocytes; Fabaceae; Female; Glutathione; Hemolysis; Homeostasis; Hydroxyl Radical; Intracellular Space; Iron; Lipid Peroxidation; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Nitrites; Picrates; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids

Ajuga bracteosa, a medicinal herb, is used by local community to cure a number of diseases such as inflammation, jaundice bronchial asthma, cancer and diabetes.. The aim of present work was to evaluate the antioxidant potential, in vitro antidiabetic and antimicrobial effects of A. bracteosa.. n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of Ajuga bracteosa roots, were prepared via maceration. Antibacterial activity was carried out by agar well diffusion method. Quantitative and qualitative phytochemical screening was done. The antioxidant activity was determined by iron (II) chelating activity, iron reducing power, DPPH, and ABTS free radical scavenging methods, Antidiabetic activity was evaluated through inhibition of α-glucosidase assay.. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, quinines, terpenoids, xanthoproteins, glycosides, carbohydrates, steroids, phytosterols and amino acids. DPPH and ABTS potential values were recorded as 61.92% to 88.84% and 0.11% to 38.82%, respectively. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were expressed as gallic acid and rutin equivalents. Total iron content was expressed as FeSO4 equivalents. Chloroform and n-hexane extracts showed significant enzyme inhibition potential with IC50 values of 29.92 μg/ml and 131.7 μg/ml respectively. Aqueous extract showed maximum inhibition of E. coli, S. typhimurium, E. amnigenus, S. pyogenes, and S. aureus, (18.0±1.0 mm, 12.5±0.7 mm, 17.0±0.0 mm, 11.0±0.0 mm and 15.3±2.0 mm mm), respectively. Similarly, n-hexane extract showed maximum inhibition of E. coli, E. amnigenus, S. aureus (11.6±1.5 mm; 11.3±1.5 mm; 13.3±0.5 mm). This study also shows that n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of A. bracteosa root possess α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and therefore it may be used as hypoglycemic agents in the management of postprandial hyperglycemia.. Ajuga bracteosa root extracts may provide a basis for development of antioxidant, antimicrobial and antidiabetic drugs.

Topics: Ajuga; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radicals; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Hypoglycemic Agents; Iron Chelating Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Sulfonic Acids

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from aerial parts of Nepeta alatavica Lipsky, N. nuda L, and N. olgae Regel (Lamiaceae), growing wild in Central Asia (Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), were analyzed by GLC and GLC-MS. The main constituents of the essential oil from N. nuda were 1,8-cineole (24.6%), 4a-α,7-β,7a-α-nepetalactone (21.0%), germacrene D (13.5%), and β-caryophyllene (12.7%), whereas those of N. alatavica were thymol (48.5%) verbenone (7.7%), and carvacrol (7.5%). In the essential oil of N. olgae the most abundant compounds were acetylcyclohexene (31.5%), 4-tridecyne (13.2%), 2-methyl cyclopentanone (6.8%) and 1,8-cineole (6.0%). The potential antioxidant activity of these essential oils was studied by using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The essential oil of N. alatavica showed the highest in vitro free radical scavenging activity, probably due to its high thymol and carvacrol content.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, Liquid; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Nepeta; Oils, Volatile; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Sulfonic Acids

The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of model systems of phenolics (individual and combinations) without and with the addition of sugars (sucrose or trehalose). Also, the synergistic or antagonistic effects of the phenolics in all model systems were evaluated. The results for the antioxidant activity were obtained by three assays, ABTS+', DPPH' and FRAP. ABTS" and DPPH' assay showed that quercetin and gallic acid had the same antioxidant activity, higher than catechin. When the FRAP assay was applied, the order of increasing of antioxidant activity was quercetin < gallic acid < catechin. The highest synergistic effect was achieved in the model system of catechin, quercetin and gallic acid. Addition of sugars, sucrose and trehalose, influenced both antioxidant activity and synergistic effect of phenolics in the model systems. The highest synergistic effect in the model systems with sucrose addition was observed with catechin, quercetin and gallic acid, while in samples with trehalose, the highest synergistic effect was in combination with catechin and gallic acid. Interactions of phenolics and phenolics/sugars caused changes in antioxidant activity as well as synergistic effects.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catechin; Drug Synergism; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; Gallic Acid; Phenols; Picrates; Quercetin; Sucrose; Sugars; Sulfonic Acids; Trehalose

The aim of this work was to modify and validate the post-column high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ABTS and DPPH methods for evaluating the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of Solidago canadensis (Canadian goldenrod) leaves and flowers. Separation of the analytes was performed via the HPLC-PDA method on a YMC analytical column using a gradient elution program. Three compounds with antioxidant properties - chlorogenic acid, rutin and isoquercitrin - and two unidentified antioxidants were established. The research showed that the coil temperature regimes and loop length combinations influence the optimised post-column assay method for detecting the antioxidant activity of goldenrod radical scavengers. Investigations established that the temperature in the reaction coil was a substantial factor contributing to the signal strength of the analytes after reacting with the DPPH and ABTS radicals.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Free Radical Scavengers; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Solidago; Sulfonic Acids

The use of many traditional medicinal plants is often hampered by the absence of a proper biochemical characterization, which is essential to identify the bioactive compounds present in it. The essential oils (EOs) of three native species from the La Rioja province were analyzed: Lippia turbinata Griseb and Lippia integrifolia (Griseb.) Hieron (Verbenaceae), and Clinopodium gilliesii (Benth.) Kuntze (Lamiaceae).. The aim of this study was to evaluate their EOs antioxidant activity (AA) and their chemical composition.. EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). To enhance the aqueous solubilization of the EOs, EO-water emulsions were prepared (concentration range of 0.1-6 mg mL(-1)). AA was determined using ABTS, DPPH, and peroxyl radical scavenging assays, as well as by the β-carotene bleaching test.. Piperitenone oxide was a major constituent in L. turbinata, pulegone and piperitenone oxide in C. gilliesii, and β-caryophyllene in L. integrifolia. Lippia turbinata EO was the most active ABTS and DPPH radical scavenger (SC50 values of 0.40 ± 0.14 and 0.74 ± 0.08 mg mL(-1), respectively). Clinopodium gilliesii EO exhibited the highest hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (SC25 value = 1.52 ± 0.27 mg mL(-1)). In the β-carotene assay, L. turbinata EO was more effective at inhibiting lipid peroxidation than the other two oils (IC25 value = 0.15 ± 0.04 mg mL(-1)).. Our results suggest that the AA observed can be justified by the presence of oxygenated monoterpenes, mainly piperitenone oxide. Finally, L. turbinata EO might be used as a safe natural antioxidant and food preservative in the food and cosmetic industries.

Topics: Argentina; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Emulsions; Free Radical Scavengers; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Lamiaceae; Lipid Peroxidation; Lippia; Oils, Volatile; Oxidation-Reduction; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Plant Oils; Plants, Medicinal; Sulfonic Acids; Time Factors; Verbenaceae

An annual Korean weed, Artemisia annua L., has been used as a folk medicine for the treatment of a number of diseases. Remarkably, among the 32 polyphenols characterized in various parts of plant tissue, including flowers, leafs, stems and roots, 10 compounds were detected for the first time using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The quantification method was validated using structurally related external standards with determination coefficients (R(2) ) ≥0.9995. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.068-3.932 and 0.226-13.108 mg/L, respectively. The recoveries estimated at 50 and 100 mg/L ranged between 60.6-92.2 and 61.3-111%, respectively, with relative standard deviations <12%. The roots contained the largest concentration of identified components, while the flowers contained the least. The antioxidant capacity evaluated in terms of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation-scavenging activities and reducing power was highest in the roots and lowest in the flowers. The findings are well correlated and suggest that the antioxidant capacities principally depend upon the polyphenol concentrations in each part of the plant.

Topics: Antioxidants; Artemisia annua; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, Liquid; Limit of Detection; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Carqueja (Pterospartum tridentatum) is an endemic species and various bioactive compounds have been identified in its aqueous extract. The aim of this study was to protect the natural antioxidants from the aqueous extract of carqueja by encapsulation in Ca-alginate microbeads and Ca-alginate microbeads containing 10% and 20% (w/v) of inulin. The microbeads produced by electrostatic extrusion technique had an average diameter from 625 μm to 830 μm depending on the portion of inulin. The sphericity factor of the hydrogel microbeads had values between 0.014 and 0.026, while freeze dried microbeads had irregular shape, especially those with no excipient. The reduction in microbeads size after freeze drying process (expressed as shrinkage factor) ranged from 0.338 (alginate microbeads with 20% (w/v) of inulin) to 0.523 (plain alginate microbeads). The expressed radical scavenging activity against ABTS and DPPH radicals was found to be between 30% and 40% for encapsulated extract, while the fresh extract showed around 47% and 57% of radical scavenging activity for ABTS and DPPH radicals, respectively. The correlation between antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content were found to be positive (in both assay methods, DPPH and ABTS), which indicate that the addition of inulin didn't have influence on antioxidant activity. The presence of inulin reduced stiffness of the hydrogel, and protected bead structure from collapse upon freeze-drying. Alginate-inulin beads are envisaged to be used for delivery of aqueous P. tridentatum extract in functional food products.

Topics: Alginates; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Calcium; Capsules; Drug Carriers; Fabaceae; Freeze Drying; Functional Food; Glucuronic Acid; Hexuronic Acids; Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; Inulin; Microspheres; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

Mosquito-borne diseases represent a deadly threat for millions of people worldwide. The Culex genus, with special reference to Culex quinquefasciatus, comprises the most common vectors of filariasis across urban and semi-urban areas of Asia. In recent years, important efforts have been conducted to propose green-synthesized nanoparticles as a valuable alternative to synthetic insecticides. However, the mosquitocidal potential of carbon nanoparticles has been scarcely investigated. In this study, the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of carbon nanoparticle (CNP) and silver nanoparticle (AgNP) was tested against Cx. quinquefasciatus. UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and Raman analysis confirmed the rapid and cheap synthesis of carbon and silver nanoparticles. In laboratory assays, LC50 (lethal concentration that kills 50 % of the exposed organisms) values ranged from 8.752 ppm (first-instar larvae) to 18.676 ppm (pupae) for silver nanoparticles and from 6.373 ppm (first-instar larvae) to 14.849 ppm (pupae) for carbon nanoparticles. The predation efficiency of the water bug Lethocerus indicus after a single treatment with low doses of silver and carbon nanoparticles was not reduced. Moderate evidence of genotoxic effects induced by exposure to carbon nanoparticles was found on non-target goldfish, Carassius auratus. Lastly, the plant extract used for silver nanosynthesis was tested for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. Overall, our results pointed out that AgNP and CNP can be a candidate for effective tools to reduce larval and pupal populations of filariasis vectors, with reduced genotoxicity and impact on behavioral traits of other aquatic organisms sharing the same ecological niche of Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Topics: Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbon; Culex; DNA Damage; Free Radical Scavengers; Goldfish; Heteroptera; India; Indicators and Reagents; Insect Vectors; Insecticides; Larva; Lethal Dose 50; Moringa oleifera; Nanoparticles; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Predatory Behavior; Pupa; Seeds; Silver; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Sulfonic Acids

Bioinspired aerogel functionalization by surface modification and coating is in high demand for biomedical and technological applications. In this paper, we report an expedient three-step entry to all-natural surface-functionalized nanostructured aerogels based on (a) TEMPO/NaClO promoted synthesis of cellulose nanofibers (TOCNF); (b) freeze-drying for aerogel preparation; and (c) surface coating with a eumelanin thin film by ammonia-induced solid state polymerization (AISSP) of 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) or 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) previously deposited from an organic solution. Scanning electron microscopy showed uniform deposition of the dark eumelanin coating on the template surface without affecting porosity, whereas solid state (13)C NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy confirmed the eumelanin-type character of the coatings. DHI melanin coating was found to confer to TOCNF templates a potent antioxidant activity, as tested by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays as well as strong dye adsorption capacity, as tested on methylene blue. The unprecedented combination of nanostructured cellulose and eumelanin thin films disclosed herein implements an original all-natural multifunctional aerogel biomaterial realized via an innovative coating methodology.

Topics: Adsorption; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cellulose; Free Radical Scavengers; Gels; Melanins; Methylene Blue; Nanofibers; Picrates; Polymerization; Porosity; Sulfonic Acids

The current work reports the synthesis, spectroscopic studies, antiradical and antiproliferative properties of four ruthenium(III) complexes of heterocyclic tridentate Schiff base bearing a simple 2',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone functionality and ethylenediamine as the bridging ligand with RCHO moiety. The reaction of the tridentate ligands with RuCl₃·3H₂O lead to the formation of neutral complexes of the type [Ru(L)Cl₂(H₂O)] (where L = tridentate NNO ligands). The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, UV-vis, conductivity measurements, FTIR spectroscopy and confirmed the proposed octahedral geometry around the Ru ion. The Ru(III) compounds showed antiradical potentials against 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, with DPPH scavenging capability in the order: [(PAEBOD)RuCl₂] > [(BZEBOD)RuCl₂] > [(MOABOD)RuCl₂] > [Vit. C] > [rutin] > [(METBOD)RuCl₂], and ABTS radical in the order: [(PAEBOD)RuCl₂] < [(MOABOD)RuCl₂] < [(BZEBOD)RuCl₂] < [(METBOD)RuCl₂]. Furthermore, in vitro anti-proliferative activity was investigated against three human cancer cell lines: renal cancer cell (TK-10), melanoma cancer cell (UACC-62) and breast cancer cell (MCF-7) by SRB assay.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Coordination Complexes; Free Radical Scavengers; Heterocyclic Compounds; Humans; Ligands; Neoplasms; Picrates; Ruthenium; Schiff Bases; Sulfonic Acids

Rye and wheat bran extracts containing phenolic compounds and demonstrating high DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS(•+) (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) scavenging and oxygen radical absorbance capacities (ORAC) were tested in beef hamburgers as possible functional ingredients. Bran extracts significantly increased the indicators of antioxidant potential of meat products and their global antioxidant response (GAR) during physiological in vitro digestion. The extracts also inhibited the formation of oxidation products, hexanal and malondialdehyde, of hamburgers during their storage; however, they did not have significant effect on the growth of microorganisms. Hamburgers with 0.8% wheat bran extract demonstrated the highest antioxidant potential. Some effects of bran extracts on other quality characteristics such as pH, color, formation of metmyoglobin were also observed, however, these effects did not have negative influence on the overall sensory evaluation score of hamburgers. Consequently, the use of bran extracts in meat products may be considered as promising means of increasing oxidative product stability and enriching with functional ingredients which might possess health benefits.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Color; Dietary Fiber; Food Handling; Food Preservation; Humans; Odorants; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Red Meat; Secale; Seeds; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; Triticum

Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) is a phytoalexin produced by plants. Resveratrol is known for its anti-cancer, antiviral and antioxidant properties. We prepared imine analogs of resveratrol ((hydroxyphenyliminomethyl)phenols) and tested their antioxidant activity. All prepared resveratrol analogs were able to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), galvinoxyl radical (GOR) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radicals. The antioxidant activity efficiency correlated with the number and position of hydroxyl groups. The most effective antioxidants were resveratrol analogs containing three hydroxyl groups in the benzylidene part of their molecules. These results provide new insights into the relationship between the chemical structure and biological activity of resveratrol analogs.

Topics: Benzhydryl Compounds; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Resveratrol; Stilbenes; Sulfonic Acids

A single factor experiment and Box-Behnken design were applied to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of Chuanminshen violaceum polysaccharides (CVPs). The CVPs yield was 34.59 ± 0.51%, which was in accordance with the predicted value of 35.54%, under the following optimum conditions: microwave power of 466 W, extraction temperature of 64.5 °C, extraction time of 15 min, and water-raw material ratio of 40 mL/g. Two CVPs fractions (CVPs-I and CVPs-II) were obtained via stepwise ethanol precipitation. CVPs-II was further purified using DEAE cellulose-52 chromatography to obtain the major fraction of CVPs-IIa. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and GC-MS analysis revealed that crude CVPs, CVPs-I, and CVPs-II were neutral polysaccharides and were mainly composed of glucose and galactose. The molecular weights of CVPs-I and CVPs-IIa were 233.69 and 11.02 kDa, respectively. Furthermore, all samples exhibited certain antioxidant activity or reducing power to scavenge the DPPH and ABTS radicals, among which CVPs-II was the strongest. In conclusion, MAE is an efficient method for extracting CVPs of C. violaceum, and this plant root has the potential to be explored as a source of natural antioxidants.

Topics: Antioxidants; Apiaceae; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical Fractionation; Microwaves; Molecular Weight; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids; Temperature; Time Factors

Context We report the first ever chemical/biochemical study on Crocus mathewii Kerndorff (Iridaceae) - a Turkish endemic angiosperm. This plant has never been explored for its phytochemistry and bioactivities. Objective This study explores C. mathewii corm and aerial parts for the chemical and biological properties of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water fractions of the extracts. Material and methods Plant material (20 g) was extracted by methanol (250 mL × 5, 3 days each) and fractioned into hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. All fractions were subjected to β-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH(·), ABTS(·)(+), CUPRAC, metal chelating and tyrosinase inhibition activities. Hexane fractions were submitted to GC-MS analysis. Results Ethyl acetate fractions showed excellent IC50 values in DPPH(·) (aerial 36.21 ± 0.76 and corm 33.87 ± 0.02 mg/L) and ABTS(·)(+) (aerial 33.01 ± 0.79 and bulb 27.87 ± 0.33 mg/L); higher than the IC50 of the standard α-tocopherol (DPPH 116.25 ± 1.97; ABTS 52.64 ± 0.37 mg/L), higher than BHA in DPPH (57.31 ± 0.25 mg/L), but slightly lower in ABTS (19.86 ± 2.73 mg/L). Methanol extract of aerial parts also showed higher activity than α-tocopherol in DPPH (85.56 ± 11.51 mg/L) but slightly less (72.90 ± 3.66 mg/L) than both the standards in ABTS. Linoleic (aerial 53.9%, corm 43.9%) and palmitic (aerial 22.2%, corm 18%) were found as the major fatty acids. Discussion and conclusion Some fractions of C. mathewii showed higher antioxidant activities than the standards. There is a need to explore more about this plant.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chelating Agents; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Crocus; Fatty Acids; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Linoleic Acid; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Palmitic Acid; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; Turkey

Soybean is a rich source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, isoflavones, carotenoids, and tocopherols. The amount of bioactive compounds in freshly harvested soybeans and their derived products has been determined; however, when they are used in the food industry, soybeans are generally stored prior to being processed. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soybean moisture content (12%, 15%, and 18%) and storage temperature (11, 18, 25, and 32 °C) on the free phenolic, total flavonoid, vanillic acid, total carotenoid, and δ- and γ-tocopherol content of soybeans stored for 12 mo. Moreover, the ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities of phenolic extracts were determined. There was an increase in free phenolics and total flavonoids in the stored grains compared with the grains on the 1st d of storage. Vanillic acid showed a decrease in soybeans stored at 15% and 18% moisture content and 25 or 32 °C, which indicated some degradation into other metabolites. Total carotenoid content decreased as a function of storage temperature and showed some temperature-dependent degradation. The δ- and γ-tocopherol content also tended to decrease in grains stored at 15% or 18% moisture content or 25 or 32 °C, regardless of the moisture content studied.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carotenoids; Edible Grain; Flavonoids; Food Storage; Food-Processing Industry; gamma-Tocopherol; Glycine max; Humans; Hydroxybenzoates; Isoflavones; Phenols; Picrates; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids; Temperature; Water

Context Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq (Sapindaceae) has been used in traditional medicine as antimalarial, antidiabetic and antibacterial agent, but further investigations are needed. Objective This study determines the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of six compounds (1-6) and two crystals (1A and 3A) isolated from D. viscosa, and discusses their structure-activity relationships. Materials and methods Antioxidant activity was evaluated using six complementary tests, i.e., β-carotene-linoleic acid; DPPH(•), ABTS(•+), superoxide scavenging, CUPRAC and metal chelating assays. Anticholinesterase activity was performed using the Elman method. Results Clerodane diterpenoids (1 and 2) and phenolics (3-6) - together with three crystals (1A, 3A and 7A) - were isolated from the aerial parts of D. viscosa. Compound 3A exhibited good antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC50: 27.44 ± 1.06 μM), superoxide (28.18 ± 1.35% inhibition at 100 μM) and CUPRAC (A0.5: 35.89 ± 0.09 μM) assays. Compound 5 (IC50: 11.02 ± 0.02 μM) indicated best activity in ABTS assay, and 6 (IC50: 14.30 ± 0.18 μM) in β-carotene-linoleic acid assay. Compounds 1 and 3 were also obtained in the crystal (1A and 3A) form. Both crystals showed antioxidant activity. Furthermore, crystal 3A was more active than 3 in all activity tests. Phenol 6 possessed moderate anticholinesterase activity against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes (IC50 values: 158.14 ± 1.65 and 111.60 ± 1.28 μM, respectively). Discussion and conclusion This is the first report on antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of compounds 1, 2, 5, 6, 1A and 3A, and characterisation of 7A using XRD. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationships are also discussed in detail for the first time.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Butyrylcholinesterase; Chelating Agents; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Crystallography, X-Ray; Free Radical Scavengers; Linoleic Acid; Molecular Structure; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plants, Medicinal; Sapindaceae; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) is an important cultivar of the Citrus genus which contains a number of nutrients beneficial to human health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate changes in bioactive flavonoids, antioxidant behaviour, and in vitro cytoprotective effect of processed white and pink peels after oven-drying (45°C-60°C) and freeze-drying treatments. Comparison with fresh grapefruit peels was also assessed. Significant increases in DPPH, FRAPS, and ABTS values were observed in dried grapefruit peel samples in comparison with fresh peels, indicating the suitability of the treatments for use as tools to greatly enhance the antioxidant potential of these natural byproducts. A total of thirteen flavonoids were quantified in grapefruit peel extracts by HPLC-MS/MS. It was found that naringin, followed by isonaringin, was the main flavonoid occurring in fresh, oven-dried, and freeze-dried grapefruit peels. In vivo assay revealed that fresh and oven-dried grapefruit peel extracts (45°C) exerted a strong cytoprotective effect on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines at concentrations ranging within 0.1-0.25 mg/mL. Our data suggest that grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) peel has considerable potential as a source of natural bioactive flavonoids with outstanding antioxidant activity which can be used as agents in several therapeutic strategies.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Citrus paradisi; Cytoprotection; Desiccation; Flavonoids; Freeze Drying; Glycosides; Humans; Iron; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Principal Component Analysis; Sulfonic Acids

Context Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae) (amla), Manilkara zapota L.P. Royen (Sapotaceae) (sapota) and silymarin are reported to contain antioxidant effects. However, information on other biological activities relating to the anti-aging properties is limited. Objective To compare in vitro antioxidants, anti-collagenase (MMP-1 and MMP-2) and anti-elastase properties as well as the phenolic and flavonoid contents of amla, sapota and silymarin as potential anti-aging ingredients. Materials and methods The ethanol amla and sapota fruit extracts were prepared by three cycles of maceration with 24 h duration each. The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents were determined. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays. The effects of MMP-1, MMP-2 and elastase inhibitions were determined by using the EnzChek® assay kits (Molecular-Probes, Eugene, OR). Results Amla exhibited the highest in TPC (362.43 ± 11.2 mg GAE/g) while silymarin showed the highest in TFC (21.04 ± 0.67 mg QE/g). Results of antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS methods showed that amla possessed the most potent capacity with IC50 values of 1.70 ± 0.07 and 4.45 ± 0.10 μg/mL, respectively. Highest inhibitions against MMP-1, MMP-2 and elastase were detected for sapota with IC50 values of 89.61 ± 0.96, 86.47 ± 3.04 and 35.73 ± 0.61 μg/mL, respectively. Discussion and conclusion Test extracts offered anti-aging properties in different mechanisms. Amla showed the highest phenolic content and antioxidant property with moderate anti-collagenase. Silymarin exhibited measurable flavonoid content with anti-elastase effect. Sapota showed the highest collagenase and elastase inhibitions with moderate antioxidant effect. Thus, extracts might be added as a mixture to gain the overall anti-aging effects.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Fruit; Manilkara; Matrix Metalloproteinase 1; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; Pancreatic Elastase; Phenols; Phyllanthus emblica; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors; Silymarin; Skin Aging; Sulfonic Acids

To estimate daily intake of total phenolics and flavonoids from green tea and the contribution of green tea to the antioxidant intake from the Korean diet, 24 commercial brands of green tea were selected and analyzed. Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2008 and 2011 indicate that the green tea consumption in these 2 years was 2.8 g/tea drinker/day and 2.9 g/tea drinker/day, respectively. Based on data derived from direct measurements of green tea phenolics and the dataset of the 2008 KNHANES, we estimated the daily per tea drinker phenolics intake to be 172 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE), the total flavonoids to be 43 mg catechin equivalents (CE) and the total antioxidants to be 267 mg vitamin C equivalents (VCE; 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay) and 401 mg VCE (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay). In 2011, we estimated the daily per tea drinker total phenolics intake to be 246 mg GAE, the total flavonoids to be 60 mg CE and the antioxidants to be 448 mg VCE (DPPH assay) and 630 mg VCE (ABTS assay). The daily intake of total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidants from green tea consumption increased from 2008 to 2011.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Flavonoids; Humans; Nutrition Surveys; Phenols; Picrates; Republic of Korea; Sulfonic Acids; Tea

Context Seaweeds from the Mexican Pacific Ocean have not been evaluated as a source of chemoprotectants. Objective The objective of this study is to evaluate chemopreventive activities of the seaweeds Phaephyceae - Padina durvillaei (Dictyotaceae) - Rodhophyceae - Spyridia filamentosa (Spyridiaceae), Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Gracilariaceae) - and Chlorophyceae - Ulva expansa (Ulvaceae), Codium isabelae (Codiaceae), Rhizoclonium riparium (Cladophoraceae) and Caulerpa sertularioides (Caulerpaceae). Materials and methods Methanol, acetone and hexane seaweed extracts were assessed at 30 and 3 mg/mL on antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS assays), 0.003-3.0 mg/plate on antimutagenic activity against AFB1 using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 tester strains in Ames test, and 12.5 to 100 μg/mL on antiproliferative activity on Murine B-cell lymphoma. Phenols, flavonoids and pigments content were also assessed as antioxidant compounds. Results Extraction yield was higher in methanol than in acetone and hexane extracts (6.4, 2.7 and 1.4% dw). Antioxidant capacity was higher in brown and green than in red seaweed species, particularly in P. durvillaei extracted in acetone (EC50  value= 16.9 and 1.56 mg/mL for DPPH and ABTS). Flavonoids and chlorophylls were identified as mainly antioxidant components; particularly in hexane extracts, which were correlated with the antioxidant capacity. Highest mutagenesis inhibition (> 40%) occurred in R. riparium at the lowest concentration assayed (0.003 mg/plate), while highest antiproliferative inhibition (37 and 72% for 12.5 and 25 μg/mL) occurred in C. sertularioides. Discussion and conclusion Flavonoids and chlorophylls explained the chemopreventive activities assessed in S. filamentosa, R. riparium and C. sertularioides. These seaweeds have a high potential as a source of novel chemoprotectants.

Topics: Animals; Antimutagenic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Chlorophyll; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Flavonoids; Lymphoma, B-Cell; Mexico; Mice; Mutation; Picrates; Salmonella typhimurium; Seaweed; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

Context To date, there are no reports to validate the Tunisian traditional and folklore claims of Eruca vesicaria (L) Cav. subsp. longirostris (Brassicaceae) for the treatment of disease. Objective Investigation of the chemical composition antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of essential oils from Eruca longirostris leaves, stems, roots and fruits. Materials and methods The essential oils of E. longirostris from leaves, stems, roots and fruits were obtained after 4 h of hydrodistillation. Chemical compositions were determined using a combination of GC/FID and GC/MS. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the volatile constituents of E. longirostris was performed in sterile 96-well microplates against three Gram-positive, four Gram-negative bacteria and one strain as yeast. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration values were reported. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays. Results The main compound for fruits, stems and roots was the erucin (96.6%, 85.3% and 83.7%, respectively), while β-elemene (35.7%), hexahydrofarnesylacetone (23.9%), (E)-β-damascone (15.4%), erucin (10.6%) and α-longipinene (9.6%) constituted the major compounds in the essential oil of the leaves. The experimental results showed that in all tests, essential oil of fruits showed the better antioxidant activity than the others. On the other hand, the oils of stems, fruits and roots showed significant antimicrobial activity with MIC values ranging from 0.125 to 0.31 mg/mL against Candida species, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mainly Salmonella enterica. Conclusions The present results indicate that essential oils of E. longirostris can be used as a source of erucin.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Brassicaceae; Candida albicans; Flame Ionization; Fruit; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oils, Volatile; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Plant Oils; Plant Roots; Plant Stems; Plants, Medicinal; Sulfides; Sulfonic Acids; Thiocyanates

The influence of different infusion times and temperatures on phenolic, antioxidant, and color properties of black teas (Camellia sinensis L.) was investigated in the present study. The teas were prepared using infusion times of 3, 6, and 10min at 80 and 100°C. Liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS), whereby the two purine alkaloids were detected using positive ESI, and the other 33 phenolic compounds were detected using negative ESI. A total of 35 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the tea infusions, with the most abundant being gallic acid, (-)-epicatechin-gallate, 4-p-coumaroylquinic acid, quercetin-3-O-galactosyl-rhamnosyl-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucosyl-rhamnosyl-glucoside, theaflavin, and theobromine. The antioxidant capacity of the tea infusions was determined using two different methods: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assays. DPPH and the ABTS values varied largely among the tea preparations. The increment in infusion times and temperature led to increase in the tea's antioxidant capacities.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Camellia sinensis; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Limit of Detection; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Tea; Temperature; Turkey

This study aimed to characterize the effects of chitosan-g-caffeic acid (CTS-g-CA) on improving the quality and extending the shelf life of postharvest mulberry fruit during storage at 4 °C for 18 d. CTS-g-CA was enzymatically synthesized using laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus as a catalyst. The synergistic effects of CTS-g-CA treatment on mulberry fruit were evaluated using a co-toxicity factor (cf). The results showed that the rotting rate of CTS-g-CA-treated fruit was 37.67% (compared with that of the control at 97.67%) on day 18. The weight loss and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of the CTS-g-CA-treated mulberry fruit were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the control, CA, CTS, and CA+CTS treatments. Moreover, the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the CTS-g-CA treatment were both higher than those of the control. Furthermore, the CTS-g-CA treatment also maintained higher levels of main active substances, such as anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, polyphenols and flavones, in mulberry fruit than the other treatments. Therefore, CTS-g-CA could be used to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of postharvest mulberry fruit during cold storage.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caffeic Acids; Chitosan; Cold Temperature; Food Handling; Food Preservation; Food Storage; Fruit; Humans; Malondialdehyde; Morus; Picrates; Polyphenols; Refrigeration; Sulfonic Acids

Water-soluble polysaccharides were extracted from potato peel waste (PPW). The structure of the polysaccharides from PPW (PPPW) was examined by means of Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results suggest that the extracted polysaccharides form a semi-crystalline polymer constituted essentially of the functional groups CO, CH and OH. Acid hydrolysis of this polymer yielded glucose (76.25%) as the dominant sugar functional properties (water holding capacity: WHC, oil holding capacity: OHC, foaming, and emulsion properties) of this polymer were studied. The PPPW showed interesting water-holding and fat-binding capacities which were 4.097 ± 0.537 g/g and 4.398 ± 0.04 g/g, respectively. In addition, it presented good foaming and emulsion properties. The antioxidant activity of this polymer was also studied and revealed that the polysaccharides showed interesting 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity (IC50 PPPW=11.578 mg/mL), reducing power and β-carotene bleaching inhibition activities, and also a strong ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50 PPPW=2mg/mL). Overall, the results suggest that the polysaccharide is a promising source of natural antioxidants and can be used as additive in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Dietary Carbohydrates; Emulsions; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Roots; Polysaccharides; Solanum tuberosum; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Water

The development of new drugs to treat painful and inflammatory clinical conditions continues to be of great interest. The present study evaluated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of 4-phenylselenyl-7-chloroquinoline (4-PSQ). Mice were orally (p.o.) pretreated with 4-PSQ (0.1-25mg/kg), meloxicam (25mg/kg, a reference drug) or vehicle, 30min prior to the acetic acid, formalin, hot-plate and open-field tests. 4-PSQ reduced abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid and it caused an increase in latency time in the hot-plate test. 4-PSQ inhibited early and late phases of nociception and reduced the paw edema caused by formalin. Locomotor and exploratory activities in the open field test were not altered by treatments. In addition, a time-response curve was carried out by administration of 4-PSQ (25mg/kg; p.o.) at different times before the acetic acid injection. The antinociceptive effect in inhibiting acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing of 4-PSQ started at 0.5h and remained significant up to 4h after administration. Indeed, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of 4-PSQ were investigated. 4-PSQ diminished the edema formation and decreased the myeloperoxidase activity and reactive species levels induced by croton oil in the ear tissue. 4-PSQ partially protected against the decrease of the 2,2'-Azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) levels induced by croton oil. Meloxicam presented similar results for 4-PSQ in tests evaluated. These results demonstrated that 4-PSQ exerts acute anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions, suggesting that it may represent an alternative in the development of future new therapeutic strategies.

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Behavior, Animal; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Edema; Male; Mice; Organoselenium Compounds; Peroxidase; Picrates; Quinolines; Sulfonic Acids

Potentilla fruticosa L. leaves are widely used as tea in China, with many commercial "Jinlaomei" teas available in markets. It has been confirmed to possess significant antioxidant activity than that of butylated hydroxytoluene. In this study, the synergistic effects of P. fruticosa leaves extracts (PFE) combined with green tea polyphenols (GTP) were studied to elucidate their use in combination and find specific combinations with least concentrations that enhance the antioxidant activity. Isobolographic analysis indicated that the combination of PFE and GTP demonstrated extensive synergism (22/28 of the tests showed significant synergy) with 3:1 (PFE:GTP) exhibiting the best synergistic effect. Chemical compositions and content of 7 phenolic compounds in PFE, GTP, and their mixtures were evaluated by reverse-phase-high-performance liquid chromatography. While chemical composition did not seem to change after the combination, as no new peaks appeared in the chromatogram, and no existing peaks disappeared. However, the content of (+)-catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and , (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) changed. Besides, antioxidant interactions of extracts and compounds were evaluated, EGC with hyperoside exhibited the greatest synergistic effect and the combination of 3:1 exhibited the strongest synergism (DPPH γ = 0.86, ABTS γ = 1.12, FRAP γ = 1.16). Therefore, interaction of phytochemicals may be one reason for the synergistic effects in PFE + GTP, with EGC + hyperoside likely playing an important role. This report provides a theoretical basis for the concomitant use of P. fruticosa blended with GTP, which can be effectively used as a compounded tea, dietary supplements, and substituent of synthetic antioxidant.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Camellia sinensis; Catechin; China; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dietary Supplements; Drug Synergism; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Polyphenols; Potentilla; Sulfonic Acids; Tea

In this study, the effect of seasonal variations on Crataegus pinnatifida, changes in antioxidant activity and active components in C. pinnatifida leaves, roots, twigs, and fruits from May to October were investigated. Through correlation analysis of climatic factors and 7 phenolic compounds yield, the phenolic compounds content was positively correlated with temperatures and daytime. The correlation coefficient of temperatures and daytime were 0.912 and 0.829, respectively. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging and reducing power tests were employed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the C. pinnatifida. C. pinnatifida leaves exhibited significant advantages in terms of higher phenolic contents and excellent antioxidant activities. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that 2 main PC characterize the C. pinnatifida phenolic composition (82.1% of all variance). C. pinnatifida leaves in September possessed remarkable antioxidant activity. The results elucidate that C. pinnatifida leaves, as renewable parts, are suitable for application as antioxidant ingredients.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Crataegus; Flavonoids; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Structures; Seasons; Sulfonic Acids; Sunlight; Temperature

The present study aimed to explore the ability of vanillin to ameliorate the adverse effects induced by potassium bromate (KBrO3) in the renal tissue. Our results showed a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein product and protein carbonyl levels in the kidney of KBrO3 treated mice, compared with the control group. Nephrotoxicity was evidenced by a decrease in plasma uric acid and kidney glutathione levels, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, lactate dehydrogenase and catalase activities. Additionally, creatinine and urea levels significantly increased in the plasma and declined in the urine. Also, Kidney glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, metallothionein (MT1 and MT2) mRNA expression remarkably increased. These modifications in biochemical and molecular values were substantiated by histopathological data. Co-treatment with vanillin restored these parameters to near control values. Interestingly, vanillin proved to possess, in vitro, a stronger scavenging radical activity than vitamin C and Trolox. Thus, vanillin inhibited KBrO3-induced damage via its antioxidant and antiradical activities as well as its capacity to protect genes expression and histopathological changes.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzaldehydes; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Bromates; Environmental Pollutants; Hair Preparations; Kidney; Lipid Peroxidation; Metallothionein; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Up-Regulation

In this study, we isolated polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes residue (FVRP) using microwave-assisted extraction and then purified the polysaccharides by column chromatography to yield FVRP-1, FVRP-2 and FVRP-3. The structural characteristics of FVRP-1, FVRP-2 and FVRP-3 were investigated, and their antioxidant activities against ABTS(+), DPPH and hydroxyl radicals were also analyzed in vitro. FVRP-1 was found to be neutral and rich in galactose. However, FVRP-2 and FVRP-3 were acidic polysaccharides and were rich in glucose. The average molecular weight of FVRP-1, FVRP-2 and FVRP-3 were 29,930, 62,290, and 36,310Da, respectively. The glycosyl residue of FVRP-1 was an α-type glycosidic linkage, whereas FVRP-2 and FVRP-3 were β-type glycosidic linkages. We found FVRP-1, FVRP-2 and FVRP-3 had strong potential antioxidant activities in the order of FVRP-1

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flammulina; Food Industry; Hydroxyl Radical; Industrial Waste; Molecular Weight; Monosaccharides; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids

On-line high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with three biochemical detection (BCD) methods was applied to evaluate bioactive components in Danshen injection. On-line HPLC-photo-diode array-fluorescence detection based on the fluorogenic substrate 7-acetoxy-1-methyl quinolinium iodide, was built to search acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors in Danshen injection. On-line HPLC coupled with the scavenging assay of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radicals was developed to screen antioxidants. The three active profiles were obviously different. Radical scavenging profiles revealed seven strong peaks in the chromatographic fingerprint possessing obvious free radical inhibition effects, while some minor peaks exhibited stronger AChE inhibition activities. The main radical scavengers and AChE inhibitors were identified by HPLC-MS. Several unknown ingredients showing strong AChE inhibition activities needed further identification except protocatechuic aldehydrate, salvianolic acid H or I and lithospermic acid. The on-line multiple on-line HPLC-BCD methods will provide powerful tools in the field of pharmacognosy for fast-track identification of interesting and/or novel bioactive compounds.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Equipment Design; Picrates; Salvia miltiorrhiza; Sulfonic Acids

γ-l-glutamyl-S-[2-[[[3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl]oxy]carbonyl]-3-[[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amino]-3-oxopropyl]-l-cysteinylglycine sodium salt (ESeroS-GS) is a water-soluble derivative of α-tocopherol (vitamin E). We reported previously that ESeroS-GS can act as an anti-inflammatory agent and can induce cell death in breast cancer cells. However, the potential antioxidant capacities of ESeroS-GS remain elusive. Here, we measured its scavenging effects on free radicals and evaluated its protective effects on neuronal cells against oxidative stress. The results indicated that ESeroS-GS effectively scavenged both 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonate free radicals (ABTS(•+)) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals, and attenuated H₂O₂-induced neuronal cell death. H₂O₂ treatment induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization rapidly, and caused the redistribution of lysosomal proteases, which were responsible for the neuronal cell death. ESeroS-GS abolished the interaction between tBid and the lysosomal membranes, blocked the translocation of tBid to the lysosomal membranes, decreased its oligomerization within the membrane circumstances, prevented the lysosomal membrane permeabilization, and thus attenuated the neuronal cell death. These data suggest that ESeroS-GS protected the neuronal cells from oxidative stress by stabilizing lysosomal membranes, and thus might act as a novel neuroprotector for neuronal diseases associated with oxidative stress.

Topics: Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Benzopyrans; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Membrane Permeability; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Indoles; Lysosomes; Neurons; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Vitamin E

Layer-by-layer (LBL) assembled films have been exploited for surface-mediated bioactive compound delivery. Here, an antioxidative hydrogen-bonded multilayer electrospun nanofibrous film was fabricated from tannic acid (TA), acting as a polyphenolic antioxidant, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) via layer-by-layer assembly. It overcame the burst release behavior of nanofibrous carrier, due to the reversible/dynamic nature of hydrogen bond, which was responded to external stimuli. The PEG/TA nanofibrous films disassembled gradually and released TA to the media, when soaked in aqueous solutions. The release rate of TA increased with increasing bilayer number, pH and temperature, but decreased with enhancing ionic strength. The surface morphology of the nanofibrous mats was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The following antioxidant activity assay revealed that it could scavenge DPPH free radicals and ABTS(+) cation radicals, a major biological activity of polyphenols. This technology can be used to fabricate other phenolic-containing slowly releasing antioxidative nanofibrous films.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cellulose; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrogen Bonding; Nanofibers; Nanotechnology; Picrates; Polyethylene Glycols; Sulfonic Acids; Tannins; Temperature

The sequential extraction of peony seed dreg polysaccharides (PSDP) with hot buffer (HBSS), chelating agent (CHSS), dilute alkaline (DASS) and concentrated alkaline (CASS) yielded four different polysaccharide fractions. Based on their absorptions at 3600-3200cm(-1) and 1200-800cm(-1), these fractions were confirmed to be polysaccharides. The properties of four PSDPs displayed some slight differences. The CASS showed the highest peak temperature and endothermic enthalpy. The emulsifying activity and emulsifying stability of four PSDPs exhibited a dose-dependent pattern; HBSS showed the highest emulsifying activity, and CHSS displayed the longest emulsifying stability. The four PSDPs also exhibited wide variations in their antioxidant activities. For example, i) CASS showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and ABTS radical scavenging activity; ii) HBSS exhibited the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and iii) CHSS displayed the higher ferrous ions chelating ability than others.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical Phenomena; Hydroxyl Radical; Oxidation-Reduction; Paeonia; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids; Temperature; Water

In this study, an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) based on ethanol/NaH2 PO4 was developed for the extraction and purification of quercitrin, hyperoside, rutin, and afzelin from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim leaves. These 4 flavonoids were 1st extracted from dried Z. bungeanum leaves using a 60% ethanol solution and subsequently added to the ATPS for further purification. The partition behavior of the 4 flavonoids in ATPS was investigated. The optimal ATPS conditions were: 29% (w/w) NaH2 PO4 , 25% (w/w) ethanol concentration, 1% (w/w) added amount of leaf extracts, no pH adjustment, and repeated 1 h extractions at 25 °C. Under the optimal conditions for the 10 g ATPS, the absolute recovery of quercitrin, hyperoside, rutin, and afzelin reached 90.3%, 83.5%, 92.3%, and 89.1%, respectively. Compared to the 60% ethanol extracts, the content of quercitrin (44.8 mg/g), hyperoside (65.6 mg/g), rutin (56.4 mg/g), and afzelin (6.84 mg/g) in the extracts increased by 49.9%, 38.8%, 45.6%, and 36.8% respectively. The extracts after ATPS also exhibited stronger antioxidant activities, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl IC50 value (10.5 μg/mL) decreased by 41.8%, and the 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt value (966 μmol Trolox/g) and ferric reducing power value (619 μmol Trolox/g) increased by 29.8% and 53.7%, respectively. Furthermore, scale-up experiments indicated that a larger scale experiment was feasible for the purification of the 4 flavonoids.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Mannosides; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Proanthocyanidins; Quercetin; Rutin; Sulfonic Acids; Water; Zanthoxylum

Mushrooms have garnered immense popularity for their nutritional as well as medicinal values. The therapeutic potential of mushrooms in Nepal, a country well known for its biodiversity and natural medicinal resources, remains largely unstudied. Therefore, this study attempts to unveil the antioxidative properties of Nepalese wild mushrooms. Sixty-two wild mushroom samples were collected from several forests in different parts of Nepal. Ethanol and water extracts of the dried samples were tested for their antioxidative activities using total phenolic content (TPC), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and reducing power (RP) assays. Ethanol extracts of samples belonging to the order Hymenochaetales showed significantly high activity in all the assays. Inonotus clemensiae had an exceptionally high TPC of 643.2 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract and also exhibited the lowest EC50 values in DPPH (0.081 mg/mL), ABTS (0.409 mg/mL), and EC0.5 value in reducing power (RP; 0.031 mg/mL) assays. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the top ten samples with the highest TPC was done to identify the phenolic compounds in the extracts, followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis for some unknown compounds. These findings highlight the very strong antioxidative activity of Nepalese mushrooms, and paves the way for further research to explore their economic potential.

Topics: Agaricales; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biological Products; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fungi; Nepal; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Carthamus tinctorius is used as one of the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) materials in prescriptions and composite to promote blood circulation to remove blood stasis, regulate menstruation and alleviate pain for over 2500 years. Modern pharmacological experiments have demonstrated that safflower has wide-reaching biological activities, including dilating coronary artery, modulating immune system, improving myocardial ischemia, anticoagulation and thromboprophylaxis, antioxidation, antihypoxic, antiaging, antifatigue, antiinflammation, anti-hepatic fibrosis, antitumor, analgesia, etc.. Platelet aggregation of safflower extract and main constituents in safflower were determined by PAF-induced or ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. Anticoagulation activity was measured by clotting assay of thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) according to the methods provided by the biological reagents provider (Sun Biochemical). Antioxidant effects of safflower were assessed using DPPH radical-scavenging activity test, ABTS radical-scavenging activity test and ferric reducing antioxidant power test. In addition, rats ovary granulosa cell proliferation activity was used for the bio-activity index on regulate menstruation of safflower.. Safflower extract at the concentration of 0.7g/mL (P<0.001) and 0.5g/mL (P<0.01) had significantly antagonistic effect on PAF-induced platelet aggregation, compared with negative control. And the anti-platelet aggregation of 0.7g/mL safflower extract was significantly stronger than that of positive control (P<0.001). 0.7g/mL of hydroxysafflor yellow A (P<0.01), anhydrosafflor yellow B (P<0.05), 6-hydroxykaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (P<0.05), keampferol-3-O-β-rutinoside (P<0.01) had significant effect on platelet aggregation compared with negative control. Safflower extract at the concentration of 0.5g/mL (P<0.001) and 0.125g/mL (P<0.01) could significantly inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation, compared with negative control. And antagonistic effect of safflower extract was significantly stronger than the effect of positive control (P<0.001). Adenosine (P<0.001), anhydrosafflor yellow B (P<0.01) and 6-hydroxykaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (P<0.01) at the concentration of 0.5g/mL had significant effect on ADP-induced platelet aggregation compared with negative control. 0.125g/mL of adenosine (P<0.05) had significant effect on ADP-induced platelet aggregation compared with negative control. The effect of 0.5g/mL adenosine (P<0.01) and 6-hydroxykaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (P<0.05) was significantly stronger than that of positive control. Safflower extract at the concentration of 0.7mg/mL (P<0.001) and 0.5mg/mL (P<0.001) had significantly anticoagulation activity in PT, TT and APTT, compared with negative control. However, the respective compound didn't have significant effect on PT and TT at experiment concentration. At the concentration of 0.7mg/mL, hydroxysafflor yellow A (P<0.01), 6-hydroxykaempferol-3,6,7-tri-O-β-d-glucoside (P<0.05), 6-hydroxyapigenin-6-O-glucoside-7-O-glucuronide (P<0.01), anhydrosafflor yellow B (P<0.001), 6-hydroxykaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (P<0.05) and keampferol-3-O-β-rutinoside (P<0.05) significantly prolonged APTT, compared with negative control. At the concentration of 0.5mg/mL, hydroxysafflor yellow A (P<0.05), 6-hydroxyapigenin-6-O-glucoside-7-O-glucuronide (P<0.05), anhydrosafflor yellow B (P<0.001), 6-hydroxykaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (P<0.05) and keampferol-3-O-β-rutinoside (P<0.05) could significantly prolong APTT, compared with negative control. From the results of DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity test and Fe(3+) reduction power test, 5mg/mL, 2.5mg/mL and 1.25mg/mL safflower extract had antioxidant effects. Every compound wi. Based on previous researches, the activities of safflower extract and pure compounds isolated from safflower were studied in this paper. This study found some compounds with the effects of anti-platelet aggregation, anticoagulation, antioxidation and ovarian granulosa cell proliferation, and further revealed the possible pharmacological mechanism of safflower.

Topics: Animals; Anticoagulants; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Blood Coagulation; Blood Coagulation Tests; Carthamus tinctorius; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Estrous Cycle; Female; Granulosa Cells; Male; Menstruation; Oxidative Stress; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Platelet Aggregation; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Platelet Function Tests; Rabbits; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sulfonic Acids

The reaction of NiCl

Topics: 2,2'-Dipyridyl; Aminopyridines; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Benzothiazoles; Binding, Competitive; Biphenyl Compounds; Cattle; Coordination Complexes; Crystallography, X-Ray; Diflunisal; DNA; Ethidium; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Models, Molecular; Nickel; Phenanthrolines; Picrates; Protein Binding; Serum Albumin; Sulfonic Acids

From the reaction of Cu(II) with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen (Hketo), complex [Cu

Topics: 2,2'-Dipyridyl; Aminopyridines; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Benzothiazoles; Binding, Competitive; Biphenyl Compounds; Cattle; Coordination Complexes; Copper; Crystallography, X-Ray; DNA; Ethidium; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Ketoprofen; Models, Molecular; Phenanthrolines; Picrates; Protein Binding; Serum Albumin; Sulfonic Acids

Nanorods have been utilized in targeted therapy, controlled release, molecular diagnosis, and molecule imaging owing to their large surface area and optical, magnetic, electronic, and structural properties. However, low stability and complex synthetic methods have substantially limited the application of tellurium nanorods for use as antioxidant and anticancer agents. Herein, a facile one-pot synthesis of functionalized tellurium nanorods (PTNRs) by using a hydrothermal synthetic system with a polysaccharide-protein complex (PTR), which was extracted from Pleurotus tuber-regium, as a capping agent is described. PTNRs remained stable in water and in phosphate-buffered saline and exhibited high hemocompatibility. Interestingly, these nanorods possessed strong antioxidant activity for scavenging 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical cation (ABTS(.+) ) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylhydrate (DPPH) free radicals and demonstrated novel anticancer activities. However, these nanorods exhibited low cytotoxicity toward normal human cells. In addition, the PTNRs effectively induced a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential in a dose-dependent manner, which indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction might play an important role in PTNR-induced apoptosis. Therefore, this study provides a one-pot strategy for the facile synthesis of tellurium nanorods with novel antioxidant and anticancer application potentials.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Erythrocytes; Humans; Nanotubes; Particle Size; Picrates; Pleurotus; Polysaccharides; Proteins; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Surface Properties; Tellurium

The mandarin industry is generating more waste due to the increasing demand for juice. In this study, extractable and non-extractable phenolics as well as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) antioxidant activities in Satsuma mandarin waste dried at different temperatures were determined. The amounts of non-extractable total phenols, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins measured in mandarin waste dried at 120 °C were 39.4, 44.3, and 45.6 %, respectively, which were higher than those of fresh-mandarin waste. Dried mandarin waste is rich in extractable and non-extractable hesperidin (259.86 and 182.52 mg/g, respectively) and eriocitrin (85.12 and 197.24 mg/g, respectively), as well as non-extractable gallic acid (36.08 μg/g). The antioxidant capacities of extractable and non-extractable phenolics, from the highest to the lowest, were ABTS > ORAC > DPPH > FRAP and ORAC > ABTS > DPPH > FRAP, respectively. The information reported here may encourage mandarin industry operators to re-evaluate their by-products, extending the application of mandarin fruits and reducing waste.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Citrus; Desiccation; Dietary Fiber; Flavanones; Food Handling; Fruit; Gallic Acid; Hydroxybenzoates; Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Proanthocyanidins; Sulfonic Acids; Temperature

Alnus species have been used for the treatment of rheumatism, hemorrhoids and for wound healing in folk medicine.. Aqueous and methanol extracts of A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertner subsp. glutinosa, A. orientalis Decne. var. orientalis and A. orientalis var. pubescens Dippel leaves were evaluated for their wound healing, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In vivo wound models of linear incision and circular excision were performed. "Inhibition of acetic acid-induced capillary permeability", "carrageenan-induced hind paw edema" and T"PA-induced ear edema" assays were applied to determine the anti-inflammatory effects. For the antioxidant activity assessment, DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging effect, reducing power and denaturation of nonspecific hydroxyl radical-targeted 2-deoxyribose were used. In vitro inhibitory effects on enzymes hyaluronidase, collagenase and elastase were evaluated. The methanol extract of the leaves of A. glutinosa subsp. glutinosa (MB), the most potent extract, was fractionated by bioassay-guided fractionation technique. The structure of the isolated compound was determined as shikimic acid by using NMR and IR analyses.. MB increased the wound tension by 42.79% value and provided a contraction by 51.58%. Wound tension, contraction capacity and tissue hydroxyproline levels were increased with the application of the fraction EtOAc: MeOH (Fr. D), subfraction D. This is the first and unique study that investigates wound healing, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of some Alnus taxons growing in Turkey. According to the results, shikimic acid was found to be the major compound responsible from the activity.

Topics: Alnus; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Capillary Permeability; Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Carrageenan; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Male; Methanol; Mice; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Shikimic Acid; Solvents; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Water; Wound Healing

Eight phenolic compounds including: p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, trolox, quercetin, curcumin, and resveratrol were treated with riboflavin (RF) photosensitization and in vitro antioxidant capacities of the mixtures were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2' azino bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Mixtures containing p-coumaric acid and vanillic acid under RF photosensitization showed increases in ferric ion reducing ability and radical scavenging activity of DPPH, whereas mixtures of other compounds had decreases in both radical scavenging ability and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Hydroxycoumaric acid and conjugated hydroxycoumaric and coumaric acids were tentatively identified from RF photosensitized p-coumaric acid, whereas dimmers of vanillic acid were tentatively identified from RF photosensitized vanillic acid. RF photosensitization may be a useful method to enhance antioxidant properties like ferric ion reducing abilities of some selected phenolic compounds.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caffeic Acids; Chlorogenic Acid; Chromans; Coumaric Acids; Curcumin; Light; Molecular Structure; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Propionates; Quercetin; Resveratrol; Riboflavin; Stilbenes; Sulfonic Acids; Vanillic Acid

In the current study, the functional and biochemical potential of the seeds of four persimmon cultivars (PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4) and their role against oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition were evaluated. In terms of biochemical compositions, free amino acids, fatty acids and organic acids analysis was performed. The free amino acids ranged from 2617.31 (PC2) to 3773.01 μg∙g(-1) dry weight (PC4). Oleic acid and linoleic acid were the principal fatty acids, which were significantly higher in PC4 and PC1, respectively. PC4 presented the highest amount of organic acid content (4212 mg∙kg(-1)), whereas PC2 presented the lowest (2498 mg∙kg(-1)). PC2 contained higher total phenolic content and flavonoid content, whereas PC3 had the lowest amount as compared to other cultivars. The in vitro DPPH, ABTS and superoxide anion radicals scavenging activity increased in a dose-dependent manner, whereas PC2 showed significantly higher scavenging activities as compared to PC1, PC2 and PC4 types. In the case of AChE inhibition, PC4 showed a moderate activity (67.34% ± 1.8%). In conclusion, the current findings reveal that the studied persimmon seeds cultivars are a source of bioactive natural antioxidants and AChE inhibitors. Such natural products could be employed in pharmaceutical and food industries, whilst can also be considered for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Amino Acids; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carboxylic Acids; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Diospyros; Fatty Acids; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Genotype; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Seeds; Species Specificity; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

The chemical extraction and the characterization of polysaccharides from mucilage (MC), pectin (PC) and total pectic mucilage fraction (TFC) of Opuntia ficus indica cladodes as well as the evaluation of their antioxidant activities was investigated. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups corresponding to polysaccharides. Uronic acid and the total sugar contents of PC were higher than those of TFC and MC whereas ash content of MC was considerably more important. In addition, the findings showed that all the samples had little protein content and low average molecular weight compared to the results mentioned in literature. Furthermore, MC reached not only the highest water (WHC) and oil holding (OHC) capacities (7.81g/g and 1.34g/g, respectively) but also the highest antioxidant properties (DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities, β-carotene bleaching inhibition activity and reducing power). However, PC had the strongest emulsifying and foaming properties. As for TFC, it had low WHC, OHC and emulsifying properties whereas it had higher foaming properties than MC and greater antioxidant properties compared to PC. These outcomes can encourage the use of PC as a surfactant and MC and TFC as natural antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbohydrates; Chromatography, Gel; Emulsions; Free Radical Scavengers; Humidity; Molecular Weight; Oils; Opuntia; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Proteins; Polysaccharides; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Uronic Acids; Water

A water-soluble polysaccharide named as CSP-2 was isolated and purified from Chaenomeles speciosa by DEAE-Sepharose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. CSP-2 was composed of galactose (Gal), rhamnose (Rha), glucose (Glc) and xylose (Xyl) with a relative molar ratio of 3.8:1.6:1.2:0.4. The average molecular weight of CSP-2 was estimated to be about 4.6×10

Topics: Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Free Radical Scavengers; Galactose; Glucose; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydroxyl Radical; Molecular Weight; PC12 Cells; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polysaccharides; Rats; Rhamnose; Rosaceae; Solubility; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Water; Xylose

Ethanoic extracts from the fruiting bodies and mycelia of the elm oyster mushroom, Hypsizygus ulmarius, were evaluated for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. Ethnolic extracts of fruiting body and mycelia showed 88%, 85%, 71%, and 85%, 65%, 70% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethyl benzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging activities, respectively, at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined using carrageenan- and formalin- induced paw edema models. Diclofenac was used as the standard drug. In both models, the mycelia extract showed higher activity than the fruiting body extract. The antitumor effect of the extracts against Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites cell-line-induced tumors showed significant antitumor activity. Mycochemical analysis confirmed the presence of many pharmacologically active compounds such as phenol, alkaloids, proteins, tannins, and polysaccharides. Among these, polysaccharides and phenolic compounds were present at a higher concentration in both extracts. These compounds might be largely responsible for the mushroom's medicinal properties. The results of this study indicate that H. ulmarius possesses significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties.

Topics: Agaricales; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Complex Mixtures; Diclofenac; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal; Male; Mice; Mycelium; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

The yields, properties and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides extracted from Chuanminshen violaceum (CVPs) by various methods including heated reflux extraction (HRE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), were evaluated. The results indicated that the yield of the polysaccharides (34.59%) obtained by MAE was higher than those obtained by other methods. Polysaccharides extracted by all three methods had similar physicochemical characteristics and FT-IR spectra. However, SEM images of particles of Chuanminshen violaceum treated by the three different methods were significantly different. Compared with HRE, UAE and MAE resulted in CVPs with lower molecular weight distributions and higher reducing power and scavenging abilities for ABTS

Topics: Antioxidants; Apiaceae; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical Fractionation; Hot Temperature; Microwaves; Molecular Weight; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids; Ultrasonic Waves

The complexity of in vitro anti-inflammatory assays, the cost and time consumed, and the necessary skills can be a hurdle to apply to promising compounds in a high throughput setting. In this study, several antioxidative assays i.e. DPPH, ABTS, ORAC and xanthine oxidase (XO) were used to examine the antioxidative activity of three sub groups of flavonoids: (i) flavonol: quercetin, myricetin, (ii) flavanone: eriodictyol, naringenin (iii) flavone: luteolin, apigenin. A range of flavonoid concentrations was tested for their antioxidative activities and were found to be dose-dependent. However, the flavonoid concentrations over 50ppm were found to be toxic to the THP-1 monocytes. Therefore, 10, 20 and 50ppm of flavonoid concentrations were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 monocytes. Expression of inflammatory genes, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α was found to be sequentially decreased when flavonoid concentration increased. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate the relationship between the data sets of antioxidative assays and the expression of inflammatory genes. The results showed that DPPH, ABTS and ORAC assays have an opposite correlation with the reduction of inflammatory genes. Pearson correlation exhibited a relationship between the ABTS assay and the expression of three out of five analyzed genes; IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. Our findings indicate that ABTS assay can potentially be an assay marker for anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoids.

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Cytokines; Flavonoids; Humans; Lipopolysaccharides; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Xanthine Oxidase

A heteropolysaccharide was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Amanita caesarea using a diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column, Sephacryl S‑300 gel column and Sephadex G‑200 column. The Amanita caesarea polysaccharide was predominantly composed of α-D-glucose and α-D-lyxose at a ratio of 2:1, and it had a molecular weight of 19,329 Da. The structural features of the Amanita caesarea polysaccharide were investigated by a combination of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and infrared spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results showed that Amanita caesarea polysaccharide (termed AC‑1) had a backbone of 1,4‑linked α‑D‑glucose and 1,3,6‑linked α‑D‑glucose, with branches of one 1‑linked α‑D‑lyxose residue. The antioxidant activity of AC‑1 was evaluated by two biochemical methods, 2,2-azino-bis diammonium (ABTS+) radical scavenging activity and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH-) radical scavenging activity. The uncontrolled production of free radicals is involved in various diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis and degenerative aging processes. The results indicated that the Amanita caesarea polysaccharide exhibits strong antioxidant activity, thus, it may be a useful natural product antioxidant.

Topics: Amanita; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Glucose; Methylation; Pentoses; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids

The leaves of Allophylus edulis (A. St.-Hil., A. Juss. & Cambess.) Radlk. (Sapindaceae) are traditionally used as a natural anti-inflammatory agent; however, there are no scientific studies demonstrating its activity essential oil. The content of essential oil in A. edulis may be the chemical basis to explain its ethnobotanical uses, since infusions of this plant are used to treat inflammation in the traditional medicine in Brazil.. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-mycobacterial activities of the essential oil (EOAE) and viridiflorol, its main compound.. Essential oil from fresh leaves of A. edulis (EOAE) was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus. Forty-one compounds, accounting for 99.10% of the oil, were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major constituent of the oil was viridiflorol (30.88%). Additionally, the essential oil and viridiflorol were evaluated using an in vitro test against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Both EOAE (30 and 100mg/kg) and viridiflorol (3 and 30mg/kg) by oral administration were assayed in carrageenan-induced mice paw oedema and pleurisy using subcutaneous injection of dexamethasone (0.5mg/kg) as the positive control.. EOAE and viridiflorol displayed moderate in vitro activity in the M. tuberculosis assay. In all tests, EOAE and viridiflorol showed moderate antioxidant activity compared with reference standards. Both EOAE and viridiflorol showed significant inhibition in the carrageenan-induced mice paw oedema via oral administration of the oil (30 and 100mg/kg), compound (3 and 30mg/kg), and subcutaneous injection of dexamethasone (0.5mg/kg, reference drug). Also EOAE and viridiflorol significantly inhibited carrageenan (Cg) induced pleurisy, reducing the migration of total leucocytes in mice by 62±5% (30mg/kg of oil), 35±8% (100mg/kg of oil), 71±5% (3mg/kg of viridiflorol) and 57±3% (30mg/kg of viridiflorol).. For the first time, the results from this work corroborate the literature, showing that A. edulis can be used as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. Moreover, both EOAE and viridiflorol exhibited biological activities, such as anti-mycobacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Antitubercular Agents; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carrageenan; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Dexamethasone; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Edema; Female; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Male; Mice; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Oils, Volatile; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Oils; Plants, Medicinal; Pleurisy; Sapindaceae; Sulfonic Acids; Terpenes; Time Factors

In this work, an efficient method for preparative separation of procyanidins from raw cacao bean extract by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was developed. Under the optimized solvent system of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-water (1:50:50, v/v/v) with a combination of head-tail and tail-head elution modes, various procyanidins fractions with different polymerization degrees were successfully separated. UPLC, QTOF-MS and

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biflavonoids; Biphenyl Compounds; Cacao; Catechin; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Countercurrent Distribution; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Proanthocyanidins; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

Two new norditerpenoids, miltiolactones A and B (1a, 1b); seven new neolignans, miltiolignanolides A-G (2a, 2b and 3a, 3b and 4a, 4b, and 5) were obtained from the root extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Using HPLC separation with a chiral column, compounds 1-4 were found to exist as four pairs of enantiomers. Compounds 2-5 are novel neolignans with a dibenzocycloheptatriene ring system, which form an unprecedented 6/7/6 carbon skeleton. The structures were established via extensive spectroscopic analysis, and experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra, and compound 1 was also elucidated by X-ray diffraction experiments. Compounds 2a and 2b significantly increased the viability of H9c2 cells from H

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Diterpenes; Free Radical Scavengers; Lignans; Microglia; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Nitric Oxide; Picrates; Plant Roots; Salvia miltiorrhiza; Sulfonic Acids

Seven new neolignans (1-2, 7-11) and five known compounds (3-6, 12) were isolated from the 70% EtOH extract of hawthorn seeds. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of all the isolates were investigated. Most of the isolates showed moderate radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay and significant activities in the ABTS and FRAP assays. Furthermore, compounds 7-12 exhibited marked nitric oxide (NO) inhibition and compounds 1-4 had a potent necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitory effect. The results we obtained showed that hawthorn seeds can be regarded as a potential new and cheap source of antioxidants and inflammation inhibitors.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Crataegus; Lignans; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Picrates; Plant Extracts; RAW 264.7 Cells; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Four different data representations were evaluated for the determination of the total antioxidant activities of four different Prunella L. species, which are Prunella vulgaris, Prunella grandiflora, Prunella laciniata, and Prunella orientalis Bornm. Three different antioxidant assays, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABST), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) reagent measured the total antioxidant activity and phenolic content of the four Prunella L. species that were extracted with 12 different solvent systems. The data set of 48 Prunella L. extracts was collected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet diode array detection. The prediction of total antioxidant activity of Prunella L. species by super partial least square (sPLS) regression was obtained using four different representations of the data; the entire two-way chromatographic-spectral images, the average UV spectra, the total absorbance chromatogram, the lambda max (λ

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Indicators and Reagents; Least-Squares Analysis; Molybdenum; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Prunella; Solvents; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids; Tungsten Compounds

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; China; Flavonoids; Flowers; Hydroxyl Radical; Kaempferols; Paeonia; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Solutions; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

The purpose of this study was to compare the polyphenol profile of different Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extracts obtained from dry and fresh herb and the evaluation of their antioxidant effect. There were studied the polyphenols from hydroalcoholic extracts (1:5- dry plant:solvent) obtained from fresh respectively dry plant and the gemmotherapic extract obtained from fresh plant (1:20- dry plant: solvent). The polyphenol profile was evaluated by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, TLC and HPLC. The total polyphenol respectively flavonoids content were determined by UV-V is spectrophotometry. The antioxidant effect was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC and silver nanoparticle (SNP) methods. The hydroalcoholic extract obtained from fresh plant contains the highest concentration of total polyphenols, (0.601mg/ml rosmarinic acid), total flavonoids, (0.270mg/ml luteoline) and rosmarinic acid (0.350 mg/ml). The less concentrated is the gemmotherapic extract, but also the extraction ratio is higher than the hydroalcoholic extracts. The high content in polyphenols of the mentioned hydroalcoholic extract was confirmed by highest values of antioxidant activity: 39.1ml (DPPH), 7.7 ml (ABTS), 698mM ET/100 ml (FRAP), 1947 mM ET/100 ml (CUPRAC), 4570mM ET/100 ml (SNP). These differences in the polyphenols profiles show the importance of use the fresh plants for obtaining the good quality extracts.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Shoots; Plants, Medicinal; Polyphenols; Rosmarinus; Solvents; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids

To identify the free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of Evolvulus alsinoides.. The free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by in vitro methods like reducing power assay, total antioxidant activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reduction, superoxide radical scavenging activity, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS(+)) scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay, which were studied by using ascorbic acid as standard.. The extract showed significant activities in all antioxidant assays compared with the reference antioxidant ascorbic acid. The total antioxidant activity as well as the reducing power was also found to increase in a dose-dependent manner.. Evolvulus alsinoides may act as a chemopreventive agent, providing antioxidant properties and offering effective protection from free radicals.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Convolvulaceae; Ethanol; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Nitric Oxide; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

Matricaria chamomilla L. (MC), a member of the Asteraceae family, is one of the oldest medicinal plants, widely used worldwide for a variety of healing applications. Its recommendations, derived from both traditional and modern medicine, include numerous disorders such as inflammation, ulcers, wounds, gastrointestinal disorders, stomach ache, pharyngitis, rheumatic pain, as well as the other ailments. This work is focused on another aspect of the biological activity of chamomile polyphenolic-polysaccharide conjugates--their antioxidant properties in the protection of blood plasma components against in vitro oxidative stress. Measurements of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging indicated considerable anti-free radical action of MC. Pre-incubation of blood plasma with MC considerably diminished the extent of ONOO(-)-induced oxidative modifications such as protein carbonyl groups, SH groups, 3-nitrotyrosine, as well as the formation of lipid hydroperoxides. The analysis of the FRAP assay result shows a considerable increase of ferric reducing ability of blood plasma in the presence of MC. The results obtained in this study indicate that polyphenolic-polysaccharide conjugates isolated from M. chamomilla substances possess antioxidant properties. The M. chamomilla macromolecular glycoconjugates may be useful in the creation of new natural-based medications or dietary supplements, helpful in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress-mediated disorders.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Matricaria; Picrates; Polyphenols; Polysaccharides; Protective Agents; Sulfonic Acids

Activity-guided fractionation of Neosinocalamus affinis leaves led to obtain two new flavonoids, 4'-O-((7″R,8″S)-8″-guaiacylglyceryl)-pleioside B (9) and apigenin 6-C-β-d-fucopyranosyl-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (10) along with eight known compounds. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data (UV, IR, NMR, and MS). Among these 10 compounds, farobin A (4) and isoorientin (7) showed significant antioxidant activity evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), superoxide anion and nitric oxide (NO) radical-scavenging assays.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Ethanol; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Sasa; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

An on-line high performance liquid chromatography-free radical scavenging detection (HPLC-FRSD) system was developed for rapidly evaluating the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of Citrus fruits. With the system, all samples can be analyzed within 5 min. The on-line HPLC-FRSD system has low limits of detection (0.001-0.010 mg mL(-1)) and quantification (0.005-0.020 mg mL(-1)), excellent recovery rate (90.44-115.72%), stability (RSD < 15.80%), reproducibility (RSD < 2%), and precision (RSD < 2%). Using a guard column instead of an analytic column, this new on-line HPLC-FRSD system performed better than the existing on-line HPLC methods in the analysis of the TAC of Citrus. Compared with the conventional off-line 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiozoline-6)-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging methods, our newly developed system is faster and more robust. The methodology can be a good alternative for analysis TACs of Citrus fruits and potentially for other plants and plant-based products.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Citrus; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Reproducibility of Results; Sulfonic Acids

Essential oils have played a prominent role in research on natural products, due to the high level of bioactive constituents, which include those derived from phenylpropanoids or terpenoids. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of isopentyl ferulate (IF) employing in vitro experimental models for elimination of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS+), hydroxyl (OH) and nitric oxide (NO), as well as its capacity to electron transfer by reducing potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) method. In all in vitro antioxidants protocols, isopentyl ferulate showed to be potent in a concentration of 54.4 nM, presenting a percentage inhibition of 91.29±0.57, 92.63±0.28, 83.62±0.18, 77.07±0.72 and 79.51±0.32% for DPPH, ABTS+, hydroxyl, nitric oxide and TBARS level, respectively. The increase of absorbance at 700 nm in the concentrations of 3.4, 6.8, 13.6, 27.2 and 54.4 nM shows the reducing potential of IF. Similar results were obtained with Trolox (559 nM), a hydrophilic synthetic analogue of α-tocopherol, which is widely used as a standard antioxidant. The present study demonstrated that isopentyl ferulate has an antioxidant activity in vitro experimental models, suggesting that this compound could enhance the development of a new product with antioxidant properties. However, further in vivo studies are needed to assign possible implications in the treatment of diseases related with free radicals.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Coumaric Acids; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Nitric Oxide; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

Sulfated polysaccharide was isolated from Monostroma oxyspermum through hot water extraction, anion-exchange and gel permeation column chromatography. The sulfated polysaccharide contained 92% of carbohydrate, 0% of protein, 7.8% of uronic acid, 22% of ash and 33% of moisture respectively. The elemental composition was analyzed using CHNS/O analyzer. The molecular weight of sulfated polysaccharide determined through PAGE was found to be as 55 kDa. Monosaccharides analysis revealed that sulfated polysaccharide was composed of rhamnose, fructose, galactose, xylose, and glucose. The structural features of sulfated polysaccharide were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. Further the sulfated polysaccharide showed total antioxidant and DPPH free radical scavenging activity were as 66.29% at 250 μg/ml and 66.83% at 160 μg/ml respectively. The sulfated polysaccharide also showed ABTS scavenging ability and reducing power were as 83.88% at 125 μg/ml and 15.81% at 400 μg/ml respectively. The anticoagulant activity was determined for human plasma with respect to Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) and Prothrombin Time (PT) was 20.09 IU and 1.79 IU at 25 μg/ml respectively. These results indicated that the sulfated polysaccharide from M. oxyspermum had potent antioxidant and anticoagulant activities.

Topics: Anticoagulants; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chlorophyta; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Molecular Weight; Monosaccharides; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids

The complex formation between luteolin (L) and vanadium(IV) oxide sulphate monohydrate (VOSO4·H2O) was examined under UV-visible, infra-red spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and NMR techniques. The spectroscopic data indicated that luteolin reacts with vanadium oxide cation (VO(+2)) through 4-carbonyl-5-hydroxy chelation site in the two luteolin molecule. The free radical antioxidant activity of the complex with respect to the parent molecule was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2'-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid diammonium salt (ABTS) methods. It was observed that the free radical scavenging activity and ferric ion reducing potential of luteolin was increased after the formation of complex with vanadium oxide (VO(+2)) cation.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radicals; Luteolin; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Oxides; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Vanadium Compounds

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Chromans; Coprinus; Culture Media; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Sesquiterpenes; Sulfonic Acids

Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide (CP) was extracted, purified and modified by chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method to obtain a sulfated CP (sCP). Their antioxidative activities in vitro were compared through the free radical-scavenging test. The results demonstrated that the scavenging capabilities of sCP were significantly stronger than those of CP. In vivo test, the mice hepatic injury model was prepared by BCG/LPS method, then administrated respectively with sCP and CP at three dosages, the biochemical indexes in serum, antioxidative indexes in liver homogenate and histopathological change in liver of the mice were compared. The results showed that in high (200mg/kg) and middle (150mg/kg) dosages of sCP groups, the contents of ALT, AST and TNF-α in serum and MDA in liver homogenate were significantly lower than those in the model group and numerically lower than those in the CP groups, the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in liver homogenate were significantly higher than those in the model group and numerically higher than those in the CP groups. In the model group there were obvious pathological changes in the liver, while in the sCP groups were near normal. These results indicate that sCP and CP possess antioxidative activity in vitro and in vivo, the activity of sCP is stronger than that of CP and sulfation modification can enhance the antioxidative and hepatoprotective activities of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide.

Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Codonopsis; Female; Hydroxyl Radical; Liver; Malondialdehyde; Mice, Inbred ICR; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Protective Agents; Pyridines; Sulfonic Acids; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Water-soluble polysaccharides from Prunella vulgaris Linn (P. vulgaris) were fractionated using DEAE-Sepharose fast-flow column to obtain several eluents of water (PV-P1), 0.1M NaCl (PV-P2) and 0.2M NaCl (PV-P3). Structural analyses showed that PV-P1 had a higher molecular weight and degree of branching as compared to PV-P2 and PV-P3. Tertiary structure analyses indicated that PV-P1, PV-P2 and PV-P3 did not have triple-helical conformation. PV-P2 and PV-P3 showed stronger antioxidant activities than PV-P1, as measured radical scavenging capacities. PV-P1 showed stronger immunomodulatory activities than PV-P2 and PV-P3 in term of stimulation of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. PV-P1, PV-P2 and PV-P3 did not exhibit cytotoxicities against RAW 264.7 at the concentrations tested. These results suggest that P. vulgaris polysaccharides could be explored as potential antioxidant and immunomodulatory agents for the complementary medicine or functional foods.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbohydrate Conformation; Cell Death; Free Radical Scavengers; Glycosides; Immunologic Factors; Mice; Molecular Weight; Monosaccharides; Nitric Oxide; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Prunella; RAW 264.7 Cells; Sepharose; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Uronic Acids

Black rice bran contains phenolic compounds of a high antioxidant activity. In this study, the 40% acetone extract of black rice bran was sequentially fractionated to obtain 5 fractions. Out of the 5 fractions, ethyl acetate fraction was subfractionated using the Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. The antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in the extracts was investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylenebenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation assay, reducing power. The subfraction 2 from ethyl acetate fraction had the highest total phenolic contents (TPC) (816.0 μg/mg) and the lowest EC50 values (47.8 μg/mL for DPPH radical assay, 112.8 μg/mL for ABTS radical cation assay, and 49.2 μg/mL for reducing power). These results were 3.1, 1.3, and 2.6 times lower than those of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), respectively. At a concentration of 100 μg/mL, the antioxidant activity and TPC of various extracts was closely correlated, with correlation coefficients (R(2) ) higher than 0.86. The major phenolic acid in subfraction 2 was identified as ferulic acid (178.3 μg/mg) by HPLC and LC-ESI/MS/MS analyses. Our finding identified ferulic acid as a major phenolic compound in black rice bran, and supports the potential use of black rice bran as a natural source of antioxidant.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coumaric Acids; Dextrans; Hydroxybenzoates; Indicators and Reagents; Oryza; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Grape pomace seeds and skins from different Mediterranean varieties (Grenache [GRE], Syrah [SYR], Carignan [CAR], Mourvèdre [MOU] and Alicante [ALI]) were extracted using water and water/ethanol 70% in order to develop edible extracts (an aqueous extract [EAQ] and a 70% hydro-alcoholic extract [EA70]) for potential use in nutraceutical or cosmetic formulations. In this study, global content (total polyphenols, total anthocyanins and total tannins), flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins were assessed using HPLC-UV-Fluo-MSn. In addition, extract potential was evaluated by four different assays: Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential assay (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) or ABTS assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. As expected, seed pomace extracts contained higher amounts of polyphenols then skin pomace extracts. Indeed, seeds from Syrah contained a particularly important amount of total polyphenols and tannins in both type of extract (up to 215.84 ± 1.47 mg of gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g dry weight (DW) and 455.42 ± 1.84 mg/g DW, respectively). These extracts also expressed the highest antioxidant potential with every test. For skins, the maximum total phenolic was found in Alicante EAQ (196.71 ± 0.37 mg GAE/g DW) and in Syrah EA70 (224.92 ± 0.18 mg GAE/g DW). Results obtained in this article constitute a useful tool for the pre-selection of grape pomace seed and skin extracts for nutraceutical purposes.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Grape Seed Extract; Picrates; Polyphenols; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids; Vitis

Stable hydrophilic C60(OH)10 nanoparticles were prepared from 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and applied to the treatment of an acetaminophen overdose induced liver Injury. C60(OH)10 nanoparticles were produced by cogrinding α-CD, β-CD, γ-CD and HP-β-CD and characterized in terms of solubility, mean particle diameter, ζ-potential and long term dispersibility in water. Hydrophilic C60(OH)10 nanoparticles with particle sizes less than 50 nm were effectively produced by cogrinding HP-β-CD with C60(OH)10 at a molar ratio of 1:3 (C60(OH)10:CD). The resulting C60(OH)10/HP-β-CD nanoparticles were stable in water and showed no aggregation over a 1 month period. The C60(OH)10/CDs nanoparticles scavenged not only free radicals (DPPH and ABTS radicals) but also reactive oxygen species (O2(•-) and •OH). When C60(OH)10/HP-β-CD nanoparticles were intraperitoneally administered to mice with a liver injury induced by an overdose of acetaminophen (APAP), the ALT and AST levels were markedly reduced to almost the same level as that for normal mice. Furthermore, the administration of the nanoparticles prolonged the survival rate of liver injured mice, while all of the mice that were treated with APAP died within 40 h. To reveal the mechanism responsible for liver protection by C60(OH)10 nanoparticles, GSH level, CYP2E1 expression and peroxynitrite formation in the liver were assessed. C60(OH)10/HP-β-CD nanoparticles had no effect on CYP2E1 expression and GSH depletion, but suppressed the generation of peroxynitrite in the liver. The findings indicate that the protective effect of C60(OH)10/HP-β-CD nanoparticles was due to the suppression of oxidative stress in mitochondria, as the result of scavenging ROS such as O2(•-), NO and peroxynitrite, which act as critical mediators in the liver injuries.

Topics: 2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; Acetaminophen; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta-Cyclodextrins; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; Drug Overdose; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Free Radical Scavengers; Fullerenes; Glutathione; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Hydroxylation; Liver; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nanoparticles; Nitric Oxide; Oxidative Stress; Particle Size; Peroxynitrous Acid; Picrates; Protective Agents; Solubility; Static Electricity; Sulfonic Acids; Tyrosine

The food industry needs to provide consumers with fresh and healthy products. In this context, food packaging plays an important role. Thus, certain essential oils are being incorporated into plastic polymers to confer better preservative properties. The oregano essential oil contains carvacrol and thymol, two important polyphenols. Considering their increasing use in active food packaging, the evaluation of their suitability and safety is of great interest. In the present work, a concentration-dependent increase in the antioxidant effects of carvacrol, thymol, and their mixture (10:1) was determined using DPPH and ABTS assays. In addition, the safety of these compounds was tested in vitro. Reactive oxygen species and glutathione levels were measured after exposing cells for 24 and 48 h to different concentrations of carvacrol, thymol and their mixture. The abilities of these compounds to protect against or revert the effects of H2O2 on cells were also studied. The results showed that oxidative stress plays a role in the damage induced by carvacrol and the mixture at high concentrations. However, at lower concentrations, both compounds and their mixture were shown, for the first time, to protect cells against the damage induced by the H2O2.

Topics: Algorithms; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caco-2 Cells; Cymenes; Drug Interactions; Food Packaging; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Monoterpenes; Oxidants; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Protective Agents; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfonic Acids; Thymol

Xylaria nigripes, a local rare medicinal fungus, has multi-antioxidant activities owing to its water extraction as shown by previous research. However, the main indicator causing the antioxidant effect was not clear, so this research focused on the antioxidant activities from different sources of X. nigripes such as fruiting body polysaccharides, mycelium intracellular polysaccharides, mycelium extracellular polysaccharides, and their deproteinization products. The mycelium intracellular polysaccharide (XnIPS-1) from X. nigripes showed the highest reducing power of antioxidant activity, since it revealed the lowest IC50 values in all the assayed methodologies. The IC50 values of chelating ferrous ion ability, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and DPPH free radical scavenging were 1412, 174.25, and 351.56 µg/mL, respectively. In addition to these results, this research also explored the mechanism between polysaccharides and antioxidants compared by FT-IR analysis. The spectrum shows that the X. nigripes polysaccharide structure changed after the proteins were removed.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biological Products; Biphenyl Compounds; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Fungal Polysaccharides; Fungal Structures; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Molecular Structure; Mycelium; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Xylariales

Novel palladium(ii) and platinum(ii) complexes of 5,5-diethylbarbiturate (barb) with 2-phenylpyridine (Hppy), 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and 2,2'-dipyridylamine (dpya) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-Vis, NMR and ESI-MS. Single-crystal diffraction measurements show that complex consists of binuclear [Pd2(μ-barb-κN,O)2(ppy-κN,C)2] moieties, while complexes are mononuclear, [M(barb-κN)2(L-κN,N')] (L = bpy or dpya). has a composition of [Pt(dpya-κN,N')2][Ag(barb-κN)2]2·4H2O and was assumed to have a structure of [Pt(barb-κN)(Hppy-κN)(ppy-κN,C)]·3H2O. The complexes were found to exhibit significant DNA binding affinity by a non-covalent binding mode, in accordance with molecular docking studies. In addition, complexes and displayed strong binding with supercoiled pUC19 plasmid DNA. Cellular uptake studies were performed to assess the subcellular localization of the selected complexes. A moderate radical scavenging activity of and was confirmed by DPPH and ABTS tests. Complexes , , and showed selectivity against HT-29 (colon) cell line.

Topics: 2,2'-Dipyridyl; Antioxidants; Barbiturates; Benzothiazoles; Biological Transport; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Coordination Complexes; DNA; Humans; Ligands; Molecular Docking Simulation; Palladium; Picrates; Plasmids; Platinum; Pyridines; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biological Assay; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromans; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Taurine; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Three clover [Trifolium L. (Leguminosae)] species were selected on the basis of data from traditional medicine, phytochemical profiles, and agricultural significance.. The in vitro evaluations of free radical scavenging properties, ferric reducing abilities, and antioxidant effects of extracts from T. pratense L. (crude extract and phenolic fraction), T. pallidum L., and T. scabrum L. (phenolic fractions) were performed.. Activities of the Trifolium extracts were determined at their final concentrations of 1.5-50 µg/ml. Free radical scavenging properties of methanol extract solutions were estimated by the reduction of DPPH(•) and ABTS(•) radicals. Measurements of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were carried out to assess the antioxidant activities of the extracts in human blood plasma under conditions of oxidative stress, induced by 200 μM peroxynitrite.. The phenolic fraction of T. pratense displayed the strongest ABTS(•) and DPPH(•) radical scavenging effects (EC50 value of 21.69 and 12.27 µg/ml, respectively). The EC50 value for T. pallidum extract attained 29.77 and 30.06 µg/ml. The two remaining extracts were less potent scavengers (EC50 value higher than 50 µg/ml). Similar differences were obtained during evaluation of the ferric reducing abilities. Analysis of antioxidant properties of the extracts in blood plasma did not provide such evident differences in their actions, however, it indicated that the T. pratense phenolic fraction displayed the strongest effect.. The examined Trifolium extracts partly protected blood plasma and enhanced its non-enzymatic antioxidant defense against harmful action of peroxynitrite in vitro.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Methanol; Oxidative Stress; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; Trifolium

Excessive production of free radicals causes direct damage to biological molecules such as DNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates leading to tumor development and progression. Natural antioxidant molecules from phytochemicals of plant origin may directly inhibit either their production or limit their propagation or destroy them to protect the system. In the present study, Monodora myristica a non-timber forest product consumed in Cameroon as spice was screened for its free radical scavenging properties, antioxidant and enzymes protective activities. Its phenolic compound profile was also realized by HPLC.. This study demonstrated that M. myristica has scavenging properties against DPPH(•), OH(•), NO(•), and ABTS(•) radicals which vary in a dose depending manner. It also showed an antioxidant potential that was comparable with that of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) and vitamin C used as standard. The aqueous ethanol extract of M. myristica barks (AEH); showed a significantly higher content in polyphenolic compounds (21.44 ± 0.24 mg caffeic acid/g dried extract) and flavonoid (5.69 ± 0.07 quercetin equivalent mg/g of dried weight) as compared to the other studied extracts. The HPLC analysis of the barks and leaves revealed the presence of several polyphenols. The acids (3,4-OH-benzoic, caffeic, gallic, O- and P- coumaric, syringic, vanillic), alcohols (tyrosol and OH-tyrosol), theobromine, quercetin, rutin, catechine and apigenin were the identified and quantified polyphenols. All the tested extracts demonstrated a high protective potential on the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and peroxidase activities.. Finally, the different extracts from M. myristica and specifically the aqueous ethanol extract reveal several properties such as higher free radical scavenging properties, significant antioxidant capacities and protective potential effects on liver enzymes.

Topics: Annonaceae; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cameroon; Catalase; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flavonoids; Forests; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; In Vitro Techniques; Nitric Oxide; Peroxidases; Picrates; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Polyphenols; Spices; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase

Isobolographic analysis was used to assess the antioxidant interactions (synergism, addition, and antagonism) of 4 common vegetables (tomato [T], carrot [C], eggplant [E], and purple potato [P]). The lipophilic (L) extracts of T and C (main carotenoids), the hydrophilic (H) extracts of E and P (main phenolics) were mixed by the certain ratios (1:9, 3:7, 1:1, 7:3, 9:1, w/w) and their antioxidant activities were investigated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, respectively. Most of the binary mixtures (LC-HE, LC-HP, HE-HP, LT-HE, and LT-HP combinations) showed the synergistic antioxidant effects. In DPPH assay, the greatest antioxidant activity of vegetable combinations was 1:9 LT-HP (EC50 : 2.45 ± 0.13 mg/mL), followed by 9:1 HE-HP (EC50 : 3.62 ± 0.12 mg/mL) and 1:9 LC-HE (EC50 : 3.74 ± 0.47 mg/mL). In ABTS assay, the greatest antioxidant activity of vegetable combinations was 9:1 HE-HP (EC50 : 4.20 ± 0.10 mg/mL), followed by 7:3 HE-HP (EC50 : 4.41 ± 0.63 mg/mL) and 1:1 HE-HP (EC50 : 5.35 ± 0.85 mg/mL). Among these combinations, 1:1 LC-HE combination showed the highest synergistic antioxidant effects in DPPH assay (synergistic rate: 87.4%), and 7:3 LC-HE combination showed the highest synergistic antioxidant effects in ABTS assay (synergistic rate: 87.0%). The mixtures of phenolics and carotenoids with suitable ratios in vegetables effectively enhanced the synergistic antioxidant effects.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carotenoids; Daucus carota; Humans; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Solanaceae; Solanum lycopersicum; Solanum melongena; Solanum tuberosum; Sulfonic Acids; Vegetables

Extraction optimization, characterization and antioxidant activity in vitro of polysaccharides from mulberry leaves (MLP) were investigated in the present study. The optimal extraction conditions with an extraction yield of 10.0 ± 0.5% for MLP were determined as follows: extraction temperature 92 °C, extraction time 3.5h and ratio (v/w, mL/g) of extraction solvent (water) to raw material 34. Two purified fractions, MLP-3a and MLP-3b with molecular weights of 80.99 and 3.64 kDa, respectively, were obtained from crude MLP by chromatography of DEAE-Cellulose 52 and Sephadex G-100. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy revealed that crude MLP, MLP-3a and MLP-3b were acidic polysaccharides. Furthermore, crude MLP and MLP-3a had more complicated monosaccharide compositions, while MLP-3b had a relatively higher content of uronic acid. Crude MLP, MLP-3a and MLP-3b exhibited potent Fe(2+) chelating power and scavenging activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl, superoxide and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) radicals. The results suggested that MLP could be explored as natural antioxidant.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Hydroxyl Radical; Monosaccharides; Morus; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Proteins; Polyphenols; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Uronic Acids

Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes of (3E)-3-[(2-{(E)-[1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylidene]amino}ethyl)imino]-1-phenylbutan-1-one (DEPH2) derived from ethylenediamine, 2',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone and 1-phenylbutane-1,3-dione have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, and screened to establish their potential as antibacterial agents, antioxidants and DPPH radical scavengers. The FTIR spectra showed that the ligand behaves as a dibasic tetradentate ligand with the dioxygen-dinitrogen donor atom system oriented towards the central metal ion. The analytical and spectroscopic data suggest a square planar geometry for Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes and an octahedral geometry for the Co(II) complex. The ligand and their metal complexes were screened for antibacterial activity against Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria by the agar well diffusion method. In addition, the antioxidant activities of the complexes were also investigated through their scavenging effect on DPPH and ABTS radicals. The obtained IC50 value of the DPPH activity for the copper complex (2.08 ± 0.47 µM) and that of the ABTS activity for the copper complex (IC50 = 2.11 + 1.69 µM) were higher than the values obtained for the other compounds.

Topics: Acetophenones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butanones; Cations, Divalent; Coordination Complexes; Copper; Ethylenediamines; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nickel; Picrates; Schiff Bases; Sulfonic Acids

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of choline supplementation on intramuscular fat (IMF) and lipid oxidation in IUGR pigs. Twelve normal body weight (NBW) and twelve intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) newborn piglets were collected and distributed into 4 treatments (Normal: N, Normal+Choline: N+C, IUGR: I, and IUGR+Choline: I+C) with 6 piglets in each treatment. At 23 d of age, NBW and IUGR pigs were fed basal or choline supplemented diets. The results showed that the IUGR pigs had significantly lower (P<0.05) BW as compared with the NBW pigs at 23 d, 73 d, and 120 d of age, however, there was a slight decreased (P>0.05) in BW of IUGR pigs than the NBW pigs at 200 d. Compared with the NBW pigs, pH of meat longissimus dorsi muscle was significantly lower (P<0.05), and the meat color was improved in IUGR pigs. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05), while triglyceride (TG) and IMF contents were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the IUGR pigs than the NBW pigs. IUGR up-regulated the mRNA gene expression of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). Dietary choline significantly increased (P<0.05) the BW at 120d of age, however, significantly decreased (P<0.05) the TG and IMF contents in both IUGR and NBW pigs. FAS and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 (SREBP1) mRNA gene expressions were increased (P<0.05) while the muscle-carnitine palmityl transferase (M-CPT) and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptorγ (PPARγ) mRNA (P<0.05) gene expressions were decreased in the muscles of the IUGR pigs by choline supplementation. Furthermore, choline supplementation significantly increased (P<0.05) the MDA content as well as the O2•¯ scavenging activity in meat of IUGR pigs. The results suggested that IUGR pigs showed a permanent stunting effect on the growth performance, increased fat deposition and oxidative stress in muscles. However, dietary supplementation of choline improved the fat deposition via enhancing the lipogenesis and reducing the lipolysis.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Body Weight; Choline; Dietary Supplements; Fats; Fetal Growth Retardation; Food Quality; Malondialdehyde; Muscles; Picrates; Red Meat; Sulfonic Acids; Sus scrofa

In the last decade a large amount of research has been directed at targeting algal resources for biologically active molecules. High-throughput in vitro antioxidant assays are routinely used to screen for biologically active compounds present in algal extracts when the requirement is to identify samples for progression to more detailed biological scrutiny. Whilst a myriad of antioxidant assays have been developed, this present chapter aims to give step-by-step practical guidance on how to carry out some of the most popular and biologically relevant assays at the bench.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carotenoids; Fluorometry; Free Radicals; High-Throughput Screening Assays; Hypochlorous Acid; Iron; Phenols; Picrates; Seaweed; Sulfonic Acids; Thiobarbiturates; Thiocyanates

Two new indole alkaloids chaetocochin J (1) and chaetoglobinol A (8), along with chetomin (2), chetoseminudin A (3), cochliodinol (9), and semicochliodinol (10), were isolated from the rice culture of the fungus Chaetomium globosum. Their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis. Three new epipolythiodioxopiperazines, chaetocochins G-I (5-7), were identified by the combination of UPLC and mass spectrometric analysis. Chaetocochin I contained two sulfur bridges, one formed by three sulfur atoms between C-3 and C-11a, and the other formed by four sulfur atoms between C-3' and C-6'. Chaetocochin I was readily transformed into chetomin (2), chetoseminudin A (3), chaetocochin D (4), chaetocochin G (5), and chaetocochin H (6) by losing sulfur atoms. Compounds 1-3, and 8 exhibited antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis with MICs of 25, 0.78, 0.78, and 50 μg/mL, respectively, but not against Gram-negative bacterium (Escherichia coli). Compounds 2 and 8 were inactive against Candida albicans, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium vasinfectum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus niger even at the high concentrations of 200 and 100 μg/mL, respectively. Compound 8 showed free radical scavenging capacity against the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical (ABTS(+•)), with IC50 values of 143.6 and 45.2 μM, respectively. The free radical scavenging capacity rates of compounds 1-3 on the DPPH and ABTS(+•) were less than 20% at the test concentrations (89.9-108.3 μM). The superoxide anion radical scavenging assay indicated that compounds 1-3, and 8 showed 14.8% (90.9 μM), 18.1% (90.9 μM), 51.5% (88.3 μM), and 30.4% (61.3 μM) superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, respectively.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus subtilis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chaetomium; Escherichia coli; Indole Alkaloids; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Oryza; Picrates; Piperazines; Sulfonic Acids

In order to promote breeding programs and a full reintroduction into production of two local red-fleshed apple varieties grown in Bekran and Bastam (Iran), the evaluation of their antioxidant properties was of interest. LC-MS(n) based metabolic fingerprinting analyses were applied to investigate the anthocyanin content of both peel and flesh components of the fruits. Cyanidin-3-O-hexoside isomers were present in both 'Bekran' and 'Bastam' apples, whereas 'Bekran' apple was a valuable source of anthocyanin rutinose derivatives. Employing DPPH(•), ABTS(•+), and ORAC methods, the antiradical efficacy was evaluated. The ability of the investigated fruit components to scavenge OH(•), and O(2) (•-) reactive species was also assessed. ID(50) values highlighted the massive antioxidant response of 'Bekran' peel component, able to counteract by 50 % OH(•), and O(2) (•-) at 130.3 and 91.6 μg/mL, respectively. The cytoprotective screening towards HeLa, HepG2, A549, SH-5YSY, and SK-N-BE(2)-C cell lines evidenced that the investigated Iranian red-fleshed apple fruits were able to exert a significant antioxidant response in hydrogen peroxide oxidized cell systems. Data collected suggested that the revaluation of 'Bekran' and 'Bastam' apple cultivars could represent a precious source of antioxidant compounds whose dietary intake could improve the human well-being reducing risks of free radical related chronic and degenerative diseases.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Disaccharides; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruit; HeLa Cells; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Iran; Malus; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Species Specificity; Sulfonic Acids

A comparative analysis of ethanol extracts from peel, pulp and seed of Prunus persica var. platycarpa (Tabacchiera peach) was done. The total phenol, flavonoid and carotenoid content as well as the antioxidant properties by using different in vitro assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, Fe-chelating, β-carotene bleaching test) were evaluated. Pulp extract was subjected to liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, protocatechualdehyde, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid were identified as main constituents. Pulp extract was characterized by the highest total phytonutrients content and exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in all in vitro assays (IC(50) values of 2.2 μg/mL after 60 min of incubation by using β-carotene bleaching test and 2.9 μg/mL by using Fe-chelating assay). Overall, the obtained results suggest that P. persica var. platycarpa displays a good antioxidant activity and its consumption could be promoted.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzaldehydes; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Catechols; Chlorogenic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coumaric Acids; Fruit; Gallic Acid; Humans; Hydroxybenzoates; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Propionates; Prunus persica; Seeds; Species Specificity; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Extracts from the Carica papaya L. plant are widely reported to contain metabolites with antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activity. This study aims to analyze the metabolic profiles of papaya leaves and seeds in order to gain insights into their phytomedicinal constituents. We performed metabolite fingerprinting using 1D and 2D 1H NMR experiments and used multivariate statistical analysis to identify those plant parts that contain the most concentrations of metabolites of phytomedicinal value. Secondary metabolites such as phenyl propanoids, including flavonoids, were found in greater concentrations in the leaves as compared to the seeds. UPLC-ESI-MS verified the presence of significant metabolites in the papaya extracts suggested by the NMR analysis. Interestingly, the concentration of eleven secondary metabolites namely caffeic, cinnamic, chlorogenic, quinic, coumaric, vanillic, and protocatechuic acids, naringenin, hesperidin, rutin, and kaempferol, were higher in young as compared to old papaya leaves. The results of the NMR analysis were corroborated by estimating the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts. Estimation of antioxidant activity in leaves and seed extracts by DPPH and ABTS in-vitro assays and antioxidant capacity in C2C12 cell line also showed that papaya extracts exhibit high antioxidant activity.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carica; Cell Line; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flavonoids; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Metabolome; Mice; Multivariate Analysis; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Reactive Oxygen Species; Seeds; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Curcuma longa powder and ascorbic acid on some quality traits of rabbit burgers. The burgers (burgers control with no additives; burgers with 3.5 g of turmeric powder/100g meat; burgers with 0.1g of ascorbic acid/100g meat) were analyzed at Days 0 and 7 for pH, color, drip loss, cooking loss, fatty acid profile, TBARS, antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH and FRAP) and microbial growth. The addition of turmeric powder modified the meat color, produced an antioxidant capacity similar to ascorbic acid and determined a lower cooking loss than other formulations. Turmeric powder might be considered as a useful natural antioxidant, increasing the quality and extending the shelf life of rabbit burgers.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Color; Cooking; Curcuma; Food Handling; Food Preservation; Food Preservatives; Food Storage; Humans; Meat; Meat Products; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Powders; Rabbits; Sulfonic Acids; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Water

A phytochemical investigation of the roots of Ononis angustissima L. (Fabaceae) offered to the bio-guided isolation of new isoflavone 3-(4-(glucopyranosyloxy)-5-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one 1, together with nine known compounds, ononin 2, formononetin 3, (+)-puerol A-2'-O-β-D-glucose 4, (-)-puerol B-2'-O-β-D-glucopyranose ((-)-sophoraside A) 5, (+)-puerol A 6, (-)-trifolirhizin 7, (-)-trifolirhizin-6'-O-malonate 8, (-)-maackiain 9 and (-)-medicarpin 10. Compounds 2-10 were isolated and identified for the first time in Ononis angustissima. We investigated antioxidant capacities of isolated molecules and results showed that compound 6 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 19.53 μg/mL, 28.29 μg/mL and 38.53 μg/mL by DPPH radical, ABTS radical cation and reducing power assay, respectively, and an interesting IC50 (20.45 μg/mL) of 1 against DPPH. In addition, the neuroprotective activity of six isolated molecules (4-7, 9, 10) were evaluated. Following the exposure of PC12 cells to Aβ25-35, compounds 9 and 10 triggered a significant increase of cell viability and in a dose dependent manner.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Free Radicals; Molecular Structure; Ononis; PC12 Cells; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rats; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Tunisia

Several studies described the phytochemical constituents of plants in relation with the free radical scavenging property and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. This study investigated the in vitro antioxidant property, and the protective effects of ethanolic and aqueous ethanol extract of the leaves and barks of Afrostyrax lepidophyllus (Huaceae) against ion mediated oxidative damages.. Four extracts (ethanol and aqueous-ethanol) from the leaves and barks of A. lepidophyllus were used in this study. The total phenols content, the antiradical and antioxidant properties were determined using standard colorimetric methods.. The plant extracts had a significant scavenging potential on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH), nitrite oxide (NO) and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals with the IC50 varied between 47 and 200 µg/mL depending on the part of plant and the type of extract. The ethanol extract of A. lepidophyllus bark (GEE) showed the highest polyphenolic (35.33 ± 0.29) and flavonoid (12.00 ± 0.14) content. All the tested extracts demonstrated a high protective potential with the increased of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities.. Afrostyrax lepidophyllus extracts exhibited higher antioxidant potential and significant protective potential on liver enzymes.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catalase; Colorimetry; Ethanol; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Hydroxyl Radical; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Ions; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Molybdenum; Nitric Oxide; Oxygen; Peroxidase; Phenol; Picrates; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Principal Component Analysis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase; Trees

Ulva intestinalis, a tubular green seaweed, is a rich source of nutrient, especially sulphated polysaccharides. Sulphated polysaccharides from U. intestinalis were extracted with distilled water, 0.1N HCl, and 0.1N NaOH at 80°C for 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24h to study the effect of the extraction solvent and time on their chemical composition and antioxidant activity. Different types of solvents and extraction time had a significant influence on the chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity (p<0.05). Monosaccharide composition and FT-IR spectra analyses revealed that sulphated polysaccharides from all solvent extractions have a typical sugar backbone (glucose, rhamnose, and sulphate attached at C-2 or C-3 of rhamnose). Sulphated polysaccharides extracted with acid exhibited greater antioxidant activity than did those extracted with distilled water and alkali. The results indicated that solvent extraction could be an efficacious method for enhancing antioxidant activity by distinct molecular weight and chemical characteristic of sulphated polysaccharides.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, Gel; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrochloric Acid; Hydroxyl Radical; Molecular Weight; Monosaccharides; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Proteins; Sodium Hydroxide; Solvents; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfates; Sulfonic Acids; Ulva; Water

Our study aimed to investigate the antidepressant-like effect of ethyl acetate extract of the flowers of Campsis grandiflora (EFCG) in a mice model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS).. HPLC-Q-TOF-MS was used to identify the chemical constituents of EFCG. The DPPH assay and ABTS radical-scavenging assay were performed to measure the antioxidant properties. The protective properties of EFCG against H2 O2 -induced oxidative damage were analysed in PC12 cells. The changes of behaviour profiles were investigated by using open-field test, sucrose preference test, forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). Brain tissue samples of mice were collected, and antioxidative measure levels were measured.. The result showed that EFCG had the most active anti-oxidative effect and the protective effect against H2 O2 oxidative injury in PC12 cells. Treatment with the EFCG significantly reduced the depressant-like severity and immobility period as compared with untreated CUMS mice in FST and TST. Moreover, EFCG significantly elevated the contents of superoxide dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase and decreased the contents of Malonaldehyde (MDA) in mice brain.. Our study found first the antidepressant activity of the EFCG. The results suggested the therapeutic potential of EFCG for depressive disorder.

Topics: Acetates; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Antioxidants; Behavior, Animal; Benzothiazoles; Bignoniaceae; Biphenyl Compounds; Brain; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Disease Models, Animal; Flowers; Food Preferences; Male; Mice; Motor Activity; Oxidative Stress; PC12 Cells; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Solvents; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Stress, Psychological; Sulfonic Acids; Swimming

This research aimed to compare antioxidant and anticancer activities of the essential oil from various habitats of Selaginella doederleinii Hieron. The results showed that antioxidative activities of the essential oil were the best from Guizhou province in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging, ferric reducing and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), while those of the essential oil from Sichuan province were the weakest among different habitats. The anticancer results showed that antitumor effects of the essential oil from Guizhou province were the best against A549 cell line and 7721 cell line, while those of the essential oil from Sichuan province were the weakest among different habitats. Proliferative and antioxidant activities were correlated. The correlation coefficients (R2) between antioxidant and anticancer capacities varied from 0.71 to 0.94. The results of tests indicated that the antioxidant and anticancer activities of the essential oil from various habitats were great differences that might be affected by environmental variation, harvest seasons and so on. Investigation in vitro revealed that the essential oil of S. doederleinii were found to be effective in suppressing the oxidative activity and proliferation of cancer cells. This experiment provides scientific foundation for further utilization of S. doederleinii.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cisplatin; Ecosystem; Humans; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Selaginellaceae; Sulfonic Acids; Tetrazolium Salts; Thiazoles

The ability to protect hyaluronic acid (HA) from oxidative degradation by cupric ions and ascorbate (production of (•)OH and peroxy-type radicals) during acute phase joint inflammation has been investigated using the following drugs: tiopronin, captopril, and levamisole. Radical scavenging activity, i.e. the propensity for donation of electrons was assessed for the drugs by ABTS and DPPH assays. The kinetics of HA degradation have been measured in the presence of each drug using rotational viscometry. The results of ABTS and DPPH assays show the highest radical scavenging activity for captopril, followed by tiopronin. For levamisole, no effect was observed. Captopril and tiopronin prevented HA degradation induced by (•)OH radicals in a similar manner, while tiopronin was more effective in scavenging peroxy-type radicals. On the other hand, levamisole was shown to be a pro-oxidant. Recovered HA fragments were characterized using FT-IR analysis, the incorporation of a sulphur atom from captopril and tiopronin but not from levamisole into the HA molecule was demonstrated.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Captopril; Electron Transport; Free Radical Scavengers; Hyaluronic Acid; Kinetics; Levamisole; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Tiopronin; Viscosity

A rapid and efficient method for the identification of antioxidants in the traditional Chinese medicine Polygalae Radix (PR) by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS is described. The method is based on the hypothesis that upon reaction of antioxidants with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the peak areas of compounds with potential antioxidant activities in the HPLC chromatogram will be significantly reduced in comparison to the untreated sample. The identity confirmation was achieved by Q-TOF-MS/MS technique. With this method, eight components were proposed possessing potent antioxidant activity. They were identified as sibiricose A5, sibiricose A6, sucrose monoester, polygalaxanthone III, tenuifoliside B, 3',6-disinapoylsucrose (DISS), sucrose diester, tenuifoliside C, respectively. DISS was proposed to be the most potent one. The antioxidant activity of DISS was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging assay and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay in vitro. Vitamin C (Vc) was used as positive control substance. DISS showed moderate DPPH (DISS's IC50 value was 1024.17 μg/mL, Vc's was 294.68 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 324.13 μg/mL, Vc's was 117.50 μg/mL) free radical scavenging capacity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. DISS can be used as a new source of natural antioxidant in foods and cosmetics.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Iron; Mass Spectrometry; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Polygala; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Time Factors

Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), a native Andean plant, has been cultivated as a crop and locally used as a traditional folk medicine for the people suffering from diabetes and digestive/renal disorders. However, the medicinal properties of this plant and its processed foods have not been completely established. This study investigates the potent antioxidative effects of herbal tea leaves from yacon in different free radical models and a ferric reducing model. A hot-water extract exhibited the highest yield of total polyphenol and scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical among four extracts prepared with hot water, methanol, ethanol, and ethylacetate. In addition, a higher reducing power of the hot-water extract was similarly demonstrated among these extracts. Varying concentrations of the hot-water extract resulted in different scavenging activities in four synthetic free radical models: DPPH radical (EC50 28.1 μg/mL), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical (EC50 23.7 μg/mL), galvinoxyl radical (EC50 3.06 μg/mL), and chlorpromazine cation radical (EC50 475 μg/mL). The yacon tea-leaf extract further demonstrated superoxide anion (O2(-)) radical scavenging effects in the phenazine methosulfate-NADH-nitroblue tetrazolium (EC50 64.5 μg/mL) and xanthine oxidase assay systems (EC50 20.7 μg/mL). Subsequently, incubating human neutrophilic cells in the presence of the tea-leaf extract could suppress the cellular O2(-) radical generation (IC50 65.7 μg/mL) in a phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-activated cell model. These results support yacon tea leaves may be a good source of natural antioxidants for preventing O2(-) radical-mediated disorders.. Yacon has been considered to be a potent alternative food source for patients who require a dietary cure in regional area, while the leaf part has been provided and consumed as an herbal tea in local markets. We demonstrated here potent antioxidative effects of the tea leaves from yacon in different free radical assays, reducing power assay, and cellular superoxide anion radical generation assay. Results support yacon tea leaves may be a good source of natural antioxidants for preventing O2(-) radical-mediated disorders.

Topics: Antioxidants; Asteraceae; Benzhydryl Compounds; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chlorpromazine; Free Radicals; Humans; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Teas, Herbal

Cholinesterase inhibition is a vital target for the development of novel and mechanism based inhibitors, owing to their role in the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter to treat various neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Similarly, free radicals are implicated in the progression of various diseases like neurodegenerative disorders. Due to lipid solubility and potential to easily cross blood brain barrier, this study was designed to investigate the anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials of the standardized essential oils from the leaves and flowers of Polygonum hydropiper.. Essential oils from the leaves (Ph.LO) and flowers (Ph.FO) of P. hdropiper were isolated using Clevenger apparatus. Oil samples were analyzed by GC-MS to identify major components and to attribute the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity to specific components. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory potentials of the samples were determined following Ellman's assay. Antioxidant assays were performed using 1,1-diphenyl,2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) free radical scavenging assays.. In the GC-MS analysis 141 and 122 compounds were indentified in Ph.LO and Ph.FO respectively. Caryophylene oxide (41.42 %) was the major component in Ph.FO while decahydronaphthalene (38.29 %) was prominent in Ph.LO. In AChE inhibition, Ph.LO and Ph.FO exhibited 87.00** and 79.66***% inhibitions at 1000 μg/ml with IC50 of 120 and 220 μg/ml respectively. The IC50 value for galanthamine was 15 μg/ml. In BChE inhibitory assay, Ph.LO and Ph.FO caused 82.66*** (IC50 130 μg/ml) and 77.50***% (IC50 225 μg/ml) inhibitions respectively at 1000 μg/ml concentration. In DPPH free radical scavenging assay, Ph.LO and Ph.FO exhibited IC50 of 20 and 200 μg/ml respectively. The calculated IC50s were 180 & 60 μg/ml for Ph.LO, and 45 & 50 μg/ml for Ph.FO in scavenging of ABTS and H2O2 free radicals respectively.. In the current study, essential oils from leaves and flowers of P. hydropiper exhibited dose dependent anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities. Leaves essential oil were more effective and can be subjected to further in-vitro and in-vivo anti-Alzheimer's studies.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Electrophorus; Enzyme Assays; Flowers; Free Radical Scavengers; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Horses; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Polygonum; Sulfonic Acids

Many plant polysaccharides have shown high antioxidant and immunostimulating properties and can be explored as novel molecules with biological properties that can potentially improve immune function. The objective of this work was to characterize soluble and cell wall polysaccharides isolated from the stem bark of Allanblackia floribunda and Chromolaena odorata leaves and to evaluate their antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties.. Three polysaccharide fractions: soluble polysaccharides (PoS), pectins (Pec) and hemicelluloses (Hem) were extracted from A. floribunda stem bark and C. odorata leaves. These samples were analysed for their proteins, phenolic compounds and total sugar contents. The monosaccharide composition was determined by gas chromatography and arabinogalactan proteins content in PoS was evaluated by rocket electrophoresis. The in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-éthylbenzylthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assays and ferrous ions chelating activity. Immunomodulatory activities were performed on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using proliferation and enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT) method to determine the production of an interferon-gamma.. The characterization of the various fractions showed varied metabolites in each plant. In PoS fractions, Ara and Gal were the major monosaccharides found, indicating that arabinogalactans are the primary macromolecules. Hem fractions contained predominantly Xyl and GalA for A. floribunda and Xyl (upto 80 %) for and C. odorata. A. floribunda Hem fraction and C. odorata PoS fraction showed significant DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and immunostimulatory activity via stimulation of PBMC and production of IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner.. The results obtained from this study support the ethnomedicinal use of the stem bark of A. floribunda and leaves of C. odorata. Further research is necessary to have supporting evidence that the antioxidative and immunomodulative activities of these fractions are really connected to the polysaccharides and not polyphenols.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Chromatography, Gas; Chromolaena; Clusiaceae; Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Immunologic Factors; Interferon-gamma; Iron Chelating Agents; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Monosaccharides; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Proteins; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids

This study aimed to assess the acute toxicity and safety of flavonoid-rich extract from Maydis stigma (FMS) in mice. The in vitro antioxidant activity of FMS was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) scavenging assays. Furthermore, the in vivo antioxidant of FMS against ethanol-induced oxidative damage in mice was determined by analysis of the serum total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, liver tissue glutathione (GSH) content, and protein carbonyl (PC) content in liver tissue. The oral administration of FMS at doses of 30 g/kg did not cause death in mice, and there were no significant biologically adverse effects in mice. These results indicated that the median lethal dose (LD50) is higher than this dose. The IC50 values of FMS for the DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity were 50.73 and 0.23 mg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, FMS could significantly enhance T-SOD activity, reduce MDA content in the serum, increase GSH content, and decrease PC content in the liver tissue at the tested doses (25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg·day). These results indicate that FMS can be generally regarded as safe and used potentially as a bioactive source of natural antioxidants.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Female; Flavonoids; Glutathione; Lethal Dose 50; Liver; Male; Malondialdehyde; Mice; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Protein Carbonylation; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase; Zea mays

The artificial cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum (MTCC1039) using Artocarpus heterophyllus as sawdust substrate was optimized and free radical scavenging activities of the generated fruiting bodies were investigated. The choice of A. heterophyllus as substrate was due to its easy availability in South India. Sawdust supplemented with dextrose medium yielded better spawn hyphae and early fruiting body initiation (15 days). The biological yield obtained was 42.06 ± 2.14 g/packet and the biological efficiency was 8.41 ± 0.48%. Both aqueous and methanolic extracts of fruiting body were analyzed for radical scavenging activity. Methanolic extract showed maximum scavenging activity for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (IC50 = 290 μg/ml) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid (IC50 = 580 μg/ml), whereas aqueous extract had better scavenging for ferric reducing antioxidant power (IC50 = 5 μg/ml). Total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity were significantly higher in methanolic extract (p < 0.01). A positive correlation existed between the phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Our results indicated that fruiting bodies of G. lucidum cultivated in sawdust medium possess antioxidant property, which can be exploited for therapeutic application.

Topics: Antioxidants; Artocarpus; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbon; Ferric Compounds; Free Radicals; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal; Mycelium; Phenols; Picrates; Reishi; Sulfonic Acids; Wood

In this study, 5-chloro-3H-spiro-[1,3-benzothiazole-2,3'-indole]-2'(1'H)-one derivatives 3a-l were synthesized by the reaction of 1H-indole-2,3-diones 1a-l with 2-amino-4-chlorothiophenol 2 in ethanol. 3a-l were tested for their abilities to inhibit lipid peroxidation (LP), scavenge DPPH(•) and ABTS(•+) radicals, and to reduce Fe(3+) to Fe(2+). Most of the tested compounds exhibited potent scavenging activities against ABTS(•+) radical, reducing powers and strong inhibitory capacity on LP. 3 a, 3 d, 3 e, 3h, 3 j and 3 k chosen as prototypes were evaluated in the National Cancer Institute's in vitro primary anticancer assay. The greatest growth inhibitions were observed against a non-small cell lung cancer cell line HOP-92 for R1-fluoro substituted 3 d and a renal cancer cell line RXF-393 for R-chloro substituted 3 e in the primary screen.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Free Radicals; Humans; Indoles; Lipid Peroxidation; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Spiro Compounds; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni. is used as a remedy for coronary trouble, liver disorders, epilepsy, skin disease, and ulcer. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of polyphenolic-rich P. campechiana fruit extract against acetaminophen-intoxicated rats. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of egg fruit were estimated followed by the determination of antioxidant activities. Treatment with P. campechiana fruit extract effectively scavenged the free radicals in a concentration-dependent manner within the range of the given concentrations in all antioxidant models. The presence of polyphenolic compounds were confirmed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). The animals were treated with acetaminophen (250 mg/kg body weight; p.o.) thrice at the interval of every 5 days after the administration of P. campechiana aqueous extract and silymarin (50 mg/kg). Acetaminophen treatment was found to trigger an oxidative stress in liver, leading to an increase of serum marker enzymes. However, treatment with P. campechiana fruit extract significantly reduced the elevated liver marker enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase) and increased the antioxidant enzymes (viz., superoxide dismutase and catalase) and glutathione indicating the effect of the extract in restoring the normal functional ability of hepatocytes. These results strongly suggest that P. campechiana fruit extract has strong antioxidant and significant hepatoprotective effect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity.

Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catalase; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Cytoprotection; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruit; Hepatocytes; Liver; Male; Nitric Oxide; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Pouteria; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase

The aim of this study was to investigate chemical constituents of the leaves of Acanthopanax henryi, and their antioxidant, acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activities. Caffeoyl quinic acid derivates and flavonoids were obtained from A. henry, through column chromatography technologies, and the content of major constituents was determined by the HPLC-UV method. Anti-oxidant activity of the isolated metabolites was evaluated by free radical scavenging (DPPH, ABTS radicals) and superoxide anion scavenging. The results showed that di-caffeoyl quinic acid derivates had stronger antioxidant activity than positive controls (ascorbic acid, trolox and allopurinol). Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activity was estimated on the constituents, among which, quercetin, 4-caffeoyl-quinic acid and 4,5-caffeoyl quinic acid were found to have strong acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 62.6 to 121.9 μM. The present study showed that some of the tested constituents from the leaves of A. henryi exhibit strong antioxidant and acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory effects. This suggest that the leaves of A. henryi can be used as a new natural complementary source of acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors and anti-oxidant agents, thus being a promising potential complementary source against Alzheimer's disease.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Alzheimer Disease; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eleutherococcus; Humans; Molecular Structure; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plants, Medicinal; Quercetin; Quinic Acid; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids

A variety of bis heterocycles, oxazolyl/thiazolyl/imidazolyl oxadiazoles having a styryl sulfonylmethyl group at the 5-position of oxadiazole and tris heterocycles having a pyrrolyl/pyrazolyl sulfonylmethyl group at the 5-position of oxadiazole were prepared adopting simple and versatile synthetic methodologies. All the compounds were screened for their antioxidant activities. Compound 5b displayed radical scavenging activity in all the three methods greater than the standard ascorbic acid, whereas compounds 8b and 14b showed activities equal to the standard ascorbic acid.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Drug Design; Free Radical Scavengers; Heterocyclic Compounds; Molecular Structure; Nitric Oxide; Picrates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus is a Brazilian native plant that presents high concentrations of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds. Herein, we evaluated: (1) the chemical properties of P. pseudocaryophyllus ethanolic extract (PPE), (2) the in vitro antioxidant activity (AA) of PPE and of two different topical formulations (F1 and F2) containing PPE, (3) physico-chemical and functional stability, (4) in vitro release of PPE, and (5) in vivo capacity of formulations to prevent UV-B irradiation-induced skin damage. Results show that the polyphenol and flavonoid contents in PPE were 199.33 and 28.32 mg/g, respectively, and HPLC results show the presence of eugenol, tannic acid, and rutin. Evaluation of the in vitro AA of PPE demonstrated a dose-dependent effect and an IC50 of 4.75 μg/mL in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 3.0 μg/mL in 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP assay) was 0.046 μmol/L trolox equivalent/μg/mL of extract. Among the AA, only the capacity to scavenge DPPH radical of PPE was maintained in F1 and F2. In addition, both formulations satisfactorily released the extract. The evaluation of the functional stability of F1 and F2 did not demonstrate loss of activity by storage at room temperature and at 4°C/6 months. In irradiated mice, treatment with F1 and F2 added with PPE significantly increased the capacity to scavenge ABTS radical and the FRAP of skin compared to vehicle-treated mice. In conclusion, the present results suggest that formulations containing PPE may be a topical source of antioxidant compounds to decrease oxidative damages of the skin.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Ethanol; Mice; Mice, Hairless; Oxidative Stress; Phenols; Picrates; Pimenta; Plant Extracts; Skin; Sulfonic Acids; Ultraviolet Rays

Stilbenoids are polyphenolic phytoalexins that exhibit potential health applications in humans. Hairy root cultures of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) were used to study the biochemical and molecular regulation of stilbenoid biosynthesis upon treatment with 100 μM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or 10 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) over a 96-h period. Resveratrol, piceid, and ε-viniferin were identified in higher concentrations in the tissue whereas resveratrol was the most abundant stilbenoid in the medium under either treatment. An earlier increase in resveratrol accumulation was observed for the MeJA-treated group showing a maximum at 12 h in the tissue and 18 h in the medium. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of extracts from the tissue and medium was determined by the 2,2'-azinobis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid] (ABTS) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays showing correlation with the stilbenoid content. Fourteen candidate reference genes for qPCR were tested under the described experimental conditions and resulted in the selection of 5 reference genes. Quantitative analyses of transcripts for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), resveratrol synthase (RS), and two stilbene synthases (STS and STS2) showed the highest RNA level induction at 3 h for both treatments with a higher induction for the MeJA treatment. In contrast, the flavonoid-related chalcone synthase (CHS) transcripts showed induction and a decrease in expression for MeJA and H2O2 treatments, respectively. The observed responses could be related to an oxidative burst triggered by the exposure to abiotic stressor compounds with signaling function such as MeJA and H2O2 which have been previously related to the synthesis of secondary metabolites.

Topics: Acetates; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Culture Media; Cyclopentanes; Genes, Plant; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxylipins; Picrates; Plant Roots; RNA, Plant; Stilbenes; Sulfonic Acids; Vitis

A Se-enriched Grifola frondosa polysaccharide (Se-GP) was obtained from G. frondosa enriched with Se by spraying an Na2SeO3 solution during fruit body growth using a Box-Behnken design and compared to G. frondosa polysaccharide (GP) for preliminary characterization and determination of the antioxidant activity. Under optimal conditions, polysaccharide yields and both the Se-GP and GP contents do not differ; however, the Se content of Se-GP (17.52 μg/g) was 48.7 times that of GP. Three homogenous Se-GPs (Se-GP11, Se-GP22 and Se-GP33) or GPs (GP11, GP22 and GP33) were obtained via DEAE-52 and Sephacryl S-400 purification. Their molecular weight and polysaccharide content of these compounds were not obviously different, whereas the Se content of Se-GP11, Se-GP22 and Se-GP33 was 9.41, 6.59 and 16.25 times that of GP11, GP22 and GP33, respectively. The antioxidant activity of Se-GP for the DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radicals was higher than that of GP and was highest for the hydroxyl radical.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal; Grifola; Hydroxyl Radical; Molecular Weight; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Selenium; Sulfonic Acids

Polysaccharides named as PP1, PP2, PP3, PP4 and PP5 were extracted and isolated from the rhizomes of Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer, a well-known Chinese traditional medicine, by controlling the final concentration of solution to precipitate the polysaccharides. The molecular weight of polysaccharides was determined by HGPLC chromatography system. The monosaccharide composition was analyzed by Gas chromatography on an Agilent 6890A instrument using a DB-35MS column and flame-ionization detector. All of the polysaccharides were heteropolysaccharides and consisted of arabinose, glucose and galactose. The content of arabinose increased with the increasing of ethanol concentration and PP5 had the most arabinose content in these samples. IR spectra indicated obvious characteristic peaks of polysaccharide, the presence of uronic acids. Their antioxidant activities were evaluated by various established in vitro systems, including scavenging activity of superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, ABTS and DPPH radicals. Both samples showed inhibitory effects on superoxide, hydroxyl, ABTS and DPPH radical. And PP5 shows more clearly and relatively stronger capacity than other polysaccharides on the protective effect of DNA damage.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; DNA Damage; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Molecular Weight; Panax; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Rhizome; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

Eugenol, obtained from clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllata), possess several biological activities. It is anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anaesthesic, antipyretic, antiplatelet, anti-anaphylactic, anticonvulsant, anti-oxidant, antibacterial, antidepressant, antifungal and antiviral. The anti-oxidant activity of eugenol have already been proven. From this perspective testing, a series of planned structural derivatives of eugenol were screened to perform structural optimization and consequent increase of the potency of these biological activities.. In an attempt to increase structural variability, 16 compounds were synthesized by acylation and alkylation of the phenolic hydroxyl group. Anti-oxidant activity capacity was based on the capture of DPPH radical (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl), ABTS radical 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), measure of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive species), total sulfhydryl and carbonyl content (eugenol derivatives final concentrations range from 50 to 200 μm).. Four derivatives presented an efficient concentration to decrease 50% of the DPPH radical (EC50 ) < 100 μm, which has a good potential as a free-radical scavenger. Three of these compounds also showed reduction of ABTS radical. Eugenol derivatives presenting alkyl or aryl (alkylic or arylic) groups substituting hydroxyl 1 of eugenol were effective in reducing lipid peroxidation, protein oxidative damage by carbonyl formation and increase total thiol content in cerebral cortex homogenates. In liver, the eugenol derivatives evaluated had no effect.. Our results suggest that these molecules are promising anti-oxidants agents.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cerebral Cortex; Eugenol; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Male; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Protein Carbonylation; Rats, Wistar; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Sulfonic Acids; Syzygium

The objective of this study was to investigate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of cabbage phytochemicals.. Color coordinates were evaluated by colorimetry, and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were analyzed by spectrophotometer for some common cabbage varieties.. Red heads had the highest total antioxidant contents followed by Savoy, Chinese and green heads. The Chinese variety had the highest ABTS (2,2-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-sulfonic acid) antioxidant activity, was 5.72 μmol TE/g fw (Trolox equivalent). The green variety had the highest DPPH (free radical scavenging activity) antioxidant activity, which was 91.2 μmol TE/g fw. The red variety had the highest FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) antioxidant activity, which was 80.8 μmol TE/g fw. The total phenol amounts were 17.2-32.6 mM trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and the total flavonoid amounts were 40.0-74.2 mg quercetin per gram. Methanolic extracts of different cabbage heads showed different anti-inflammatory activity values. Chinese, Savoy and green heads had the highest anti-inflammatory activity, while red heads had the lowest.. The results suggest that these varieties of cabbage heads could contribute as sources of important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory related to the prevention of chronic diseases associated to oxidative stress, such as in cancer and coronary artery disease.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Brassica; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Ferric Compounds; Flavonoids; Flow Cytometry; Indicators and Reagents; Macrophages; Mice; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids

This paper presents the design of some novel 3-acetylcoumarin derivatives, based on minimal inhibitory concentration values (MICs) previously obtained against some microorganism cultures, Gram positive and negative bacteria and fungi. Some of these molecules exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus, comparable to that of the standard used (impinem). The in vitro antioxidant activities of the novel 3-acetylcoumarin oxadiazoles were assayed by the quantitative 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity method. The compounds 5c,d proved to be the most active, showing the highest capacity to deplete the DPPH radicals. Structure elucidation of the products has been accomplished on the basis of IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, NOESY and HMBC NMR data.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Bacillus subtilis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Coumarins; Escherichia coli; Fluconazole; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Fungi; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Conformation; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Oxadiazoles; Picrates; Salmonella typhi; Shigella flexneri; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulfonic Acids

Roots of Rumex hastatus (Polygonaceae) are traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments including liver and lung diseases. In this study, various solvent extracts of R. hastatus roots, like methanolic, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, butanol and aqueous fractions were assessed through their antioxidant properties in vitro and determination of phenolic contents.. Several parameters like DPPH˙, ABTS˙(+), ˙OH, H2O2, superoxide free radical scavenging, iron chelating power, reducing power, β-carotene bleaching power, antioxidant capacity and total phenolics and flavonoids were evaluated. High Performance liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was also considered.. Though all the fractions exhibited dose dependant activity. The samples with the highest activity were the butanol and methanol fractions in all the assays except hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay where chloroform fraction showed the highest scavenging aptitude. On the other hand, aquous fraction showed significant beta carotene linoleic acid, while n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited a lesser antioxidant activity in all the assays. HPLC revealed the presence of rutin, luteolin-7-glucoside, vitexin and luteolin.. These results have to some extent substantiated the use of R. hastatus roots against different diseases, as an excellent basis of potential antioxidant due to the presence of sufficient amount of phenolics such as rutin and luteolin.

Topics: Antioxidants; Apigenin; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Glucosides; Hydrogen Peroxide; Luteolin; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rumex; Rutin; Sulfonic Acids

DNA protection is one of the most important strategies in cancer therapy. Since quercetin and its derivatives are found to be potent antioxidant agents, they are able to scavenge radicals significantly. Therefore, we focused on the DNA protection activity of 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (PMF), a quercetin derivative isolated from Kaemperia parviflora. Although, PMF was found to be a very poor antioxidant compound, still it could remarkably protect DNA from oxidative damage. DNA binding assay showed that PMF bound to the minor groove of DNA, which suggests a possible mechanism for its DNA protective effects. Cellular toxicity assay on RAW 264.7 macrophages showed this compound is very safe for therapeutic applications.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Comet Assay; DNA; DNA Damage; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Flavones; Free Radical Scavengers; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Picrates; Protective Agents; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids; Toxicity Tests

Methanol extract subfractions of the edible white jelly mushroom (Tremella fuciformis), were assessed for the following antioxidant properties: ABTS(+) radical scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and inhibitory activity of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Among the subfractions tested, the chloroform subfraction exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with the highest total phenolic content (66.31 μg CAE/mg extract) and flavonoids content (5.12 μg QE/mg extract). The ABTS(+) radical scavenging activity of the chloroform subfraction was 7.89 μmol trolox/mg extract, which was the highest among all subfractions. This subfraction also showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and inhibitory activity of LDL oxidation. In addition, the chloroform subfraction demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Major phenolic acids from the mushroom extract were identified as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (323 mg/kg dry weight of mushroom), gentisic acid (174 mg/kg dry weight of mushroom), and 4-coumaric acid (30 mg/kg dry weight of mushroom).

Topics: Agaricales; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Basidiomycota; Benzothiazoles; Biological Products; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Coumaric Acids; Flavonoids; Gentisates; Humans; Inflammation; Lipoproteins, LDL; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Parabens; Phenols; Picrates; Propionates; Sulfonic Acids

Loess Plateau is a typical rain-fed farming region, facing the threat of drought. Irrigation method is among the most important factors affecting jujube quality. This study investigated the response of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Lizao quality to three different irrigation methods (drip-, pipe- and surge spring root irrigation) combining two water levels (20 m(3)/hm(2) and 120 m(3)/hm(2)). The effects of the trials were evaluated by taking into account the physical-chemical characteristics of jujubes and the antioxidant activity. Concomitant to this, the concentration of some taste-related (viz. glucose, fructose, TSS and malic acid) and health-related compounds/parameters (viz. catechin and epicatechin) were generally much greater in jujube fruit treated with drip irrigation (120 m(3)/hm(2)). Different irrigation treatments had no significant effects on antioxidant capacity, total phenolics and proanthocyanidins (except for pipe irrigation 20 m(3)/hm(2)). The best compromise between quality and irrigation of jujube fruit was achieved with drip irrigation (120 m(3)/hm(2)).

Topics: Agricultural Irrigation; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biomass; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbohydrates; Carboxylic Acids; China; Ecosystem; Fruit; Humidity; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Roots; Proanthocyanidins; Solubility; Sulfonic Acids; Water Supply; Ziziphus

In this study, (E)-4,6-dibromo-3-methoxy-2-[(3-methoxyphenylimino)methyl]phenol has been synthesized and characterized by using X-ray technique and FT-IR experimentally and using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and HF/6-31G(d,p) methods theoretically. The intermolecular and intramolecular interactions of the title compound have been determined according to X-ray results. The molecular geometry, vibrational frequencies of the title compound in the ground state have been calculated using the density functional B3LYP and HF method with the 6-31G(d,p) basis set and calculated bond parameters and vibrational frequencies values show good agreement with experimental values. Theoretical and experimental results show that tautomeric form of the structure is phenol-imine form. Besides HOMO-LUMO energy gap, molecular electrostatic potential map were performed at B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. It is worthy note of that, the free radical scavenging activities of the title compound were assessed using DPPH˙, DMPD˙(+), and ABTS˙(+) assays. The obtained results show that the title compound has effective DPPH˙ (SC50 2.61±0.09 μg/mL), DMPD˙(+) (SC50 2.82±0.14 μg/mL), and ABTS˙(+) (SC50 4.91±0.18 μg/mL) radical scavenging activities when compared with standard antioxidants (BHA, rutin, and trolox).

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Crystallography, X-Ray; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrogen Bonding; Imines; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Phenols; Picrates; Piperidones; Quantum Theory; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Static Electricity; Sulfonic Acids; Thermodynamics; Vibration

Rafflesia kerrii has been used in Thai traditional remedies for treatment of several diseases. However, scientific data particularly on biological activities of this plant is very rare. The present study explores an antioxidant activity of R. kerrii flower (RKF). Extracting solvent and extraction procedure were found to play an important role on the activity of RKF extract. The extract obtained from water-ethanol system showed higher antioxidant activity than that from water-propylene glycol system. Fractionated extraction using different solvents revealed that methanol fractionated extract (RM) possessed the highest antioxidant activity with Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and inhibitory concentration of 50% inhibition (IC50) values of approximately 39 mM/mg and 3 μg/mL, respectively. Phytochemical assays demonstrated that RM contained extremely high quantity of phenolic content with gallic antioxidant equivalent (GAE) and quercetin equivalent (QE) values of approximately 312 mg/g and 16 mg/g, respectively. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV- VIS) and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated that gallic acid was a major component. RM which was stored at 40°C, 75% RH for 4 months showed slightly significant change (p < 0.05) in phytochemical content and antioxidant activity with zero order degradation. The results of this study could be concluded that R. kerrii flower was a promising natural source of strong antioxidant compounds.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical Fractionation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Stability; Ethanol; Flowers; Gallic Acid; Magnoliopsida; Methanol; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Quercetin; Solvents; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids; Time Factors; Water

Based on the fact that Synadenium grantii is used in folk medicine for the treatment of peptic ulcers and inflammatory diseases, this work describes its chemical and pharmacological properties. Pharmacological investigation of the crude bark extract showed a high antioxidant activity over several scavenger systems, such as 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylenebenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)• +, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl•, O2 • - , and HOCl, as well as an enzymatic system with human myeloperoxidase and an ex vivo hemolysis system. Furthermore, the oral administration of the crude bark extract was able to reduce carrageenan-induced rat paw edema as effectively as ibuprofen. These biological activities may be associated with the presence of flavonoids and terpenes, as revealed by HPLC and NMR analyses of the crude stem bark extract. The phytochemical investigations in this study resulted in the isolation of friedelin and 3β-friedelinol for the first time, while euphol and lanosterol were also isolated.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carrageenan; Edema; Euphorbia; Female; Flavonoids; Humans; Inflammation; Lanosterol; Peroxidase; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Plant Stems; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids; Triterpenes

The essential oil obtained from the fruits of hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium subsp. ternatum) growing in central Apennines (Italy) was analysed for chemical composition by gas chromatographic-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The oil was composed mainly of aliphatic esters (86.9-89.5%), among them octyl acetate (54.9-60.2%) and octyl butyrate (10.1-13.4%) were the most abundant. The oil and its two major esters, octyl acetate and octyl butyrate, were tested for in vitro biological activity, namely antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic, by microdilution, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) and MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assays. Worthy of mention was only the cytotoxic activity of the oil against two tumour cell lines, i.e. A375 (human malignant melanoma) and HCT116 (human colon carcinoma) cells, with IC50 values of 48.69 and 95.83 μg/mL, respectively; the major compound responsible for this effect was octyl butyrate which displayed IC50 values of 20.19 μg/mL (100.8 μM) and 55.35 μg/mL (276.3 μM) on the same cells, respectively.

Topics: Acetates; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Fruit; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; HCT116 Cells; Heracleum; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Italy; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulfonic Acids; Tetrazolium Salts; Thiazoles

The chelation behavior of N-{[(allylamino) thiomethyl] hydrazinocarbonylmethyl} trimethylammonium chloride (H3ATHC) towards VO(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+) and UO2(2+) ions have been studied. The structures of the complexes were elucidated using elemental analyses, spectral (IR, UV-visible, (1)H NMR and ESR and mass) as well as magnetic and thermal measurements. The ligand acted as ON bidentate, ONS tridentate donor forming mononuclear complexes. A tetrahedral geometry for Co(2+), square-planar for Ni(2+) and Cu(2+), an octahedral for Zn(2+) and a square-pyramidal arrangement for VO(2+) complexes were proposed, respectively. The EPR spectra of Cu(2+) and VO(2+) complexes confirmed the suggested geometries with values of α(2) and β(2) indicating that the in-plane σ-bonding and in-plane π-bonding are appreciably covalent, and were consistent with very strong in-plane σ bonding in the complexes. Also, the bond length, bond angle, HOMO, LUMO, dipole moment and charges on the atoms have been calculated. Also, the thermal behavior and kinetic parameters were determined using Coats-Redfern and Horowitz-Metzger methods. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were screened for their superoxide-scavenging activity in the PMS/NADH-NBT system as well as their scavenging effect on ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radicals. Among these compounds, the ligand and Zn(2+) complex, exhibited the potent ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, comparable to that of vitamin C.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cations, Divalent; Metals; Models, Chemical; Models, Molecular; Picrates; Semicarbazides; Sulfonic Acids

The tubers of Bletilla formosana were fermented with eight plant pathogen fungi, respectively, and antioxidant activities and total phenolic content (TPC) of the crude extracts of fermented products and non-fermented products were investigated. The antioxidant activities were evaluated in three different test systems [DPPH, ABTS radical-scavenging activity, and ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP)]. It was found that the extract of Helminthosporium maydis fermented B. formosana (FBF) possessed the highest TPC and exhibited a significant antioxidant activity compared with non-fermented product and other fermented products. Correlation analysis between antioxidant activities and TPC was also investigated. The good correlation between antioxidant activities and TPC revealed that the phenolic compounds might be the major contributors for the high antioxidant activities of the fermented B. formosana. Two phenolic compounds, curvularin and dehydrocurvularin, were isolated from H. maydis FBF, which had never been reported from plant of orchidaceae or H. maydis. Curvularin exhibited significant antioxidant activities, and was also present at a high concentration (0.373 mg/mg extract sample), implying an important role for the antioxidant activity of H. maydis FBF. This study suggested that proper fermentation processing could improve TPC and antioxidant activities of B. formosana.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Fermentation; Helminthosporium; Orchidaceae; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Tubers; Sulfonic Acids; Zearalenone

Garcinia hombroniana (seashore mangosteen) in Malaysia is used to treat itching and as a protective medicine after child birth. This study was aimed to investigate the bioactive chemical constituents of the bark of G. hombroniana. Ethyl acetate and dichloromethane extracts of G. hombroniana yielded two new (1, 9) and thirteen known compounds which were characterized by the spectral techniques of NMR, UV, IR and EI/ESI-MS, and identified as; 2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxybenzophenone(1), 2,3',4,4'-tetrahydroxy-6-methoxybenzophenone (2), 2,3',4,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (3), 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone (4), 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone (5),3,3',5,5',7-pentahydroxyflavanone (6), 3,3',4',5,5',7-hexahydroxyflavone (7), 4',5,7-trihydroxyflavanone-7-rutinoside (8), 18(13→17)-abeo-3β-acetoxy-9α,13β-lanost-24E-en-26-oic acid (9), garcihombronane B (10), garcihombronane D (11), friedelan-3-one (12), lupeol (13), stigmasterol (14) and stigmasterol glucoside (15). In the in vitro cytotoxicity against MCF-7, DBTRG, U2OS and PC-3 cell lines, compounds 1 and 9 displayed good cytotoxic effects against DBTRG cancer cell lines. Compounds 1-8 were also found to possess significant antioxidant activities. Owing to these properties, this study can be further extended to explore more significant bioactive components of this plant.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Benzophenones; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Death; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Free Radicals; Garcinia; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Triterpenes

The objective of this study was to evaluate antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of a novel peptide (T.peptide) isolated from bovine and commercially available MPG peptide. The amino acid sequences of the T.peptide were (Glu-Val-Pro-Glu-Val-His-Glu-Glu-Val). The antioxidant activities of these peptides were determined by measuring the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS+•) radical scavenging assays. The in vitro cytotoxicity of T.peptide and MPG peptide was determined against H2O2-induced C2C12 cells. H2O2-induced apoptosis in C2C12 cells were determined by mRNA expression of caspase-3. Moreover, the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were assayed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The findings of the study indicate that the mRNA expression of TNF-α and NF-κB are significantly (p < 0.05) increased in H2O2-induced C2C12 cells, whereas a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in these mRNA expressions are observed when pretreated with T.peptide or MPG peptide. Pretreatment with MPG or T.peptides is also found to significantly (p < 0.05) decrease the mRNA expression of caspase-3 in H2O2-induced C2C12 cells. The results of the study demonstrate that both T.peptide and MPG peptide could reduce the DPPH• and ABTS+• radical and inhibit cytotoxicity against H2O2-induced injury, resulting in prevention of free radical generation and subsequent apoptotic cell death, which indicates the potential of bovine meat as a source of antioxidant peptides.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caspase 3; Cattle; Cell Line; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; DNA-Binding Proteins; Hydrogen Peroxide; Mice; Muscle, Skeletal; NF-kappa B; Peptides; Picrates; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sulfonic Acids; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

This study discusses the similarities and differences between the antioxidant activities of some essential oils: thyme (Thymus vulgaris), basil (Ocimum basilicum), peppermint (Mentha piperita), clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus), summer savory (Satureja hortensis), sage (Salvia hispanica) and lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm.) and of their main components (thymol or estragole or menthol or eugenol or carvacrol or camphor or limonene) estimated by using 2,2'-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt and β-carotene bleaching assays. The obtained data show that the antioxidant properties of essential oil do not always depend on the antioxidant activity of its main component, and that they can be modulated by their other components. The conclusions concerning the interaction of essential oil components depend on the type of method applied for assessing the antioxidant activity. When comparing the antioxidant properties of essential oils and their main components, the concepts of synergism, antagonism and additivity are very relevant.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Citrus; Cymenes; Monoterpenes; Ocimum basilicum; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Satureja; Sulfonic Acids; Syzygium; Thymol; Thymus Plant

In the present study the structure of proanthocyanidins from Polyalthia longifolia leaves was characterized with (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance, high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analyses. The results showed that the proanthocyanidins were mixture of homopolymers of B-type procyanidins with degree of polymerization up to 14-mer. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the proanthocyanidins was studied through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) free-radical scavenging activities, and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays. In addition, antityrosinase activity of the proanthocyanidins was investigated. The IC50 for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) free-radical scavenging activity of the proanthocyanidins were 89.32 ± 12.07 and 76.79 ± 5.88 μg/mL, respectively; the ferric reducing/antioxidant power value was 710.54 ± 142.82 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g dry weight. The IC50 for antityrosinase activity was 773.09 ± 1.47 μg/mL. In conclusion, the proanthocyanidins from P. longifolia leaves exhibited potent antioxidant and antityrosinase activities. This research would provide scientific evidence for the use of proanthocyanidins from P. longifolia leaves as antioxidant and antityrosinase agents.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biflavonoids; Biphenyl Compounds; Catechin; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Enzyme Inhibitors; Free Radical Scavengers; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Polyalthia; Proanthocyanidins; Reducing Agents; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids

A raw extract and four extractive fractions were obtained from Cedrus brevifolia (Cyprus cedar) bark. They were all studied regarding the phenolic content and profile using spectrophotometry and HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. The antioxidant activity was investigated using in vitro assays: DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging and reducing power assays. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest total phenolic and proanthocyanidin contents; a taxifolin-O-hexoside, catechin, epicatechin and procyanidin oligomers (three dimers, two trimers) were identified in this fraction. The ethyl acetate fraction was found to possess the highest DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging effects (EC50 = 13.9 +/- 0.3 and 2.3 +/- 0.0 microg/mL, respectively) and reducing capacity (EC50 = 9.1 +/- 0.1 microg/mL). Antioxidant effects were highly correlated with total phenolic and proanthocyanidin contents (r = 0.89-0.99). These results suggest that Cedrus brevifolia bark is a new source of antioxidants.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cedrus; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Free Radical Scavengers; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Proanthocyanidins; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids

Acrylamide (AA), a well-known toxicant, has attracted numerous attentions for its presumably carcinogenesis, neurotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Oxidative stress was considered to be associated with acrylamide cytotoxicity, but the link between oxidative stress and acrylamide cytotoxicity is still unclear. In the present study, hispidin produced from the edible fungus Phellinus linteus displayed dramatically antioxidant activities against DPPH radicals, ABTS radicals, ferric reducing and hydroxyl radicals, as well as superoxide anion radicals. Moreover, the cytoprotective effect of hispidin against AA-induced oxidative stress was verified upon Caco-2 cells according to evaluate the cell viability, intracellular ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and glutathione (GSH) in the presence or absence of AA (5 mM) in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, our results demonstrated for the first time that hispidin was able to inhibit AA-induced oxidative stress, which might have implication for the dietary preventive application.

Topics: Acrylamide; Basidiomycota; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caco-2 Cells; Cell Survival; Glutathione; Humans; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Pyrones; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

This paper presents the quantification, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and the flavonoid chrysoeriol isolated from different extracts (hexane and acetonitrile extracts from whole fruit, peel and seed) of Capsicum frutescens (pimenta malagueta). The acetonitrile extract of the seeds, peel and whole fruits contained capsaicin as a major component, followed in abundance by dihydrocapsaicin and chrysoeriol. The antimicrobial activity of the isolated compounds against seven microorganisms showed chrysoeriol was the most active compound. In the antioxidant test, the acetonitrile extract from the whole fruit showed the highest activity. The antioxidant activity of pimenta malagueta may be correlated with its phenolic content, principally with the most active compound, capsaicin.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Candida albicans; Capsicum; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Fruit; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

The beneficial effects of oyster extract against various disorders and diseases induced by oxidative stress have aroused great interest. In this article, ultrasonic-assisted enzymolysis was employed to produce polysaccharides of Crassostrea hongkongensis (CHP) and their antioxidant activity was investigated. A single-factor experiment and then a four-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design were first used to optimize ultrasonic extraction for polysaccharides. On the basis of ridge analysis, the optimum conditions are obtained as ultrasonic treatment time of 24 min, power of 876 W, temperature of 49°C, and material-solvent ratio of 1:6 (w/v). It is found that ultrasound pretreatment before protease hydrolysis was a great help to improve CHP yield and purity, especially more favorable with flavorzyme, neutrase, alcalase, and pepsin. Furthermore, the polysaccharide fraction, which was obtained by ultrasonic pretreatment and then alcalase hydrolysis at the conditions of 3000 U/g, 55°C, pH 8.0, for 4 hr, exhibited an obvious scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical (98.48 ± 0.55% and 99.20 ± 0.12%, respectively) and a lenoleic acid peroxidation inhibition effect (85.48 ± 0.65%) at a concentration of 5.0 mg/mL. These results reveal the potential application of CHP in functional food and nutraceuticals.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biotechnology; Biphenyl Compounds; Crassostrea; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrolysis; Hydroxyl Radical; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Peroxidation; Models, Statistical; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids; Ultrasonics

Fourteen saxicolous lichens from trans-Himalayan Ladakh region were identified by morpho-anatomical and chemical characteristics. The n-hexane, methanol and water extracts of the lichens were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities. The lichen extracts showing high antioxidant capacities and rich phenolic content were further investigated to determine their cytotoxic activity on human HepG2 and RKO carcinoma cell lines. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging capacities and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching property exhibited analogous results where the lichen extracts showed high antioxidant action. The lichen extracts were also found to possess good amount of total proanthocyanidin, flavonoid and polyphenol. The methanolic extract of Lobothallia alphoplaca exhibited highest FRAP value. Methanolic extract of Xanthoparmelia stenophylla showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging capacity. The n-hexane extract of Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca exhibited highest DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Highest antioxidant capacity in terms of β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching property was observed in the water extract of Xanthoria elegans. Similarly, Melanelia disjuncta water extract showed highest NO scavenging capacity. Among n-hexane, methanol and water extracts of all lichens, the methanolic extract of Xanthoparmelia mexicana showed highest total proanthocyanidin, flavonoid and polyphenol content. From cytotoxic assay, it was observed that the methanolic extracts of L. alphoplaca and M. disjuncta were exhibiting high cytotoxic effects against cancer cell growth. Similarly, the water extract of Dermatocarpon vellereum, Umbilicaria vellea, X. elegans and M. disjuncta and the methanolic extract of M. disjuncta and X. stenophylla were found to possess high antioxidant capacities and were non-toxic and may be used as natural antioxidants for stress related problems. Our studies go on to prove that the unique trans-Himalayan lichens are a hitherto untapped bioresource with immense potential for discovery of new chemical entities, and this biodiversity needs to be tapped sustainably.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Cold Temperature; Desert Climate; Free Radical Scavengers; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; India; Lichens; Nitric Oxide; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

The aqueous methanolic extracts of two plants from Algeria, Helichrysum stoechas subsp. rupestre and Phagnalon saxatile subsp. saxatile, were investigated for their antioxidant activity.. Total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins were determined by spectrophotometric techniques. In vitro antioxidant and radical scavenging profiling was determined by spectrophotometric methods, through: Total antioxidant capacity, and radical scavenging effects by the DPPH and ABTS methods, reducing and chelating power, and blanching inhibition of the β-carotene.. All of the extracts showed interesting antioxidant and radical scavenging activity. The highest contents in phenolics, tannins, and the highest total antioxidant capacity as gallic acid equivalents of 97.5 ± 0.33 mg GAE/g DW was obtained for the flowers of H. stoechas subsp. rupestre extract in the phosphomolybdenum assay. An extract of the leafy stems of P. saxatile subsp. saxatile revealed the highest content of flavonoids, and the highest antioxidant activity by the radical scavenging and β-carotene assays when compared with standards. The best activity was by the scavenging radical DPPH with an IC50 value of 5.65 ± 0.10 μg·mL(-1).. The studied medicinal plants could provide scientific evidence for some traditional uses in the treatment of diseases related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress.

Topics: Algeria; Antioxidants; Asteraceae; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Helichrysum; Oxidative Stress; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Structures; Spectrophotometry; Sulfonic Acids; Tannins

Maclurin, an exceptional member of phytophenol family, was found to effectively protect against mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) oxidative damage induced by hydroxyl radical (OH) at 62.1-310.5 μM. Antioxidant assays indicated that maclurin could efficiently protect DNA from OH-induced damage at 114.6-382.2 μM, and scavenge OH, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical), ABTS(+) (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical), and bind Cu(2+) (IC50 values were respectively 122.87 ± 10.14, 10.15 ± 0.85, 0.97 ± 0.07, and 133.95 ± 11.92 μM). HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses of the end-product of maclurin reaction with DPPH clearly suggested that maclurin (m/z = 261.12 [M-H](-)) donated two hydrogen atoms to DPPH (m/z = 394.06 [M](+)) to form ortho-benzoquinone moiety (λmax = 364 nm; m/z = 259.06 [M-H](-), loss of m/z = 28) and DPPH2 molecule (m/z = 395.03, 396.01), via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) or sequential electron (e) proton transfer (SEPT), not radical adduct formation (RAF) mechanisms. Therefore, we concluded that: (i) maclurin can effectively protect against OH-induced damages to DNA and MSCs, thereby it may have a therapeutic potential in prevention of many diseases or MSCs transplantation; (ii) a possible mechanism for maclurin to protect against oxidative damages is OH radical-scavenging; (iii) maclurin scavenges OH possibly through metal-chelating, and direct radical-scavenging which is mainly via HAT or SEPT mechanisms; and (iv) the protective and antioxidant effects of maclurin can be primarily attributed to ortho-dihydroxyl groups, and ultimately to the relative stability of the ortho-benzoquinone form.

Topics: Animals; Benzoquinones; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydroxyl Radical; Iron; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Picrates; Plant Lectins; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the plucking periods and the major constituents and the antioxidant activity in green tea. Green tea was prepared from leaves plucked from the end of April 2013 to the end of May 2013 at intervals of one week or longer. The contents of theanine, theobromine, caffeine, catechin (C), and gallocatechin gallate (GCg) were significantly decreased, whereas those of epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) and epigallocatechin (EGC) were significantly increased along with the period of tea leaf plucking. In addition, antioxidant activity of green tea and standard catechins was investigated using ABTS, FRAP and DPPH assays. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in relatively the oldest leaf, regardless of the assay methods used. Additionally, the order of antioxidant activity of standard catechins was as follows: EGCg≥GCg≥ECg>EGC≥GC≥EC≥C. Moreover, the cis-catechins contents were the key factor affecting the antioxidant activity of green tea in all assays employed (ABTS, r=0.731, p<0.01; FRAP, r=0.886, p<0.01; DPPH, r=0.778, p<0.01).

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caffeine; Camellia sinensis; Catechin; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Glutamates; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids

We aimed to investigate the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the anthocyanin rich extract of grape skin. Grape skin anthocyanin (GSA) neutralized free radicals in different test systems, such as 2,-2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, to form complexes with Fe2+ preventing 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced erythrocyte hemolysis and oxidative DNA damage. Moreover, GSA decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in isolated mitochondria thus inhibiting 2',-7'-dichlorofluorescin (DCFH) oxidation. In an in vivo study, female BALB/c mice were administered GSA, at 12.5, 25, and 50 mg per kg per day orally for 30 consecutive days. Herein, we demonstrate that GSA administration significantly elevated the level of antioxidant enzymes in mice sera, livers, and brains. Furthermore, GSA inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the in vitro assay with an IC50 value of 363.61 µg/mL. Therefore, GSA could be an excellent source of antioxidants and its inhibition of cholinesterase is of interest with regard to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; DNA Damage; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Erythrocytes; Female; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruit; Hemolysis; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mitochondria, Liver; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Vitis

Aqueous-methanolic extract of Parkia biglobosa bark (PBB) was screened for its polyphenolic constituents, in vitro antioxidant activity, and effect on mitochondria redox status. The in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed by using the scavenging abilities and the reducing powers of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) diammonium salt radical cation against Fe(3+). Subsequently, the ability of PBB to inhibit lipid peroxidation induced by FeSO(4) (10 μm) and its metal-chelating potential were investigated. The effects of the extract on basal reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and on the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in isolated mitochondria were determined by using 2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescin (DCFH) oxidation and safranin fluorescence, respectively. PBB mitigated the Fe(II)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat tissues and showed dose-dependent scavenging of DPPH (IC(50): 98.33 ± 10.0 μg/mL) and ABTS. (trolox equivalent antioxidant concentration, TEAC value = 0.05), with considerable ferric-reducing and moderate metal-chelating abilities. PBB caused slight decreases in both the liver and the brain mitochondria potentials and resulted in a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in DCFH oxidation. Screening for polyphenolics using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) revealed the presence of caffeic acid, gallic acid, catechin, epigalocatechin, rutin, and quercetin. These results demonstrate for the first time the considerable in vitro antioxidant activity and favorable effect of PBB on mitochondria redox status and provide justification for the use of the plant in ethnomedicine.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Brain; Fabaceae; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Male; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Mitochondria; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with ethanol was used to extract the compounds responsible for the antioxidant activities of Misai Kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize four independent variables: ethanol concentration (%), amplitude (%), duty cycle (W/s) and extraction time (min). Antioxidant compounds were determined by total phenolic content and total flavonoid content to be 1.4 g gallic acid equivalent/100 g DW and 45 g catechin equivalent/100 g DW, respectively. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using the 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) radical scavenging capacity assay and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging capacity assay to be 1,961.3 and 2,423.3 µmol Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC)/100 g DW, respectively. Based on the optimal conditions, experimental values were reported to be close to the predicted value by RSM modeling (p>0.05), indicating the suitability of UAE for extracting the antioxidants of Misai Kucing. Rosmarinic acid, kaempferol-rutinoside and sinesetine were identified by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Orthosiphon; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sonication; Sulfonic Acids

Nine flavonoids were isolated and characterized from the leaves of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques as quercetin (1), afzelin (2), quercitrin (3), trifolin (4), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside (5), isorhamnetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (6), hyperoside (7), vitexin (8) and rutin (9). All compounds were isolated from the leaves of Z. bungeanum for the first time. Five compounds (2, 4, 5, 6 and 8) were found for the first time in the genus Zanthoxylum. To learn the mechanisms underlying its health benefits, in vitro (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays) and in vivo (protective effect on Escherichia coli under peroxide stress) antioxidant activities of the nine flavonoids were measured. Quercetin and quercetin glycosides (compounds 1, 3, 5, 7, 9) showed the highest antioxidant activity. Structure-activity relationships indicated that the -OH in 4' position on the B ring and the -OH in 7 position on the A ring possessed high antioxidant activity; B ring and/or A ring with adjacent -OH groups could greatly increase their antioxidant ability. Also, due to the different structures of various flavonoids, they will certainly exhibit different antioxidant capacity when the reactions occur in solution or in oil-in-water emulsion. These findings suggest that Z. bungeanum leaves may have health benefits when consumed. It could become a useful supplement for pharmaceutical products and functional food ingredients in both nutraceutical and food industries as a potential source of natural antioxidants.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Escherichia coli; Flavonoids; Lipid Peroxidation; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids; Zanthoxylum

Chemical investigation of Codonopsis ovata resulted in the isolation and identification of β-sitosterol-3-O-glycoside, luteolin, apigenin, gentiacaulein, swertiaperenine, β-sitosterol, taraxeryl-3-acetate, and 3β-acetoxyoleanane-12-one. A rapid, precise, sensitive and validated HPTLC method for simultaneous quantification of these natural products (NPs) was developed on silica-gel 60F254 plate using ternary solvent system, n-hexane:ethyl acetate:formic acid (10.5:3.5:0.43, v/v/v). Markers were quantified after post chromatographic derivatization with cerric ammonium sulfate reagent. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ and all calibration curves showed a good linear relationship (r>0.9924) within test range. Precision was evaluated by intra- and inter-day tests with RSDs <2.59%, accuracy validation recovery 92.43-99.50% with RSDs <1.00%. Apigenin was found major component (natural abundance: 1.103%) and β-sitosterol the least (0.0263%). The NPs displayed antioxidant activity with luteolin exhibiting maximum effect at 1μg/mL concentration (75.9% for DPPH and 43.7% for ABTS) and others at 10 and 25μg/mL, suggesting thereby their apparent potential use for the prevention of free radical induced diseases or as an additive element to food and pharmaceutical industry.

Topics: Acetates; Ammonium Sulfate; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Calibration; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Codonopsis; Formates; Free Radical Scavengers; Hexanes; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Silica Gel; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

UV-C radiation is known to induce metabolic modifications in plants, particularly to secondary metabolite biosynthesis. To assess these modifications from a global and untargeted perspective, the effects of the UV-C radiation of the leaves of three different model plant species, Cissus antarctica Vent. (Vitaceae), Vitis vinifera L. (Vitaceae) and Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae), were evaluated by an LC-HRMS-based metabolomic approach. The approach enabled the detection of significant metabolite modifications in the three species studied. For all species, clear modifications of phenylpropanoid metabolism were detected that led to an increased level of stilbene derivatives. Interestingly, resveratrol and piceid levels were strongly induced by the UV-C treatment of C. antarctica leaves. In contrast, both flavonoids and stilbene polymers were upregulated in UV-C-treated Vitis leaves. In Cannabis, important changes in cinnamic acid amides and stilbene-related compounds were also detected. Overall, our results highlighted phytoalexin induction upon UV-C radiation. To evaluate whether UV-C stress radiation could enhance the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds, the antioxidant activity of extracts from control and UV-C-treated leaves was measured. The results showed increased antioxidant activity in UV-C-treated V. vinifera extracts.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cannabis; Cissus; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Metabolome; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids; Ultraviolet Rays; Vitis

Litchi chinensis has been traditionally used in folk medicine to treat several ailments. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition, antioxidant and antinociceptive activity of L. chinensis leaves.. The antioxidant capacity of the extract, fraction and compounds was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, and the liposome model with peroxyl radicals generated by 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride radical. The pharmacological models of acute nociception used in mice were: writhing test with acetic acid (AA), hotplate (HP), glutamate (GLU), capsaicin (CP) and formalin (FM) tests.. The main compounds isolated were procyanidin A2 (PA2), procyanidin B2 (PB2) and (-)-epicatechin. The biochemical features of the crude extracts and their ethyl acetate fraction (EtOAcFR) presented high antioxidant activity, and the antioxidant activity of PA2 and PB2 was remarkably high, with DPPH and ABTS. The crude methanol extract (MeOHEXTR), EtOAcFR and PB2 were effective in reducing nociception in FM and HP models. MeOHEXTR and EtOAcFR treatments also reduced pain induced by GLU and AA. In the CP model, only EtOAcFR and PB2 were effective.. The results demonstrate the antinociceptive and antioxidant of MeOHEXTR, EtOAcFR and PB2.

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Lipid Peroxidation; Litchi; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Mice; Pain; Pain Measurement; Pain Threshold; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids

The aqueous enzymatic extract from rice bran (AEERB) was rich in protein, γ-oryzanol and tocols. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of AEERB on the regulation of lipid metabolism and the inhibition of oxidative damage.. The antioxidant activity of AEERB in vitro was measured in terms of radical scavenging capacity, ferric reducing ability power (FRAP) and linoleic acid emulsion system-ferric thiocyanate method (FTC). Male Wistar rats were fed with a normal diet and a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet with or without AEERB. After treatment, biochemical assays of serum, liver and feces lipid levels, the antioxidant enzyme activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl were determined.. AEERB is completely soluble in water and rich in hydrophilic and lipophilic functional ingredients. AEERB scavenged DPPH• and ABTS•+ and exhibited antioxidant activity slightly lower than that of ascorbic acid in the linoleic acid system. The administration of AEERB reduced serum lipid levels and the atherogenic index compared with those of the hyperlipidemic diet group (HD). The administration of AEERB significantly lowered liver lipid levels, inhibited hepatic 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity, and efficiently promoted the fecal excretion of total lipids and total cholesterol (TC) (p < 0.05). Dietary AEERB enhanced antioxidant status in the serum, liver and brain by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreasing the content of MDA and protein carbonyl.. The results indicated that AEERB might act as a potent hypolipidemic and antioxidant functional food.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cholesterol, Dietary; Diet, High-Fat; Hyperlipidemias; Hypolipidemic Agents; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Malondialdehyde; Oryza; Oxidative Stress; Phenylpropionates; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Protein Carbonylation; Rats, Wistar; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant potential of ampelopsin (APS) by using various methods in vitro, as well as to determine effects of APS on LPS-induced oxidative stress in piglets. The results showed that APS exhibited excellent free radical scavenging by DPPH, ABTS, O2•-, H2O2 and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Ampelopsin also protected pig erythrocytes against AAPH-induced apoptosis and hemolysis, decreased total superoxide dismutase activity, and increased lipid peroxidation. Furthermore the results demonstrated that APS enhanced the total antioxidant capacity and decreased the malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents in LPS-treated piglets. The results of the present investigation suggest that APS possesses a strong antioxidant activity and alleviates LPS-induced oxidative stress, possibly due to its ability to prevent reactive oxygen species.

Topics: Amidines; Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Erythrocytes; Female; Flavonoids; Hemolysis; Hydrogen Peroxide; Inflammation; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipopolysaccharides; Malondialdehyde; Oxidants; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Protein Carbonylation; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxides; Swine

The aim of this study was to determine the composition and content of phenolic compounds in the ethanol extracts of apple leaves and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these extracts. The total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically, as well as the total flavonoid content in the ethanol extracts of apple leaves and the antioxidant activity of these extracts, by the ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. The highest amount of phenolic compounds and flavonoids as well as the highest antioxidant activity was determined in the ethanol extracts obtained from the apple leaves of the cv. Aldas. The analysis by the HPLC method revealed that phloridzin was a predominant component in the ethanol extracts of the apple leaves of all cultivars investigated. The following quercetin glycosides were identified and quantified in the ethanol extracts of apple leaves: hyperoside, isoquercitrin, avicularin, rutin, and quercitrin. Quercitrin was the major compound among quercetin glycosides.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Malus; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Quercetin; Rutin; Sulfonic Acids

Black garlic (BG) is a processed garlic product prepared by heat treatment of whole garlic bulbs (Allium sativum L.) at high temperature under high humidity for several days, resulting in black cloves with a sweet taste. BG has recently been introduced to the Korean market as a product beneficial to health. To clarify how BG changes during the 35 day aging period, the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant contents, and antioxidant activities were evaluated under controlled conditions of 70 °C and 90% relative humidity. Reducing sugar and total acidity of BG increased during the aging period, whereas pH decreased from pH 6.33 to 3.74. Lightness and yellowness values of BG radically decreased during the aging period, whereas redness values increased significantly. Antioxidant components, including the total polyphenol and total flavonoids contents of BG, increased significantly until the 21st day of aging (p < 0.05) and correspondingly, the antioxidant activities of BG, measured by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and reducing power assays, were highest on the 21st day of aging. These results indicate that BG can be considered to not only possess antioxidant properties during the aging period, but also to reach its optimal antioxidant properties at the 21st day of aging.

Topics: Aging; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical Phenomena; Flavonoids; Garlic; Hot Temperature; Humidity; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids

Neoflavonoids comprise a group of natural compounds with varied chemical structures and promising pharmacological properties, including antioxidant capacity. This work describes an evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant capacity of a new coumarin derivative, i.e., 7-acetoxy-4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin, in terms of its ability to quench the 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+), hydroxyl (OH•) and superoxide anion (O2(•-)) radicals, as well as its capacity to initiate electron transfer by reducing potential and inhibit lipid peroxidation by TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) method. In addition, the antioxidant capacity of 7-acetoxy-4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin was evaluated against oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in erythrocyte suspensions and S. cerevisiae strains. In all methodologies investigated, high antioxidant capacities above 65% were demonstrated by 7-acetoxy-4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin against the DPPH(•), ABTS(•+), OH(•) and O2(•-) radicals. The ability of 7-acetoxy-4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin to inhibit oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in erythrocytes and S. cerevisiae strains demonstrates the importance of this compound in the protection against oxidative stress at the cellular level. Thus, the results obtained in this study suggest that 7-acetoxy-4-aryl-3,4-dihydrocoumarin can assist the development of new antioxidant products for possible use in the prevention or reduction of diseases related to oxidative stress.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Coumarins; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Erythrocytes; Free Radicals; Hemolysis; Lipid Peroxidation; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Rats; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sulfonic Acids

In this study, we evaluated total phenolics, condensed tannins, ascorbic acid, lycopene, β-carotene, total antioxidant activity, reducing power, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and radical scavenging activity (RSA) on ABTS and DPPH as well as metal chelating activity of methanolic and aqueous extract from caps and stipes of Calocybe indica and Pleurotus sajor-caju mushrooms. Per gram of extract, the different mushroom extracts contained 18.09-27.47 mg gallic acid equivalent of phenolics, 5.06-8.89 mg catechins of tannins, and 0.15-0.21 mg ascorbic acid. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that methanolic extract from caps of C. indica and P. sajor-caju contained higher ascorbic acid, total antioxidant activity, β-carotene and radical scavenging activity (RSA) on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) than did the stipes. The aqueous extract from cap and stipe of P. sajor-caju had higher total phenolics and RSA on 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) as well as higher metal-chelating activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. The antioxidant potential is higher in the caps of P. sajor-caju and C. indica than in the stipes; the cap contributes most to antioxidant activity.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Basidiomycota; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Carotenoids; Chelating Agents; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; India; Lycopene; Picrates; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids; Tannins

Bio-active components from Carthamus tinctorius were separated on the basis of antioxidant capacities in vitro. The antioxidant capacity was investigated on the basis of the ability to scavenge DPPH radical, ABTS radical and reduce Fe3+ of different polar fractions. Furthermore, the chemical compounds were isolated from bio-active fraction, and were evaluated for the antioxidative effects. Five major components were isolated and identified from water extract as 6-hydroxykaempferol 3,6,7-tri-O-β-D-glucoside(1), 6-hydroxykaempferol 3-O-β-rutinoside-6-O-β-D-glucoside (2), 6-hydroxykaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucoside (3), hydroxysafflor yellow A (4) and anhydrosafflor yellow B (5). By evaluating and comparing the antioxidative effects of different fractions and obtained compounds, the results showed that water extract displayed significantly high antioxidative activities and 6-hydroxykaempferol glycosides and quinochalcone C-glycosides were found as main contribution for antioxidant property.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carthamus tinctorius; Chalcone; Ferric Compounds; Free Radicals; Kaempferols; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Quinones; Sulfonic Acids; Water

Mallotus philippinensis is an important source of molecules with strong antioxidant activity widely used medicinal plant. Previous studies have highlighted their anticestodal, antibacterial, wound healing activities, and so forth. So, present investigation was designed to evaluate the total antioxidant activity and radical scavenging effect of 50% ethanol fruit glandular hair extract (MPE) and its role on Human Erythrocytes. MPE was tested for phytochemical test followed by its HPLC analysis. Standard antioxidant assays like DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, superoxide radical, nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidation assay were determined along with total phenolic and flavonoids content. Results showed that MPE contains the presence of various phytochemicals, with high total phenolic and flavonoid content. HPLC analysis showed the presence of rottlerin, a polyphenolic compound in a very rich quantity. MPE exhibits significant strong scavenging activity on DPPH and ABTS assay. Reducing power showed dose dependent increase in concentration absorption compared to standard, Quercetin. Superoxide, hydroxyl radical, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide assay showed a comparable scavenging activity compared to its standard. Our finding further provides evidence that Mallotus fruit extract is a potential natural source of antioxidants which have a protective role on human Erythrocytes exhibiting minimum hemolytic activity and this justified its uses in folklore medicines.

Topics: Acetophenones; Antioxidants; Benzopyrans; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Erythrocytes; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruit; Hemolysis; Humans; Hydroxyl Radical; Lipid Peroxidation; Mallotus Plant; Nitric Oxide; Oxidation-Reduction; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Reference Standards; Sulfonic Acids

Although many scientists have been studying lichens, the bacterial communities among lichens have not been fully explored. In this study, the biological activities of bacterial isolates from Arctic lichen Ochrolechia sp. were screened. Cell cultures were extracted using ethyl acetate, and these cultures were tested for antibacterial and antioxidant activities. To evaluate the antibacterial activities, we carried out a disk diffusion test and minimum inhibitory concentration assay. The inhibition zone diameter (mm) was 8 to 12, and its MIC value ranged from 222.0 to > 1000 μg/ml (control antibiotic ampicillin ranged from 0.31 to 0.58 μg/ml). PAMC26625 (Sphingomonas sp., sequence similarity: 99.108%) showed a high amount of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents within 5 extracts and also exhibited 77.23% and 80.02% in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl assay and the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay, respectively. In the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, it was determined that PAMC26625 contained a higher amount of ferrous ion [8.72 mM Fe(II)/mg extract] than control ascorbic acid [6.21 mM Fe(II)/mg extract]. Our data indicated that they had potential to be novel sources of antibacterials and antioxidants.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Arctic Regions; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Lichens; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenols; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Symbiosis

Based on the ethnomedicinal uses and the effective outcomes of natural products in various diseases, this study was designed to evaluate Isodon rugosus as possible remedy in oxidative stress, alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Acetylecholinestrase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities of crude methanolic extract (Ir.Cr), resultant fractions (n-hexane (Ir.Hex), chloroform (Ir.Cf), ethyl acetate (Ir.EtAc), aqueous (Ir.Aq)), flavonoids (Ir.Flv) and crude saponins (Ir.Sp) of I. rugosus were investigated using Ellman's spectrophotometric method. Antioxidant potential of I. rugosus was determined using DPPH, H2O2 and ABTS free radicals scavenging assays. Total phenolic and flavonoids contents of plant extracts were determined and expressed in mg GAE/g dry weight and mg RTE/g of dry sample respectively.. Among different fractions Ir.Flv and Ir.Cf exhibited highest inhibitory activity against AChE (87.44 ± 0.51, 83.73 ± 0.64%) and BChE (82.53 ± 0.71, 88.55 ± 0.77%) enzymes at 1 mg/ml with IC50 values of 45, 50 for AChE and 40, 70 μg/ml for BChE respectively. Activity of these fractions were comparable to galanthamine causing 96.00 ± 0.30 and 88.61 ± 0.43% inhibition of AChE and BChE at 1 mg/ml concentration with IC50 values of 20 and 47 μg/ml respectively. In antioxidant assays, Ir.Flv, Ir.Cf, and Ir.EtAc demonstrated highest radicals scavenging activities in DPPH and H2O2 assays which were comparable to ascorbic acid. Ir.Flv was found most potent with IC50 of 19 and 24 μg/ml against DPPH and H2O2 radicals respectively. Whereas antioxidant activates of plant samples against ABTS free radicals was moderate. Ir.Cf, Ir.EtAc and Ir.Cr showed high phenolic and flavonoid contents and concentrations of these compounds in different fractions correlated well to their antioxidant and anticholinestrase activities.. It may be inferred from the current investigations that the Ir.Sp, Ir.Flv and various fractions of I. rugosus are good sources of anticholinesterase and antioxidant compounds. Different fractions can be subjected to activity guided isolation of bioactive compounds effective in neurological disorders.

Topics: Acetates; Acetylcholinesterase; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butyrylcholinesterase; Chloroform; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Complex Mixtures; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Hexanes; Hydrogen Peroxide; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Isodon; Medicine, Traditional; Methanol; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Saponins; Spectrophotometry; Sulfonic Acids

The recent introduction of the cultivation of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni in Mexico has gained interest for its potential use as a non-caloric sweetener, but some other properties of this plant require studies. Extracts from two varieties of S. rebaudiana Bertoni adapted to cultivation in Mexico were screened for their content of some phytochemicals and antioxidant properties. Total pigments, total phenolic and flavonoids contents of the extracts ranged between 17.7-24.3 mg/g, 28.7-28.4 mg/g, and 39.3-36.7 mg/g, respectively. The variety "Criolla" exhibited higher contents of pigments and flavonoids. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity ranged between 618.5-623.7 mM/mg and DPPH decolorization assay ranged between 86.4-84.3%, no significant differences were observed between varieties. Inhibition of β-carotene bleaching ranged between 62.3-77.9%, with higher activity in the variety "Criolla". Reducing power ranged between 85.2-86% and the chelating activity ranged between 57.3-59.4% for Cu²⁺ and between 52.2-54.4% for Fe²⁺, no significant differences were observed between varieties. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that polar compounds obtained during the extraction like chlorophylls, carotenoids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids contribute to the antioxidative activity measured. The leaves of S. rebaudiana Bertoni could be used not only as a source of non-caloric sweeteners but also naturally occurring antioxidants.. La reciente introducción del cultivo de Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni en México ha ganado interés debido a su potencial uso como fuente de edulcorantes no calóricos, pero otras propiedades de esta planta aun requieren de estudios. Extractos de hojas de dos variedades de S. rebaudiana Bertoni adaptadas al cultivo en México fueron evaluados en cuanto a su contenido de algunos fitoquímicos y sus propiedades antioxidantes. El contenido de pigmentos, fenoles totales y flavonoides en los extractos, osciló entre 17.7-24.3 mg/g, 28.7-28.4 mg/g, y 39.3-36.7 mg/g, respectivamente. La variedad “Criolla” exhibió los mayores contenidos de pigmentos y flavonoides. La capacidad antioxidante equivalente de Trolox osciló entre 618.5-623.7 mM/mg y el ensayo de decoloración del radical DPPH osciló entre 86.4-84.3%, no observándose diferencias significativas entre ambas variedades. La inhibición de la decoloración del -caroteno osciló entre 62.3-77.9%, siendo mayor en la variedad “Criolla”. El poder reductor osciló entre 85.2-86%, las capacidades quelantes de cobre y hierro oscilaron entre 57.3-59.4% y 52.2-54.4%, respectivamente, no observándose diferencias significativas entre ambas variedades. En conclusión, los resultados de este estudio demuestran que los compuestos de naturaleza polar obtenidos durante la extracción, tales como pigmentos clorofílicos, carotenoides, compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides contribuyen a la actividad antioxidante. Las hojas de S. rebaudiana Bertoni podrían ser empleadas no solo como fuente de edulcorantes no calóricos, sino también como fuente de antioxidantes de origen natural.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Bleaching Agents; Chelating Agents; Chlorophyll; Copper; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Iron; Mexico; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Pigments, Biological; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Stevia; Sulfonic Acids

The present study evaluated the levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanins from Peganum harmala L. seeds and determined their antioxidant, antiplasmodial and anticancer potentials. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and ABTS assays. Extracts of P. harmala seeds from Oudref and Djerba (two places in Tunisia) were obtained by successive extraction solvents: petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water. Their composition was evaluated for phenolics (gallic acid equivalent 2.48 to 72.52 g/kg), tannins (catechin equivalent 0 to 25.27 g/kg), anthocyanins (cyanidin equivalent 0 to 20.56 mg/kg) and flavonoids (quercetin equivalent 0 to 3.12 g/kg). Ethanolic extract exerted the highest activities against a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum (IC₅₀=23 mg/L), against human breast cancer cells MCF7 (IC₅₀=32 mg/L) and against free radical (IC₅₀=19.09±3.07 mg/L). Correlations were studied between each chemical family and the three activities. Total phenolics content exhibited the highest correlation with antiplasmodial activity (R²=0.92) and with anticancer activity (R²=0.86), respectively.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antimalarials; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Erythrocytes; Female; Flavonoids; Humans; Liquid-Liquid Extraction; MCF-7 Cells; Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; Peganum; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plasmodium falciparum; Seeds; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Tannins

Our aim was to assess the antioxidant capacities and phenolic constituents of methanol and aqueous extracts of Rhodiola imbricata Edgew. root from Trans-Himalayan cold desert of Ladakh. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging capacity of the root extracts increased in a dose-dependent manner (up to 0.1 mg/mL) and root extract concentrations required for 50% inhibition of radical scavenging effect (IC50 ) were recorded as 0.013 and 0.014 mg/mL (for DPPH) and 0.016 and 0.017 mg/mL (for ABTS) for methanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. The total antioxidant power of the extract was determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Total polyphenol and phenolic acid content of methanol and aqueous extracts were 112.24, 59.06, 39.02, and 16.95 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract, respectively. Total flavonoid and flavonol contents were estimated to be 30.2, 17.67, 20.68, and 7.38 mg quercetin equivalent/g of extract, respectively. In all antioxidant capacity assays, the methanol extract exhibited significantly higher antioxidant capacity than that of aqueous extract due to the presence of significantly higher amount of vital phytoconstitiuents, viz. polyphenol, phenolic acid, and flavonol. GC/MS analysis showed that phytosterols, alkyl halide, phenols, and fatty acid esters were major phytochemical clusters. On the other hand, monoterpenes, fatty acids, tocopherols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and ethers were found to be present in comparatively less amount in the methanol extract. Hence, our study signifies that this high-altitude medicinal herb could be used as the natural source of antioxidants and supports its use in traditional system of medicine to ameliorate oxidative stress and high-altitude maladies.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Gallic Acid; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal; Polyphenols; Rhodiola; Sulfonic Acids

As part of our ongoing research on antioxidant agents from Brazilian flora, we screened the free radical scavenging activity of two extracts and eight fractions of Kielmeyera variabilis (Clusiaceae) using DPPH· (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate) and ABTS·+ [2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylenebenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] colorimetric assays. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of the leaves of K. variabilis displayed the strongest activity (IC₅₀ of 3.5 ± 0.3 and 4.4 ± 0.2 μg mL⁻¹ for DPPH· and 6.6 ± 0.4 and 3.1 ± 0.1 μg mL⁻¹ for ABTS·+, respectively). Chromatographic fractionation of the most potent fractions led to identification of three flavonols with previously described antioxidant activity, quercitrin (1), quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside (3), and quercetin-3-O-β-galactoside (4), and of one biflavone, podocarpusflavone A (2). This is the first time that the presence of these flavonoids in Kielmeyera variabilis has been reported.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Clusiaceae; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Chewing stick (miswak Salvadora persica L.) is an effective tool for oral hygiene. It possessed various biological properties including significant antibacterial and anti-fungal effects. In the present study, we evaluated the antioxidant compounds in miswak.. Miswak root was extracted with 80% methanol. Methanol extract as antioxidant was evaluated by using DPPH, ABTS and phosphomolybdenum complex assays and analysis by GC-MS. Peroxidase, catalase and polyphenoloxidase assays were performed for crude extract of miswak root.. The methanol extract of miswak contained the highest amount of crude extract among the various solvent extracts. The methanol extract showed a concentration dependent scavenging of DPPH and ABTS radicals with IC50 values 4.8 and 1.6 μg crude extract, respectively. The total antioxidant activities, based on the reduction of molybdenum (VI) to molybdenum (V), increased with increasing crude extract content. The correlation coefficients (R2) between total crude extract and DPPH, ABTS scavenging activities and the formation of phosphomolybdenum complex were 0.97, 0.99 and 0.95, respectively. The GC-MS analysis showed that the methanol extract doesn't contain phenolic and flavonoid compounds or under detected limit. After silylation of methanol extract, three compounds namely 2-furancarboxaldehyde-5-(hydroxymethyl), furan-2-carboxylic acid-3-methyl- trimethylsilyl ester and D-erythro-pentofuranose-2-deoxy-1,3,5-tris-O-(trimethylsilyl) were identified by GC-MS analysis. These furan derivatives as they contain hydroxyl groups could be possessed antioxidant activities. The antioxidant enzymes were also detected in the miswak extract with high level of peroxidase and low level of catalase and polyphenoloxidase.. The synergistic actions of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant enzymes make miswak is a good chewing stick for oral hygiene and food purposes.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catalase; Catechol Oxidase; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Furans; Mastication; Molybdenum; Mouth Diseases; Oral Hygiene; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxidase; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Salvadoraceae; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

Cactus (Opuntia spp) is widely cultivated as a vegetable, fruit, and forage crop and has been used in traditional medicine in American Indian, Mexican, and Korean cultures. Accumulative evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies using cacti suggests their biological and pharmacological activities, such as their anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory roles in different cancer cells. In this study, the Opuntia humifusa stem (OHS) was extracted with different solvents and screened for radical scavenging activity using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS˙(+)) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). In addition, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of each extract were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Further, the cacti's bioactive fractions were evaluated for cell cytotoxicity and to understand their mechanism of action on human colon cancer (SW480) and breast cancer (MCF7) cells. An ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract exhibited the highest cytotoxicity and resulted in an up-regulated expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax (bcl-2 associated X protein) and a down-regulated expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 in both SW480 and MCF7 cells. The apoptosis was mediated through activation of caspase 8, 9, and 3/7 activities as well as PARP cleavage in SW480 cells, while the same extract activated only a caspase 9 activity in MCF7 cells. Furthermore, incubation of cells with the EtOAc extract down-regulated the expression of inflammatory molecules such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in SW480 cells but not in MCF7 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that SW480 colon cancer cells are more susceptible to bioactive compounds present in OHS and may have potential in the prevention of cancer through modulation of apoptosis markers and inhibition of inflammatory pathways.

Topics: Acetates; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; bcl-2-Associated X Protein; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caspase 3; Caspase 7; Caspase 8; Caspase 9; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Colon; Cyclooxygenase 2; Down-Regulation; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; MCF-7 Cells; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Opuntia; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Up-Regulation

Phenolic compounds are the predominant ingredients in apple pomace. However, polyphenols from industrial apple pomace, which usually consists of several cultivars, have not been studied in detail. The present work focused on the antioxidant assay and HPLC analysis of polyphenol-enriched extracts from industrial apple pomace.. Six fractions of apple polyphenols, API to APVI, were acquired through extraction and purification using absorbent macroporous resin. Fraction APIII, eluted by 40% aqueous ethanol, had the highest content of total phenolics (1.48 ± 0.03 g gallic acid equivalents g(-1) dry apple pomace), which consisted of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syrigin, procyanidin B2, (-)-epicatechin, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid and quercetin. Antioxidant assays showed that APIII had the strongest antioxidant activity of DPPH radical scavenging rate (90.96% ± 10.23%), ABTS radical inhibition rate (89.78% ± 6.54%) and the strongest reducing power (8.30 ± 0.71 µmol Trolox equivalents kg(-1) dry apple pomace). It also indicated that procyanidin B2, chlorogenic acid, (-)-epicatechin and quercetin had stronger antioxidant capacity than other phenols.. Our data suggested that extracts from industrial apple pomace were rich in phenols and exhibited potent antioxidant activity. Extraction of polyphenols from industrial apple pomace would bring a great benefit and improve development of apple juice and cider industries.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biflavonoids; Biphenyl Compounds; Catechin; Chlorogenic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Food Industry; Fruit; Malus; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Proanthocyanidins; Quercetin; Sulfonic Acids; Waste Products

Phenolic compounds were extracted from European and Japanese grapevine species (Vitis vinifera and V. coignetiae) seeds using 80% methanol or 80% acetone. The total content of phenolic compounds was determined utilizing Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, while the content of tannins was assayed by the vanillin and BSA precipitation methods. Additionally, the DPPH free radical and ABTS cation radical scavenging activities and the reduction power of the extracts were measured. The HPLC method was applied to determine the phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids and catechins. The seeds contained large amounts of tannins and gallic acid and observable quantities of catechins, p-coumaric, ferulic and caffeic acids. The dominant form of phenolic acids in the extracts was the ester-bound form. The content of total phenolics was higher in the European grape V. vinifera seeds, which also contained more tannins, catechins and phenolic acids, except for caffeic acid. Extracts from V. vinifera seeds showed better radical scavenger properties and stronger reducing power. The total contents of phenolic compounds and tannins in acetone extracts were higher than in methanolic extracts. Acetone extracts also exhibited stronger antiradical properties as well as stronger reducing power.

Topics: Acetone; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catechin; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Grape Seed Extract; Humans; Hydroxybenzoates; Methanol; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Reducing Agents; Solvents; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids; Tannins; Vitis

Pleurotus porrigens is a well-known edible, wild mushroom enjoyed as a delicacy by aborigines in Sabah and as source of income for the aborigines who collect and sell them at tamu (local market). This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity in vitro and identify potent antioxidative components of aqueous extracts of P. porrigens. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging ability, ABTS radical cation inhibition activity, ferric reducing/antioxidant power, and total phenolic content. Activity-guided purifications based on DPPH radical scavenging ability resulted in 5 subfractions (SF). The highest DPPH radical scavenging ability was found in SF-III and SF-IV, but all were lower than butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and α-tocopherol. Analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detectors found presence of ascorbic acid and (+)-catechin in SFs of P. porrigens, as well as some unidentified components that may have contributed to the radical scavenging ability. In conclusion, aqueous extract of P. porrigens possesses promising antioxidant activities, although they are lesser in their partially purified SFs. Nonetheless, P. porrigens could be promoted as an antioxidant-rich food as part of a normal diet that provides antioxidative benefit.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Phenols; Picrates; Pleurotus; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

In this study, we aimed to elucidate the antioxidant capacity of Eisenia bicyclis and evaluated its antioxidant activity using various assay systems such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, reducing power ability, and content of total polyphenol. Among all the performed experiments, the ethyl acetate fraction of E. bicyclis exhibited higher antioxidant activities. From this finding, isolation and purification were performed on the ethyl acetate fraction and identified dieckol and phlorofucofureoeckol-A by spectroscopic analyses including FAB-mass in the negative mode, (1) H NMR, (13) C NMR, (1) H-(1) H COSY, HMQC, and HMBC spectra. Interestingly, ABTS radical scavenging activities of dieckol and phlorofucofuroeckol showed strong effects of 65.36% and 70.38% at a concentration of 50 μg/mL, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power abilities were increased in a dose-dependent manner at various concentrations. These results suggest that dieckol and phlorofucofuroeckol-A of E. bicyclis may play an important role in protection from oxidative stress involving reactive oxygen species and may contribute to the development of new bio products, for example, a useful preservative to improve food quality and a drug for various oxidative damage-associated diseases. Practical Application: The results suggest that dieckol and phlorofucofuroeckol-A can be utilized as a natural source for potential application of antioxidant in food industry and drug for oxidative damage-associated diseases.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzofurans; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Dioxins; Free Radical Scavengers; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Oxidative Stress; Phaeophyceae; Picrates; Polyphenols; Reactive Oxygen Species; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

A traditional sweet dessert wine from Saracena (Italy), made with nonmacerated local white grapes (Guarnaccia, Malvasia and Moscato), was analyzed for phenolics and aroma profile and antioxidant activities. The most abundant classes of phenols identified by high-performance liquid chromatography were hydroxybenzoic acids and flavan-3-ols, where gallic acid showed the highest content (376.5 mg/L). The analysis by solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of superior alcohols (from iso-butanol and iso-amyl alcohol up to 2-phenylethanol) and their ethyl esters, terpenes (such as linalool), furfuryl compounds, and free fatty acids (up to palmitic acid) as the key odorants of this wine. The antioxidant activity, evaluated by different in vitro assays 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and β-carotene bleaching test), showed that passito wine had a radical scavenging activity (IC50 value of 0.03 v/v against DPPH·) and inhibited linoleic acid oxidation with an IC50 value of 0.4 v/v after 30 min of incubation.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical Phenomena; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Gallic Acid; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Italy; Linoleic Acid; Odorants; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenylethyl Alcohol; Picrates; Polyphenols; Solid Phase Microextraction; Sulfonic Acids; Terpenes; Vitis; Wine

Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), which is the cumulative capacity of different antioxidants to reduce oxidative stress, proved to be very useful to correlate the antioxidant capacity of the diet with the incidence of some disease or with modification of disease biomarkers. Therefore, it is important to estimate the real antioxidant potential of cereals. Most methods are based mainly on extractive methods which may largely underestimate the TAC of cereals. Several recent articles have reported a direct approach, the Quencher procedure, which produces a higher TAC compared to extractive methods. However, both the extractive methods and the Quencher procedure are performed prior to digestion. In this article, an in vitro approach using enzymatic digestion, designed to mimic digestion in the gastrointestinal tract (physiological conditions), had been used to release antioxidants from cereals. Seven whole cereals were employed for the determination of DPPH as well as ABTS radical scavenging activity before and after simulated digestion. The objective was to compare the in vitro procedure of antioxidant extraction with the Quencher procedure and water extraction. The values of the TAC's from the cereal grains obtained from the in vitro procedure were 1.8-10.3 times higher than the Quencher procedure and 3.5-10.5 times higher than water extraction. Correlation between the results of the TAC obtained using the three different procedures was also investigated. The in vitro gastrointestinal digestion procedure is more useful in the screening of grains, assessing their beneficial health effects compared to the Quencher procedure or water extraction.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Diet; Fagopyrum; Hordeum; Humans; Oryza; Picrates; Plant Preparations; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids; Triticum

A new series of 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivatives containing a 1,2,4-triazole ring were synthesized via microwave technique. This efficient procedure provides pure products within a few minutes. The newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by (1) H NMR and (13) C NMR spectra and they were screened for their lipase inhibition and antioxidant activities. Compounds 4a, 4b, 5a, and 5b showed very good scavenging activity.

Topics: Benzimidazoles; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Enzyme Inhibitors; Free Radical Scavengers; Lipase; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Microwaves; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Triazoles

A new class of acetamidomethylsulfonyl bis heterocycles-oxazolyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles, -thiazolyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles, and -imidazolyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles were synthesized from the synthetic intermediates, methyl 2-((4-aryloxazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)methylsulfonyl)acetate, methyl 2-((4-arylthiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)methylsulfonyl)acetate, and methyl 2-((4-aryl-1H-imidazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)methylsulfonyl)acetate. All the title compounds were tested for their antioxidant activity. The oxadiazolylmethylsulfonyloxazolylacetamide displayed excellent radical-scavenging activity when compared with the standard ascorbic acid.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Imidazoles; Molecular Structure; Nitric Oxide; Oxadiazoles; Picrates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

The aim of the study was to design new isotonic drinks with lemon juice and berries: maqui [Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz], açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) and blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.), following on from previous research. Quality parameters - including colour (CIELab parameters), minerals, phytochemical identification and quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector, total phenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, the antioxidant capacity (ABTS(+), DPPH• and [Formula: see text] assays) and biological activities (in vitro alpha-glucosidase and lipase inhibitory effects) - were tested in the samples and compared to commercially available isotonic drinks. The new isotonic blends with lemon and anthocyanins-rich berries showed an attractive colour, especially in maqui samples, which is essential for consumer acceptance. Significantly higher antioxidant and biological effects were determined in the new blends, in comparison with the commercial isotonic beverages.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Arecaceae; Benzothiazoles; Beverages; Biphenyl Compounds; Citrus; Color; Consumer Behavior; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fruit; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Humans; Lipase; Phenols; Picrates; Prunus; Sulfonic Acids

The antioxidant potential of organoselenium compounds has been extensively investigated because oxidative stress is a hallmark of a variety of human diseases. In this study, we report the influence of substituent groups on the antioxidant activity of (R)-Se-aryl thiazolidine-4-carboselenoate (Se-PTC) in several in vitro assays. The amino group in the thiazolidine ring affects the antioxidant activity of the compound. Our data revealed that Se-PTC a had higher radical scavenging efficiency in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS(+)) assays compared to other compounds. In the ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, Se-PTC a exhibited ferric-reducing ability at concentrations as low as 5μM. However, this effect was diminished when the amino group was protected with carbamate (Se-PTC d). In the nitric oxide scavenging assay, Se-PTC c presented better NO-scavenging than Se-PTC b. However, Se-PTC a and d did not prevent NO formation at any of the tested concentrations. Se-PTC c decreased the sodium nitroprussate-induced lipid peroxidation in the cortex and hippocampus of mice. In summary, we demonstrate that Se-PTC is a promising antioxidant compound and that the compound's activity is influenced by the amino group and by the characteristics of the arylselenium substituents. Thus, these compounds may be used as synthetic antioxidants that provide protection against oxidative diseases.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Brain; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Mice; Organoselenium Compounds; Picrates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazolidines

Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel (Zingiberaceae) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine widely used for the treatment of intestinal disorders, urosis and diuresis. However, information about antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of its fruits remains to be elucidated.. The ethanol crude extract (CE) and its fractions [petroleum ether fraction (PF), ethyl acetate fraction (EF), n-butanol fraction (BF) and water fraction (WF) extracted by petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water, respectively] of A. oxyphylla fruits were investigated for their antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity.. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of the extracts were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(•)), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and reducing power assay. Cytotoxicity of the extracts (0-200 μg/mL) was tested on six human cancer cell lines (breast cancer cell line, cervix carcinoma cell line, lung adenocarcinoma cell line, liver carcinoma cell line, gastric cancer cell line and colon cancer cell line) using the sulforhodamine B assay.. The TPC of extracts varied from 8.2 to 20.3 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight. DPPH radical scavenging effect of extracts decreased in the order of EF > BF > CE > PF > WF, with IC50 values ranging from 74.7 to 680.8 μg/mL. 2,2-azo-bis(3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfoic acid) diammonium salt scavenging activity ranged from 0.118 to 0.236 mmol Trolox equivalence/mg extract. The extracts exhibited concentration-dependent reducing power, and EF showed the highest reducing ability. A satisfactory correlation (R(2) > 0.826) between TPC and antioxidant activity was observed. In addition, EF, PF and CE exhibited potent anticancer effects on six cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 40.1 to 166.3 μg/mL.. The ethanol extract of A. oxyphylla fruit, especially the EF, was found to possess potent antioxidant and anticancer activities, and thus a great potential for the application in food and drug products.

Topics: Alpinia; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Chromans; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Ethanol; Fruit; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

In this study, a heteropolysaccharide was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Lactarius camphoratum (Bull.) Fr. through DEAE-cellulose column and Sephadex G-200 column. The L. camphoratum (Bull.) Fr. polysaccharide (LC-1) had a molecular weight of 9279 Da and was mainly composed of β-D-Glu and α-D-Gal which ratios were 2:1. Structural features of L. camphoratum (Bull.) Fr. polysaccharide (LC-1) were investigated by a combination of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), infrared (IR) spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results indicated that L. camphoratum (Bull.) Fr. polysaccharide (LC-1) had a backbone of (1→4)-β-D-glucopyranose residues which branches at O-6 based on the experimental results. The branches were mainly composed of one with →3)-α-D-galactopyranose residue. The antioxidant activity of LC-1 was evaluated with two biochemical methods, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(-)) radical scavenging, scavenging activity of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-suphonic acid) diammonium (ABTS(+)) radical. The results indicated that LC-1 showed strong antioxidant.

Topics: Basidiomycota; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids

The present study is conducted to investigate the antioxidant potential of Jatropha curcas root bark extract (RB4 fraction) and leaf extract (L1 fraction), and to study their effects on UVB-radiation-induced DNA damage in cultured human blood lymphocytes. In this study, J. curcas showed strong antioxidant property in different free radical scavenging systems. Both the fractions effectively scavenged hydroxyl (OH), superoxide anion (O₂(·-)), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical cation (ABTS(·+)) in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC₅₀ (Inhibitory Concentration 50) values of J. curcas fractions were compared to standard ascorbic acid used in this study. The antioxidant potential of a compound was directly proportional to the photoprotective effect. In this study, human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL) were exposed to UVB-radiation and there was an increase in comet attributes (% tail DNA, tail length, tail movement and Olive tail moment). Jatropha curcas RB4 fraction and L1 fraction treatment before UVB-irradiation significantly decreased the % tail DNA, tail length, tail moment and Olive tail moment in irradiated HPBL. These results suggested that J. curcas exhibited strong antioxidant property and RB4 and L1 fractions protected UVB-radiation-induced DNA damage in HPBL.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cells, Cultured; Comet Assay; DNA Damage; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Hydroxyl Radical; Jatropha; Lymphocytes; Picrates; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Radiation-Protective Agents; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Ultraviolet Rays

Current studies of the antioxidant activity of fungal resources are mainly focused on the fruiting bodies of edible mushrooms. To access the potential of basidiomycetes in culture-state applications, extracts of solid cultures of 83 basidiomycetous fungi newly isolated from woody materials were prepared at the same concentration (10 mg/ml), and their antioxidant activities were measured using ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging assays. Among the basidiomycetes tested, Cryptoporus volvatus, Daedalea dickinsii, Gloeophyllum abietinum, G. trabeum, Pseudomerulius curtisii and Stereum hirsutum exhibited good antioxidant activities. The EC50 value for the removal of free radicals was lowest (i.e., most effective) in the crude extract of S. sanguinolentum (19.61 g/ml), and reduced DNA damage based on a DNA nicking assay was observed for the extracts from the six basidiomycetous species above.

Topics: Antioxidants; Basidiomycota; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Culture Media; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Three new lignans (1, 2, and 8) and ten known ones (3-7, 9-13) were isolated from the roots of Vladimiria muliensis. Their structures and configurations were elucidated by means of spectroscopic techniques (IR, MS, NMR, and CD) and chemical methods. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The antioxidant activity was the greatest for lignans 7 and 10 with IC50 values of 11.2 and 7.3 µM against DPPH radical, and of 1.6 and 1.7 µM against ABTS+ radical, respectively. Moreover, 7 also displayed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity with MIC values around 7.25 µg/mL.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Asteraceae; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Lignans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Sulfonic Acids

Eight new dihydrobenzofuran neolignans, pinnatifidanin C I-VIII (1-8), together with two known analogs (9-10) were isolated from the seeds of Crataegus pinnatifida. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, especially 1D, 2D NMR and CD spectra. The cytotoxic activities of all isolates against human cancer cell lines were assayed, and most interestingly, compound 10 revealed preferred cytotoxicity on the HT-1080 cell line and displayed much stronger inhibitory activity (IC50=8.86 μM) compared with positive control 5-fluorouracil (IC50=35.62 μM). Meanwhile, antioxidant activities of all the isolates were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-pikrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays, and the results showed that most of the isolates exhibited potent antioxidant activity.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Benzofurans; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Crataegus; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Lignans; Molecular Structure; Neoplasms; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids

A series of six novel heterocyclic chalcone analogues 4(a-f) has been synthesized by condensing 2-acetyl-5-chlorothiophene with benzaldehyde derivatives in methanol at room temperature using a catalytic amount of sodium hydroxide. The newly synthesized compounds are characterized by IR, mass spectra, elemental analysis and melting point. Subsequently; the structures of these compounds were determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their antioxidant potential by employing various in vitro models such as DPPH free radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity. Results reflect the structural impact on the antioxidant ability of the compounds. The IC₀ values illustrate the mild to good antioxidant activities of the reported compounds. Among them, 4f with a p-methoxy substituent was found to be more potent as antioxidant agent.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chalcones; Copper; Crystallography, X-Ray; Ferricyanides; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Increasing demand for more jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill.) production requires understanding the specific fertilization needs of jujube trees. This study was conducted to compare fruit yields, phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of jujube in response to different fertilizers. Application of organic fertilizer appeared to enhance the phenolics and antioxidant activity accumulation of jujubes, compared to conventional fertilized jujubes. Amongst inorganic fertilizers, supplemental potassium as an individual nutrient improved the accumulation of phenolics in jujubes. Our results demonstrate that phenolics levels and antioxidant activity of jujube can be manipulated through fertilizer management and tracked by following proanthocyanidin concentrations. In a practical production context, the combination of organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers such as more supplemental individual potassium, and less supplemental individual nitrogen and phosphorus, might be the best management combination for achieving higher phenolic concentration, stronger antioxidant activity and a good harvest.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Fertilizers; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Fruit; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Proanthocyanidins; Sulfonic Acids; Ziziphus

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Electrons; Free Radical Scavengers; Melanins; Models, Molecular; Nitric Oxide; Picrates; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids

Wild herbs, which are edible plants that grow in mountainous areas, have diverse biological effects such as anti-obesity and anti-cancer activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as the antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of Aster scaber, Ligularia fischeri, Kalopanax pictus, Codonopsis lanceolata, and Cirsium setidens and to assess their effects on lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. The results revealed that among the five studied wild herb extracts, Ligularia fischeri showed the highest total phenolic contents (215.8 ± 14.2 mg GAE/g) and Aster scaber showed the highest total flavonoid content (103.9 ± 3.4 mg RE/g). Furthermore, Aster scaber and Ligularia fischeri extracts showed higher antioxidant activity than the other wild herbs. Regarding anti-adipogenic activity, the Cirsium setidens extract significantly inhibited lipid accumulation (~80%) and ROS production (~50%) during adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells compared with control cells. These results suggest that wild herbs could be used for the development of functional foods as well as health promoting and pharmaceutical agents.

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; Adipogenesis; Animals; Asteraceae; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Lipid Metabolism; Mice; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Reactive Oxygen Species; Republic of Korea; Sulfonic Acids

We studied antioxidant activity of new derivative of pyrrolo[1,2-α]benzimidazole RU-792 and compared its effects on free radical processes with those of the reference antioxidant Trolox in four model free-radical systems. RU-792 had high antioxidant activity determined by its intrinsic antiradical properties. RU-792 was superior to Trolox by antioxidant activity in the models of Fe(2+)-induced chemiluminescence of lipids with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), but less effective in the model of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence.

Topics: Benzimidazoles; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromans; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Kinetics; Lipid Peroxidation; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Pyrroles; Sulfonic Acids

Garcinia parvifolia belongs to the same family as mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), which is known locally in Sabah as "asam kandis" or cherry mangosteen. The present study was conducted to determine the phytochemicals content (total phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and carotenoid content) and antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity of the flesh and peel of G. parvifolia. All samples were freeze-dried and extracted using 80% methanol and distilled water. For the 80% methanol extract, the flesh of G. parvifolia displayed higher phenolic and flavonoid contents than the peel, with values of 7.2 ± 0.3 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 5.9 ± 0.1 mg rutin equivalent (RU)/g, respectively. Anthocyanins were detected in the peel part of G. parvifolia but absent in the flesh. The peel of G. parvifolia displayed higher total carotenoid content as compared to the flesh part with the values of 17.0 ± 0.3 and 3.0 ± 0.0 mg β-carotene equivalents (BC)/100 g, respectively. The free-radical scavenging, ferric reducing, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition effect of the flesh were higher as compared to the peel in both extracts. These findings suggested that the edible part of G. parvifolia fruit has a potential as a natural source of antioxidant and anti-Alzheimer's agents.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carotenoids; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruit; Garcinia; Iron; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Phytochemicals; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

The antioxidant, phytochemical and nutritional properties of acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum (Linn) were investigated to evaluate the therapeutic and nutritional potential of the leaves of this plant. The antioxidant of the plant extracts were assessed against 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and ferric reducing agent. Total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonols and proanthocyanidins were determined to assess their corresponding effect on the antioxidant activity of this plant. The extracts exhibited DPPH and ABTS(·+) radical scavenging activities, which was comparable to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponin, steroids, cardiacglycoside, flavonoid, terpenoids and phenol. The proximate analysis confirms that the leaves contain appreciable amount of ash, crude protein, lipids, fibre and carbohydrates. The macro and micro elements and constituents revealed that the leaves contain significant amount of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, copper, nitrogen, and manganese. This study shows that the leaf can be used as a therapeutic agent and justifies its application in folkloric medicine.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Diet; Ferric Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Nutritive Value; Ocimum; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids; Trace Elements

The objective of the study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidation activity of lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP). Ultraviolet spectrophotometry was adopted to determine the capability of LBP to clear superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, DPPH free radicals and ABTS free radicals. The result showed that the law for LBP to clear superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals and DPPH free radicals was that the clearance rate increased gradually with the increase of the concentration, and when the concentration reached a certain value, the clearance rate leveled off, while the IC50 for clearing ABTS free radicals was 47.158 ± 6.231 µg/ml. The study concluded that LBP is a good in vitro antioxidant.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Free Radicals; Hydroxyl Radical; Indicators and Reagents; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

The water soluble matrix of nacre is a proven osteoinductive material. In spite of the differences in the biomolecular compositions of nacre obtained from multiple species of oysters, the common biochemical properties of those principles substantiate their biological activity. However, the mechanism by which nacre stimulates bone differentiation remains largely unknown. Since the positive impact of antioxidants on bone metabolism is well acknowledged, in this study we investigated the antioxidant potential of a water soluble matrix (WSM) obtained from the nacre of the marine oyster Pinctada fucata, which could regulate its osteoblast differentiation activity. Enhanced levels of ALP activity observed in pre-osteoblast cells upon treatment with WSM, suggested the induction of bone differentiation events. Furthermore, bone nodule formation and up-regulation of bone differentiation marker transcripts, i.e. collagen type-1 and osteocalcin by WSM confirmed its ability to induce differentiation of the pre-osteoblasts into mature osteoblasts. Remarkably, same WSM fraction upon pre-treatment lowered the H2O2 and UV-B induced oxidative damages in keratinocytes, thus indicating the antioxidant potential of WSM. This was further confirmed from the in vitro scavenging of ABTS and DPPH free radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by WSM. Together, these results indicate that WSM poses both antioxidant potential and osteoblast differentiation property. Thus, bioactivities associated with nacre holds potential in the development of therapeutics for bone regeneration and against oxidative stress induced damages in cells.

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biological Products; Biphenyl Compounds; Calcification, Physiologic; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Collagen Type I; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Keratinocytes; Lipid Peroxidation; Mice; Nacre; Osteoblasts; Osteocalcin; Osteogenesis; Picrates; Solubility; Sulfonic Acids; Transcription, Genetic; Ultraviolet Rays; Water

The olive tree is generally grown under rain-fed conditions. However, since the yield response to irrigation is great, even with low amounts of water, there is increasing interest in irrigated agriculture. The main goal of this study was, therefore, to investigate the effect of irrigation regimes on olive (Olea europaea L., cv. Koroneiki) obtained from an intensively-managed orchard in a semi-arid area with a Mediterranean climate in Tunisia. Different irrigation treatments 50% ETc, 75% ETc and 100% ETc were applied to the olive orchard. Accordingly, the effects of three irrigation regimes on volatile compounds, fatty acid composition and biological activities of Koroneiki cultivar were studied. The total profile of the volatile constituents of all samples revealed the predominance of 3-ethenylpyridine (from 14.9-19.6%), phenylethyl alcool (from 7.8-19.2%) and benzaldehyde (from 9.0 to 13.8%). During watering level treatments studied, the major fatty acids were oleic, palmitic and linoleic. Antioxidant activity of the fresh fruit volatiles cultivated at a watering level of 100% ETc was higher than that obtained under 50 and 75% Etc. The results of antifungal activity showed that the fruits volatiles of the three irrigation treatments had varying degrees of growth inhibition against the microorganisms tested.

Topics: Agricultural Irrigation; Antifungal Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Candida; Crops, Agricultural; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Fruit; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Olea; Olive Oil; Picrates; Plant Oils; Sulfonic Acids; Trees; Tunisia; Volatilization

Phytochemicals are extensively found at different levels in many medicinal plants. To investigate the phenolic compound content and in vitro antioxidant activity of hydro-methanolic extract from Prasium majus L. (Lamiaceae). The present investigation comprises, estimation of total polyphenol, flavonoid, tannin, in vitro antioxidant assays such as total antioxidant capacity, DPPH, ABTS, beta-carotene and ferric reducing power. P. majus exhibited 64.25 mg GAE g(-1) extract of polyphenol phenol content and better scavenging activity of DPPH (IC50 = 7.95 microg mL(-1)), ABTS*+ (IC50 = 373.78 microg mL(-1)) and beta-carotene (IC50 = 122.56 microg mL(-1)). Our results clearly demonstrated that hydro-methanolic extract P. majus has antioxidant capacity. Therefore is a valuable source of natural antioxidants.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Lamiaceae; Methanol; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids; Tannins

This study was undertaken to assess the antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of the essential oil of Hypericum hircinum L. subsp. majus (Aiton) N. Robson. Analysis of the oil composition revealed that sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (69.3%) dominate, cis-β-guaiene, δ-selinene and (E)-caryophyllene being the most representative. Significant values of antioxidant activity were found using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. The essential oil revealed antiproliferative activity as evaluated on human glioblastoma (T98G), human prostatic adenocarcinoma (PC3), human squamous carcinoma (A431) and mouse melanoma (B16-F1) tumour cell lines by MTT assay.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Humans; Hypericum; Mice; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

The aim of this study was to determine the physical and biochemical properties of some Romanian honeys in order to discriminate between their floral origins. The evaluated properties were total phenolic content, total protein content, total free amino acids content, color intensity (ABS(450)), pH, ash content, antioxidant activity. Twenty-six commercial honeys from six types of flowers (acacia, sunflower, forest, polyfloral, lime and Sea Buckthorn) were investigated. All samples showed considerable variations with reference to their properties. The properties values were in the range of approved limits (according to EU legislation). The total phenolic, total protein and total free amino acids contents and color intensity varied considerably. Similarly, forest honey had the highest antioxidant activity while the lowest was found in acacia honey. Correlation between the floral origin of honeys and the physical and biochemical properties, respectively, was observed. Moreover, this study demonstrates remarkable variation in DPPH scavenging activity and content of total phenols in honey, depending on its botanic source.

Topics: Amino Acids; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biochemical Phenomena; Biphenyl Compounds; Color; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Flowers; Honey; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Phenols; Physical Phenomena; Picrates; Principal Component Analysis; Proteins; Romania; Sulfonic Acids

This study was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant potential of an aqueous extract from Merremia emarginata leaves because this plant has a very high flavonoid and phenol content. The in vitro antioxidant activity was measured by diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), superoxide anion scavenging assay and lipid peroxidation activity; the total reducing capability of the plant extract indicates that this plant is a source for natural antioxidants. Furthermore, we investigated thio glycolic acid-capped cadmium telluride quantum dots (TGA-CdTe QDs) as fluorescent probes to study the antioxidant activity of the M. emarginata extract through fluorescence quenching. The antimicrobial activity was also investigated using a disc diffusion method and fluorescence microscopy. The TGA-CdTe QDs and M. emarginata complex could provide antimicrobial activity through a reactive oxygen species pathway and/or microbial endocytosis through an electrostatic attraction. Based on our findings, we suggest that the QDs act as potential probes for the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In addition, their cooperative effect with the plant extract indicates that QDs could be used as nanocarriers to enhance the antimicrobial capability. Further in vivo studies on the photolabelling of antioxidants with QDs will provide insights into the mechanistic pathways of secondary metabolites against various degenerative diseases.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cadmium Compounds; Convolvulaceae; Diffusion; Escherichia coli; Flavonoids; Indicators and Reagents; Lipid Peroxidation; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nanoparticles; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Quantum Dots; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Tellurium; Thioglycolates

Hardy kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta) is a new species, commercially grown in recent years. Total phenolics (TPC), vitamin C (TAA) content, antioxidant activity (AA) and their year-to-year variability in seven hardy kiwifruit clones were evaluated. TPC was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay. TAA was estimated by determination of l-ascorbic acid and l-dehydroascorbic acid levels using high-performance liquid chromatography. AA was measured using diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and OH radicals.. The highest content of vitamin C, in all seasons, was found in D11 (1447-2181 mg kg(-1) fresh weight) and phenolics for D11 and M1 clones (2583-3312 and 2228-3414 mg gallic acid equivalents kg(-1) fresh weight, respectively). TPC and TAA content showed significant differences between hardy kiwifruit clones and showed significant year-to-year variability. Each year, the level of AA was significantly higher for D11 (DPPH, ABTS). AA was strongly correlated with TPC and TAA content in Actinidia fruit.. Hardy kiwifruit are an important source of vitamin C and phenolics, which resulted in their good antioxidant potential. A significantly higher content of these compounds was found in fruit of hybrid origin, which suggests that A. purpurea × A. arguta clones may be useful genetic resources for further interspecific hybridization.

Topics: Actinidia; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chimera; Diet; Fruit; Humans; Hydroxyl Radical; Phenols; Picrates; Seasons; Species Specificity; Sulfonic Acids

Although polyphenols represent the paradigm of the health-promoting effects ascribed to grape products, recently, attention has been paid to dietary melatonin, significantly present in Mediterranean foods. In this work, we measured melatonin, its isomers, stilbenes (trans- and cis-resveratrol and their glucosides, piceids) and total polyphenols in some different grape products (red, white and dessert wines, grape juices and Modena balsamic vinegars) of distinct Italian areas. We also evaluated their antiradical activity by DPPH(·) and ABTS(·+) assays. For indoleamine analysis, the separation was carried out on a 1.7-μm C18 BEH column and the detection performed by means of mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring. The confirmation of the peak identity was accomplished by injection into the high-resolution system (Orbitrap) using accurate mass measurements (error below 1.0 ppm). Mass spectrometry analyses revealed, for the first time, the presence of melatonin in dessert wines and balsamic vinegars, as well as the occurrence of three different melatonin isomers in grape products.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Beverages; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Isomerism; Linear Models; Melatonin; Picrates; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Stilbenes; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Vitis; Wine

Methanol extract and its n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and aqueous fraction of Galium aparine L. (Rubiacea) were evaluated in vitro for their antioxidant capacity (DPPH, superoxide radical, phosphomolybdate assay); reducing power (ABTS, hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, to reduce Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) ions) and to estimate total flavonoid and phenolic contents. All the free radical generating assay models depicted differential positive scavenging activity but considerable magnitude for all the fractions. The results showed that aqueous fraction strongly scavenge the DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals. A significantly high correlation coefficient existed between IC(50) values of DPPH and superoxide radical with total phenolic content and phosphomolybdate assay with total flavonoid contents, respectively. These results suggested that aqueous fraction can be a good source of antioxidant therapeutic in oxidative stress damages.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydroxyl Radical; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Rubiaceae; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Thiazoles

Six 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives were prepared in order to compare their abilities to protect DNA against radical-mediated oxidation and to scavenge radicals. These derivatives had a structure based on disubstituted 1,2,4-oxadiazole, in which a vanillin group (A ring) and a substituted benzene group (B ring) were the substituents. The functional group at B ring was assigned as ortho- or meta-hydroxylbenzene group, ortho-chlorobenzene group, no group contained, and pyridine group or vanillin group at B ring. It was found that the compound with two vanillin groups attaching to oxadiazole can trap 2.05 radicals in protecting DNA against 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH)-induced oxidation, and the compound with an ortho-hydroxylbenzene group at B ring can trap 1.78 radicals. The compound with an ortho-chlorobenzene group at B ring exhibited the highest ability to inhibit (·)OH-induced oxidation of DNA, while the compound with a meta-hydroxylbenzene group at B ring inhibited Cu(2+)/glutathione (GSH)-induced oxidation of DNA efficiently. The ortho- and para-hydroxylbenzene groups at B ring made the compounds possess the highest rate constant (k) in scavenging 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) cationic radical (ABTS(+.)) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). Therefore, only a few hydroxyl groups can markedly enhance the activity of the core-branched antioxidant, which may be a novel structural feature in designing antioxidant.

Topics: Amidines; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; DNA; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Glutathione; Hydroxyl Radical; Kinetics; Oxadiazoles; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

The present study evaluates the influence of drying and cooking processes on the health properties of two bell Capsicum annuum L. cultivars Roggiano and Senise compared with fresh peppers. The content of phytochemicals decreased in the order fresh>dried>dried frying processes. HPLC analysis was applied to quantify five flavonoids from peppers. Apigenin was identified as main constituent. Its content was affected by drying and dried frying processes. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS, β-carotene bleaching test and Fe-chelating activity assay. A comparable radical scavenging activity was observed for both cultivars. Interestingly, frying process did not influenced this property. Roggiano peppers exhibited the highest antioxidant activity using β-carotene bleaching test with IC(50) values of 38.1 and 24.9 μg/mL for total extract and n-hexane fraction, respectively. GC-MS analysis of lipophilic fraction revealed the presence of fatty acids and vitamin E as major components. In the inhibition of the carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes fresh Senise peppers exerted the strongest activity against α-amylase with an IC(50) value of 55.3 μg/mL. Our results indicate that C. annuum cultivars Roggiano and Senise have an interestingly potential health benefits not influenced by processes that are used before consumption.

Topics: alpha-Amylases; alpha-Glucosidases; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Capsicum; Chelating Agents; Flavonoids; Food Handling; Fruit; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Hexanes; Hypoglycemic Agents; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Iron; Phenols; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

The present study determined the chemical composition, fatty acid (FA) content and antioxidant capacity of meat from goats supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) or sunflower cake (SC) or grass hay (GH). The meat from goat supplemented with MOL had higher concentrations of total phenolic content (10.62±0.27 mg tannic acid equivalent E/g). The MOL significantly scavenged 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid (ABTS) radical to 93.51±0.19% (93.51±0.19%) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical to 58.95±0.3% than other supplements. The antioxidative effect of MOL supplemented meat on catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipid oxidation (LO) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than other meat from goat feed on grass hay or those supplemented with sunflower seed cake. The present study indicated that the anti-oxidative potential of MOL may play a role in improving meat quality (chemical composition, colour and lipid stability).

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Dietary Supplements; Fatty Acids; Goats; Helianthus; Lipid Peroxidation; Meat; Moringa; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Plant Preparations; Poaceae; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

The chelating behavior of ligands based on carbohydrazone core modified with pyridine end towards Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions have been examined. The ligands derived from the condensation of carbohydrazide with 2-acetylpyridine (H(2)APC) and 4-acetylpyridine (H(2)APEC). The (1)H NMR, IR data and the binding energy calculations of H(2)APC revealed the presence of two stereoisomers syn and anti in the solid state and in the solution. The (1)H NMR, IR data and the binding energy calculations confirmed the presence of H(2)APEC in one keto form only in the solid state and in the solution. The spectroscopic data confirmed that H(2)APC behaves as a monobasic pentadentate in Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes and as mononegative tetradentate in Ni(II) complex. On the other hand, H(2)APEC acts as a mononegative tridentate in Co(II) complex, neutral tridentate in Ni(II) complex and neutral bidentate in Cu(II) complex. The electronic spectra and the magnetic measurements of complexes as well as the ESR of the copper complexes suggested the octahedral geometry. The bond length and bond angles were evaluated by DFT method using material studio program. The thermal behavior and the kinetic parameters of degradation were determined using Coats-Redfern and Horowitz-Metzger methods. The antioxidant (DDPH and ABTS methods), anti-hemolytic and in vitro Ehrlich ascites of the compounds have been screened.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor; Cobalt; Copper; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Electrons; Erythrocytes; Free Radical Scavengers; Hemolysis; Hydrazones; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Kinetics; Ligands; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mice; Models, Molecular; Nickel; Picrates; Pyridines; Rats; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Thermogravimetry

This study describes increases in extraction efficiency and the bioconversion of catechins after treatment with several commercial enzymes. Tannase was also used to improve the anti-radical activities of green tea extracts. Enzymatic treatment with various commercial enzymes was introduced to improve the extraction efficiency of polyphenols. The total polyphenol, flavonoid, and catechin contents and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the green tea extract treated with Viscozyme (VG) were significantly higher than those treated with other commercial enzymatic extractions (p<0.05). More than 95% of the epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) and of the epicatechingallate (ECG) was hydrolyzed to epigallocatechin (EGC) and to epicatechin (EC) in successive 20 min treatments with Viscozyme and tannase (TG). Due to its hydrolytic activity, treatment involving tannase resulted in a significant release of gallic acid (GA), EGC, and EC, leading to greater radical scavenging activities. Regarding the IC(50) values of the DPPH and 2,2-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, the green tea extract treated with TG showed values of 131.23 and 28.83 µg/mL, VG showed values of 224.70 and 32.54 µg/mL, and normal green tea extract (NG) showed values of 241.11 and 66.27 µg/mL, respectively. These results indicate that successive treatment with Viscozyme and tannase improves the extraction efficiency of polyphenols and increases radical scavenging activities.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Catechin; Cellulases; Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases; Fungal Proteins; Gallic Acid; Glycoside Hydrolases; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids; Tea; Thiazoles

To elucidate free radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract Lagenaria siceraria (L. siceraria) (Molina) fruit.. The free radical scavenging activity of the L. siceraria (Molina) fruit extract was assayed by using α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,20-azinobis 3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS), FRAP, reducing power, chelating ability and β-carotene bleaching assay.. The IC(50) values of DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activity was found to be 1.95 mg/mL and 19 mg/mL, respectively. In ferrous chelation assay, the percentage of inhibition was found to be 89.21%. The reducing power of ethanolic extract of L. siceraria (Molina) fruit was 0.068 at 1 mg/mL and increased to 0.192 at 5 mg/mL. The β-carotene linoleate bleaching assay was 46.7% at 5 mg/mL and antioxidant activity using FRAP at 0.305 for 1 mg/mL to 0.969 for 5 mg/mL.. The results indicate that L. siceraria (Molina) fruit could be an important sources of natural radical scavengers.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Cucurbitaceae; Fruit; Iron Chelating Agents; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

In the present study, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) extraction of seed oil from winter melon (Benincasa hispida) was investigated. The effects of process variables namely pressure (150-300 bar), temperature (40-50 °C) and dynamic extraction time (60-120 min) on crude extraction yield (CEY) were studied through response surface methodology (RSM). The SC-CO(2) extraction process was modified using ethanol (99.9%) as co-solvent. Perturbation plot revealed the significant effect of all process variables on the CEY. A central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the process conditions to achieve maximum CEY. The optimum conditions were 244 bar pressure, 46 °C temperature and 97 min dynamic extraction time. Under these optimal conditions, the CEY was predicted to be 176.30 mg-extract/g-dried sample. The validation experiment results agreed with the predicted value. The antioxidant activity and fatty acid composition of crude oil obtained under optimized conditions were determined and compared with published results using Soxhlet extraction (SE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE). It was found that the antioxidant activity of the extract obtained by SC-CO(2) extraction was strongly higher than those obtained by SE and UAE. Identification of fatty acid composition using gas chromatography (GC) showed that all the extracts were rich in unsaturated fatty acids with the most being linoleic acid. In contrast, the amount of saturated fatty acids extracted by SE was higher than that extracted under optimized SC-CO(2) extraction conditions.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbon Dioxide; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; Cucurbitaceae; Ethanol; Fatty Acids; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Kinetics; Picrates; Plant Oils; Pressure; Seeds; Solubility; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

Our previous research showed that standardized extract from the flowers of the Gossypium herbaceam labeled GHE had been used in clinical trials for its beneficial effects on brain functions, particularly in connection with age-related dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this work was to determine the components of this herb and the individual constituents of GHE. In order to better understand this herb for AD treatment, we investigated the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and antioxidant activity of GHE as well as the protective effects to PC12 cells against cytotoxicity induced by tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) using in vitro assays. The antioxidant activities were assessed by measuring their capabilities for scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical as well as in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Our data showed that GHE exhibited certain activities against AChE and also is an efficient free radical scavenger, which may be helpful in preventing or alleviating patients suffering from AD.

Topics: Alkaloids; Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flavonols; Flowers; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Gossypium; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Lipid Peroxidation; Oxidative Stress; PC12 Cells; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Rats; Sesquiterpenes; Sulfonic Acids

The ethanol extract of the whole plants of Viburnum mongolicum afforded six new nor-dammarane triterpenoids: 3β,12β-dihydroxy-25,26,27-trinordammara-22-en -24,20-olide (1), 3β,12β-dihydroxy-24α-methoxy-25,26,27-trinordammara-20,24-epoxy (2), 3β-O-acetyl-12β-hydroxy-23,24,25,26,27-hexanordammarane-20-one (3), 12β-O- acetyl-15α-hydroxy-17β-methoxy-3-oxo-20,21,22-23,24,25,26,27-octanordammanrane (4), 12β-O-acetyl-15α,17β-dihydroxy-3-oxo-20,21,22-23,24,25,26,27-octanordammanrane (5), and 12β,15α-dihydroxy-3-oxo-17-en-20,21,22-23,24,25,26,27-octanordammanrane (6), together with two known nor-dammarane triterpenoids, 12β-hydroxy-3-oxo-24α-methoxy- 25,26,27-trinordammara-20,24-epoxy (7) and 3β,12β-dihydroxy-23,24,25,26,27- hexanordammarane-20-one (8). The structures of the isolated compounds were established based on 1D and 2D (¹H-¹H COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) NMR spectroscopy, in addition to high resolution mass spectrometry. The isolated compounds were tested in vitro for cytotoxic potential against seven tumor cell lines and radical scavenging activities. Compounds 4-6 exhibited significant cytotoxic activities against all tested tumor cell lines and radical scavenging activities against ABTS·+ radicals comparable with the standard drug Trolox.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Death; Cell Line, Tumor; Dammaranes; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Triterpenes; Viburnum

Radical scavenging capacity of a crude methanolic extract from the fruits of Phillyrea latifolia L., commonly known as green olive tree or mock privet, was investigated with reference to anthocyanin standards, as flavonoids, and phenolic acid standards, as phenylpropanoids. Characterization with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) indicated the presence of keracyanin, kuromanin, cyanidin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid at amounts of 289.1, 90.4, 191.4, 225.2, 221.2 and 190.1 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW) of fruits, respectively. Chlorogenic and p-coumaric acids were found to exist in lower amounts. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and IC(50) values of the plant extract were found to be 1.8 mM Trolox equivalents (TE)/g FW of fruits and 69.4 µg/mL, respectively, indicating the close radical scavenging activity of the extract to those of keracyanin and p-coumaric acid. The crude methanolic P. latifolia L. fruit extract was seen to be fairly potent in radical scavenging. Total phenolic content (TPC) of the plant extract was found to be 1652.9 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g FW of fruits.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruit; Hydroxybenzoates; Methanol; Olea; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Regression Analysis; Sulfonic Acids

Twelve Colorado-grown specialty potato clones were evaluated for total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and ascorbic acid content at harvest and after 2, 4, 6 and 7 months cold storage at 4 °C. Potato clones were categorized as pigmented ('CO97226-2R/R', 'CO99364-3R/R', 'CO97215-2P/P', 'CO97216-3P/P', 'CO97227-2P/P', 'CO97222-1R/R', 'Purple Majesty', 'Mountain Rose' and 'All Blue'), yellow ('Yukon Gold') and white fleshed ('Russet Nugget', 'Russet Burbank'). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used to estimate total phenolic content, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS(•+) ) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(•) ) radical scavenging assays were used to estimate antioxidant capacity.. Pigmented potato genotypes had significantly higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity at all data points than yellow- and white-fleshed cultivars. Vitamin C content was higher in 'Yukon Gold' than in the other clones. The highest level of vitamin C in all clones was at harvest and after 2 months in cold storage. Vitamin C content in all potato clones dropped rapidly with longer intervals of cold storage. Although total phenolic content and antioxidant activity fluctuated during cold storage, after 7 months of cold storage their levels were slightly higher than at harvest. Total phenolic content was better correlated with Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)/ABTS(•+) than the TEAC/DPPH(•) radical scavenging assay.. Pigmented potato clones had significantly higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, while the yellow-fleshed potato cultivar 'Yukon Gold' had significantly higher vitamin C content. Vitamin C content decreased in all potato clones during cold storage, while total phenolics increased in pigmented clones.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cold Temperature; Diet; Food Storage; Humans; Phenols; Picrates; Pigments, Biological; Plant Tubers; Solanum tuberosum; Species Specificity; Sulfonic Acids

Investigation of the green fruits of Clusia paralicola (Clusiaceae) led to the isolation and characterization of two 3,8"-biflavonoids, 2R, 3S, 2"R, 3"R-GB1-7"-O-beta-glucoside (1) and 2R, 3S, 2"R, 3,8"-binaringenin-7"-O-beta-glucoside (2), together with four known compounds: beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, beta-amyrin, and epicatechin. The structures were established from the IR, LC-ESI-MS and NMR spectral data, including 2D-NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by CD spectra. The total extract and the biflavonoids demonstrated significant antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, and betacarotene/linoleic acid tests.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Circular Dichroism; Clusia; Flavanones; Flavonoids; Fruit; Linoleic Acid; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Picrates; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids

The antioxidant level of commercial tinctures from three Lamiaceae plants, Salvia officinalis, Mentha piperita, and Melissa officinalis, have been determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, the 2.2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydracyl hydrate (DPPH) radical scavenging technique and ABTS assay. Total phenolic content was expressed as GAE (gallic acid equivalent) and ranged from 0.24 to 3.99 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity in the ABTS assay, calculated as TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity), ranged from 23.5 to 35.6 micromol Trolox/mL, while in the DPPH method, the EC50 value ranged from 0.04 to 0.07 mL/assay. Radical scavenging activity was correlated with total phenolic content. Correlations between ABTS and F-C methods, DPPH and F-C methods and ABTS and DPPH methods were calculated. The obtained results can be useful as additional information about the antioxidant activity of galenical preparations.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Free Radical Scavengers; Gallic Acid; Indicators and Reagents; Lamiaceae; Melissa; Mentha piperita; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Salvia officinalis; Sulfonic Acids

Ginkgo biloba seeds are widely used as a food and traditional medicine in China. In the present study, a novel antioxidant protein named GBSP was purified from Ginkgo biloba seeds. The protein (GBSP) was purified by homogenization of Ginkgo biloba seed powder in saline solution, 70% ammonium sulphate precipitation, filtration on a DEAE-Cellulose52 anion exchange column, gel filtration on a Sephadex G-50 column, and preparative chromatography on a C(18) column using RP-HPLC. GBSP showed an apparent molecular weight of 18 kDa by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF/MS analyses. The amino acid sequence obtained by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis showed GBSP was a novel protein, as no matching protein in was found the database. The protein exhibited significant antioxidant activities against free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS and superoxide anion and showed higher activity than α-tocopherol in a linoleic acid emulsion assay system. Furthermore, GBSP exhibited notable reducing power and a strong chelating effect on Cu(2+) and Fe(2+). Therefore, the present study demonstrates, for the first time, that this novel protein from Ginkgo biloba seeds is an excellent antioxidant.

Topics: alpha-Tocopherol; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; China; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Emulsions; Ginkgo biloba; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Peroxidation; Picrates; Plant Proteins; Seeds; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

To evaluate the antioxidant potential of methanolic leaf extract of Indigofera cassioides (MEIC) using various in vitro antioxidant assay systems.. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of MEIC was assayed by using different in vitro models like ABTS, DPPH, nitric oxide, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. Reductive ability of the extract was tested by the complex formation with potassium ferricyanide. Further total phenol and flavonoid contents of the crude extract were also determined. Rutin and ascorbic acid were used as standards.. MEIC exhibited potent and concentration dependent free radical scavenging activity in all the tested models. Reductive ability was also found to increase with increase in MEIC concentration. Total phenol and flavonoid content determination showed that the extract is rich in phenols and flavonoids.. All the results of the in vitro antioxidant assays reveal potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the leaves of Indigofera cassioides, equivalent to that of standard ascorbic acid and rutin. This potent antioxidant activity may be attributed to its high phenolic and flavonoid contents.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Free Radicals; Indigofera; Models, Biological; Oxidative Stress; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids

Optimization of culture conditions for exopolysaccharide (EPS) by Funalia trogii in submerged culture was investigated using one-factor-at-a-time method and uniform design (UD). Under the optimized conditions, the maximum concentration of EPS was 8.68 g/l. After EPS was deproteinized by Sevag method, two groups of EPSs (designated as Fr-I and Fr-II) were obtained from the culture filtrates by gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B. Furthermore, EPSs were characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled with a multiangle laser-light scattering (MALLS) and refractive index (RI) detector system. The weight-average molar masses of the Fr-I and Fr-II were determined to be 1.007 × 10(5) and 2.393 × 10(4)g/mol, respectively. The root mean square (RMS) radii for both peaks ranged from 9.7 to 10.8 nm with no clear trends. Pharmacology experiments indicated F. trogii EPS were useful to the therapy of free radical injury and cancer diseases.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Chromatography, Gel; Fermentation; Free Radical Scavengers; Fungal Polysaccharides; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Hydroxyl Radical; Light; Picrates; Polyporaceae; Scattering, Radiation; Sulfonic Acids

Influence of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to the characterization and corresponding antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula (AAP) was determined. According to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, high performance size exclusion chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, partial acid hydrolysis, periodic acid oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation analysis and atomic force microscopy, AAP was a heteropolysaccharide (composed of glucose, galactose, mannose, arabinose and rhamnose at the molar ratio of 37.53:1:4.32:0.93:0.91) with the molecular weight of 2.77×10(4) Da, observed as a spherical lump, and the backbone of AAP was mainly composed by glucose with (1→3) linked. Moreover, AAP exhibited significant in vitro antioxidant activity in scavenging free radicals (ABTS, DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals), in lipid peroxidation and reducing power assays. The present result suggested that AAP by MAE had low molecular weight and remarkable antioxidant capability.

Topics: Antioxidants; Basidiomycota; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Fungal Polysaccharides; Hydrolysis; Hydroxyl Radical; Methylation; Microwaves; Oxidation-Reduction; Periodic Acid; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

The radioprotective property of 50 mg/kg body weight jamun (Syzygium cumini) extract was studied in the cultured splenocytes of mice exposed to 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, or 4 Gy of γ-radiation. The spleens of irradiated mice were removed aseptically and the splenocytes were extracted from the individual spleens and cultured. The micronuclei were prepared 72 hours after irradiation in binucleate splenocytes by blocking cytokinesis with cytochalasin-B. Irradiation of mice resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in the micronucleated splenocytes. The exposure of mice not only elevated splenocytes bearing one micronucleus but also cells bearing 2 and multiple (>2) micronuclei indicating induction of complex DNA damage after irradiation. Oral treatment of mice with 50 mg/kg body weight of jamun leaf extract protected against the radiation-induced micronuclei formation. Jamun extract also protected against the formation of 2 and multiple micronuclei indicating repair or inhibition of complex DNA damage. The assessment of lipid peroxidation in mice brain homogenate has indicated a concentration dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation by jamun extract. Studies in a cell free system revealed that jamun extract inhibited the formation of OH, O(2)-, DPPH, and ABTS(+) free radicals in a concentration dependent manner. Our study demonstrates that jamun extract protected mice against the radiation-induced DNA damage and inhibition of radiation-induced free radical formation may be one of the mechanisms of radioprotection.

Topics: Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cells, Cultured; DNA; DNA Damage; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Gamma Rays; Hydroxyl Radical; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Mice; Micronucleus Tests; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Radiation-Protective Agents; Spleen; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Syzygium

A new homoisoflavonoid, isointricatinol (1), together with eight known homoisoflavonoids, three flavonoids, bergenin and 11-O-galloylbergenin were isolated from the EtOAc fraction of MeOH extract of Caesalpinia digyna roots and evaluated for the antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS free radicals. The structure of 1 was elucidated by various spectroscopic techniques and found to be a Z-isomer of 7,8-dihydroxy-3-(4'-methoxybenzyl)chroman-4-one. Compound 1 was found to exhibit mild to moderate free radical scavenging effect against DPPH (IC(50), 85.50 µM) and ABTS (IC(50), 44.13 µM) radicals.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caesalpinia; Free Radical Scavengers; Isoflavones; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Plant Roots; Sulfonic Acids

A mixture of flavonoid components was isolated from the fruit peel of three varieties of citrus native to Republic of Korea, Citrus leiocarpa Hort. ex Tanaka (CLHT), Citrus aurantium L. (CAL) and Citrus erythrosa Hort. (CEH), via 70% methanol extraction followed by ethyl acetate elution over a silica gel cartridge. The flavonoid components of the mixture were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in positive-ion mode and a comparison of the reported data. Among 17 characterized components, two flavanones, four flavones and two coumarin derivatives in the fruit peel of the three varieties were identified for the first time. The individual characterized components were quantified via HPLC-UV. The flavanones dominated in CAL, whereas the flavones prevailed in CLHT and CEH. The antioxidant activity of the flavonoid mixture of the fruit peel was determined via DPPH•, ABTS•⁺ and reducing power assays. The antioxidant activity of CEH and CAL was greater than that of CLHT.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Citrus; Flavonoids; Picrates; Republic of Korea; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A wide range of proteinaceous inhibitors are present in plants to protect themselves from hydrolytic enzymes. In this study, turmerin, a water-soluble peptide in turmeric rhizomes, was evaluated for its inhibitory potential against glucosidase and its antioxidant (AO) capacity. Turmerin inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities with IC₅₀ values 31 and 192 µg mL⁻¹, respectively. Under the experimental conditions, those values for a standard glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, were 81 and 296 µg mL⁻¹, respectively. The AO capacity of turmerin was evaluated using in vitro assay systems. Turmerin showed good DPPH (IC₅₀ = 29 µg mL⁻¹) and superoxide (IC₅₀ = 48 µg mL⁻¹) and moderate ABTS (IC₅₀ = 83 µg mL⁻¹) radical scavenging and Fe(II) chelation (IC₅₀ = 101 µg mL⁻¹) capacities. The inhibitory potential showed by turmerin against enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes, as well as its moderate AO capacity, could rationalise the traditional usage of turmeric rhizome preparations against diabetes.

Topics: alpha-Amylases; alpha-Glucosidases; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Curcuma; Hypoglycemic Agents; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Peptides; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

The 70% alcohol extract of Oxytropis myriophylla (PALL.) DC. (Leguminosae) exhibited high radical scavenging activity (IC(50) value: 88.0 µg mL(-1) and 86.7 µg mL(-1)) on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Further chemical investigation led the isolation of one new lignan, namely myriophylloside G (1), together with three known compounds. Their structural elucidations of all the compounds were based on extensive spectroscopic methods, including HRESIMS and 2D NMR experiments (HSQC, HMBC and (1)H-(1)HCOSY) and by comparison with reference values.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Lignans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Oxytropis; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

Chalcones with or without a para-hydroxyl group were condensed with phenylhydrazine-related compounds to form 1,3,5-triphenyl-1H-pyrazole (TPP), 4-(1,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenol (APP), 4-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)phenol (BPP), and 4-(3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenol (CPP), in which the phenyl group formed a dendritic structure with pyrazole as the core. Thus, the aim of this work was to explore the antioxidant capacities of TPP, APP, BPP, and CPP in trapping 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) cationic radical (ABTS(+•)) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and in inhibiting Cu(2+)/glutathione (GSH)-, (•)OH-, and 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH)-induced oxidation of DNA. TPP can react with ABTS(+•) and DPPH, indicating that the N atom in pyrazole possesses radical-scavenging ability. Moreover, APP, BPP, and CPP can trap 1.71, 1.81, and 1.58 radicals, respectively, in protecting DNA against AAPH-induced oxidation. Thus, the combination of pyrazole with a phenyl group exerted antioxidant ability although only one phenolic hydroxyl group was involved. However, these compounds showed weak protective effect against Cu(2+)/GSH-induced oxidation of DNA and even a pro-oxidant effect on (•)OH-induced oxidation of DNA.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chalcones; Copper; Dendrites; DNA; Free Radical Scavengers; Glutathione; Hydroxyl Radical; Kinetics; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Phenylhydrazines; Picrates; Pyrazoles; Reactive Oxygen Species; Spectrophotometry; Sulfonic Acids

The occurrence of three known benzophenones, namely annulatophenonoside, acetylannulatophenonoside and annulatophenone as well as a flavonol O-glycoside guajaverin in the aerial parts of Hypericum maculatum Crantz was established. In addition, hyperoside, isoquercitrin and miquelianin were isolated from this plant, as well. Radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds were examined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) free radicals, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in linoleic acid system by the ferric thiocyanate method. Isoquercitrin demonstrates the highest DPPH radical scavenging (96.6 ± 0.3%), FRAP (23.8 ± 0.2 Trolox equivalent, TE mol⁻¹) and antioxidant activity in linoleic acid system. Guajaverin and acetylannulatophenonoside show significantly strong ABTS radical scavenging activity (93.9 ± 0.4% and 93.4 ± 0.6%, respectively), which is comparable to that of ascorbic acid (96.2 ± 0.4%).

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzophenones; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Hypericum; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Bulgur has been one of the most important traditional Durum wheat products in Turkey and Middle Eastern countries for ages. The objective of this study was to reveal the composition of some healthy components of industrial bulgur samples produced in Turkey. Total starch, resistant starch, dietary fibre and total phenolic contents and their high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile and antioxidant capacity of bulgur samples using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity methods were investigated. The results showed that total dietary fibre ranged between 5.8 ± 0.7 and 8.2 ± 0.7% and resistant starch between 2.1 ± 0.2 and 2.8 ± 0.2%. Moreover, phenolic content with an average of 59.5 ± 5.2 mg Gallic acid/100 g dry matter and a moderate level of antioxidant capacity with an average of 22.2 ± 2.4% DPPH scavenging activity and 563.3 ± 60.7 μmol Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity/100 g dry matter of ABTS scavenging activity add value to the health benefits of bulgur product.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Edible Grain; Humans; Middle East; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Starch; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles; Triticum; Turkey

The influence of various solvents on the yield of polyphenols from defatted marigold residue, the antioxidant activity of the extracts and the composition of antioxidant compounds in the extracts were investigated. The content of total phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts was significantly varied with different solvents (P<0.05) and the extract by ethyl alcohol (EtOH)/water (7:3, v/v) has the highest content of total phenolics and flavonoids, 62.33 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 97.00 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by radical (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)) scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the antioxidant activity was well correlated with the content of total phenolics and flavonoids (R²>0.900). Antioxidant components in the extracts were identified by combined on-line HPLC-ABTS·+ post-column assay and HPLC-DAD-MS method. Gallic acid, gallicin, quercetagetin, 6-hydroxykaempferol-O-hexoside, patuletin-O-hexoside and quercetin were the dominant antioxidant compounds in the extracts, and quercetagetin was identified as the strongest antioxidant capacity.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Tagetes; Thiazoles

Recently much attention has been paid to biologically active plants because of their low production cost and fewer adverse effects compared with chemical drugs. In the present investigation the bioactivity of Phyllanthus niruri ethanol and aqueous extracts was evaluated in vitro.. The ethanol extract of P. niruri showed a high level of flavonoid content (123.9 ± 0.002 mg g⁻¹), while the aqueous extract showed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH; IC₅₀ 6.85 ± 1.80 µmol L⁻¹) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS; 46.44 ± 0.53 µmol L⁻¹) free radical scavenging activities with high phenol content (376 ± 0.02 mg g⁻¹) and elevated levels of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP; 23 883 ± 0.019 mmol g⁻¹) with excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm inhibition zone) and Streptococcus agalactiae (12 mm inhibition zone), respectively, in addition to the best immune activation potential of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (450.5%).. It is clear from our results that both extracts of P. niruri has excellent bioactivity roles via elevated levels of antibacterial, antioxidant and percentage of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation, which could lead to the development of medications for clinical use.

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Proliferation; Humans; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Phyllanthus; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus agalactiae; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

Erigeron breviscapus is a well-known traditional Chinese herbal medicine. In this study, on-line HPLC-ABTS/DPPH assay coupled with MS detection were applied to screen and identify the free radical scavengers in 70% methanol extracts of E. breviscapus. Using on-line HPLC-ABTS-MS and HPLC-DPPH-MS assay, 13 radical scavengers (including 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQA) (1), 9-caffeoyl-2,7-anhydro-2-octulosonic acid (9-COA) (2), 3-caffeoyl-2,7-anhydro-3-deoxy-2-octulopyranosonic acid (3-CDOA) (3), erigeside I (4), quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (5), eriodictyol-7-O-glucuronide (6), scutellarin (7), 1,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (1,4-di-CQA) (8), 3,5-di-CQA (9), 1-malonyl-3,5-di-CQA (10), erigoster B (11), 4,5-di-CQA (12) and 4,9-di-CDOA (13)) and 9 radical scavengers (including 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13) were discovered, respectively. Furthermore, the anti-oxidative activities of 4 compounds, including 7, 9, 11 and 12 were evaluated. Reverse anti-oxidative activity order of scutellarin and 3,5-di-CQA was observed in on-line HPLC-ABTS assay and on-line HPLC-DPPH assay. To validate their anti-oxidative activities, the off-line ABTS and DPPH assays were performed. Given sufficient reaction time, 3,5-di-CQA showed higher activity than scutellarin, which was consistent with the order obtained in on-line HPLC-ABTS assay. These results revealed that on-line HPLC-ABTS assay is a more sensitive method for screening and determining free radical scavengers, especially more suitable for those compounds with slower reaction kinetics.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Erigeron; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Mass Spectrometry; Methanol; Online Systems; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sensitivity and Specificity; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

The plant Krameria pauciflora MOC et. Sessé ex DC. is used as an anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects of a methanol extract from the roots of K. pauciflora. Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts obtained by partitioning the methanol extract were also evaluated. Complete methanol and dichloromethane extracts showed anti-inflammatory effects at 3 mg/kg. An anti-inflammatory effect similar to indomethacin (10 mg/kg) was observed when the methanol and dichloromethane extracts, which contain a cycloartane-type triterpene and an sterol, were administered orally at several doses (3, 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg), whereas no anti-inflammatory effect was observed at any dose for the ethyl acetate extract, which contains catechin-type flavonoids. The antidiabetic effect of each extract was also determined. An antihyperglycaemic effect was observed in diabetic rats, but no effect in normoglycaemic animals was observed when the methanol extract was administrated at 30 mg/kg. All of the extracts exhibited radical scavenger activity. Additionally, constituents from all of the extracts were identified by NMR. This article supports the use of K. pauciflora as an anti-inflammatory because it exhibits a similar effect to indomethacin. However, its antidiabetic effect is not completely clear, although it could be useful for preventing diabetic complications.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Area Under Curve; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Blood Glucose; Carrageenan; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Edema; Foot; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Hypoglycemic Agents; Krameriaceae; Male; Methanol; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids

Natural flavonoids are secondary phenolic plant metabolites known for their bioactivity as antioxidants. The evaluation of this property is generally done by the estimation of their direct free radical-scavenging activity as hydrogen or electron donating compounds. This paper reviews experimental results available in the literature for a selection of flavonoids and compares them with calculated quantities characteristic of the hydrogen or electron donation. For that purpose, bond dissociation energies, ionization potentials and electron transfer enthalpies are computed by using DFT methods and the ONIOM procedure implemented in the ab initio program Gaussian. This process has been chosen because it can be extended to the study of large molecules. When acid dissociation and interaction with the solvent are taken into account, the results present very good concordance with experimental results, enlightening the complexity of the processes involved in the classical assays which measure the ability of compounds to scavenge the (2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) radical cation (ABTS (+)) or the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH(·)). This study demonstrates the good accuracy of theoretical calculations in obtaining the relative energies involved in free radical scavenging abilities and its capacity for predictive behaviour. It also highlights the necessity to take into account the pK(a) of the compounds and the solvent interaction. The ability of the method to calculate the antioxidant properties of larger molecules are tested on glycosylated flavonoids and the effects of sugar substitution on the antioxidant properties of flavonoids are investigated, pointing out the importance of the charges on the oxygen atoms.

Topics: Antioxidants; Apigenin; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Electrons; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Glycosylation; Hydrogen; Hydrolysis; Kaempferols; Models, Chemical; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Quercetin; Solvents; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Thermodynamics

The present study describes the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of spent coffee grounds and coffee husks extracts, obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO(2) and with CO(2) and co-solvent. In order to evaluate the high pressure method in terms of process yield, extract composition and antioxidant activity, low pressure methods, such as ultrasound (UE) and soxhlet (SOX) with different organic solvents, were also applied to obtain the extracts. The conditions for the SFE were: temperatures of 313.15K, 323.15K and 333.15K and pressures from 100 bar to 300 bar. The SFE kinetics and the mathematical modeling of the overall extraction curves (OEC) were also investigated. The extracts obtained by LPE (low pressure extraction) with ethanol showed the best results for the global extraction yield (X(0)) when compared to SFE results. The best extraction yield was 15±2% for spent coffee grounds with ethanol and 3.1±04% for coffee husks. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by DPPH method, ABTS method and Folin-Ciocalteau method. The best antioxidant activity was showed by coffee husk extracts obtained by LPE. The quantification and the identification of the extracts were accomplished using HPLC analysis. The main compounds identified were caffeine and chlorogenic acid for the supercritical extracts from coffee husks.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caffeine; Carbon Dioxide; Chlorogenic Acid; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; Coffea; Coffee; Ethanol; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Pressure; Seeds; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; Temperature; Waste Products

In this study, a novel heteropolysaccharide was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Boletus speciosus Forst through DEAE-cellulose column and Sephadex G-200 column. The Boletus speciosus Forst polysaccharide (BSFP-1) had a molecular weight of 1.33×10(4) Da and was mainly composed of l-Man and d-Gal which ratios were 2:1. Structural features of Boletus speciosus Forst polysaccharide (BSFP-1) were investigated by a combination of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), infrared (IR) spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results indicated that Boletus speciosus Forst polysaccharide (BSFP-1) had a backbone of (1→4)-α-l-mannopyranose residues which branches at O-6 based on the experimental results. The branches were mainly composed of one with →1)-α-d-galactopyranose residue. The antioxidant activity of BSFP-1 was evaluated with two biochemical methods, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(-)) radical scavenging, scavenging activity of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-suphonic acid)diammonium (ABTS(+)) radical. The results indicated that BSFP-1 showed strong antioxidant.

Topics: Basidiomycota; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

Berries are a good source of natural antioxidants. In the present study, the total antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of three berry fruits (blueberry, blackberry, and strawberry) cultivated in Nanjing were investigated. Blueberry, with a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) value of 14.98 mmol Trolox/100 g dry weight (DW), exhibited the strongest total antioxidant capacity using both the 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. Blueberry also had the highest total phenolic content (TPC, 9.44 mg gallic acid/g DW), total flavonoid content (TFC, 36.08 mg rutin/g DW), and total anthocyanidin content (TAC, 24.38 mg catechin/g DW). A preliminary analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that the blueberry, blackberry, and strawberry samples tested contained a range of phenolic acids (including gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, and cinnamic acid) and various types of flavonoids (flavone: luteolin; flavonols: rutin, myricetin, quercetrin, and quercetin; flavanols: gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin, and catechin gallate; anthocyanidins: malvidin-3-galactoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin). In particular, the blueberries had high levels of proanthocyanidins and anthocyanidins, which might be responsible for their strong antioxidant activities. These results indicate a potential market role for berries (especially blueberries) as a functional food ingredient or nutraceutical.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Blueberry Plants; China; Flavonoids; Fragaria; Fruit; Phenols; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

The potential use of hard-to-cook (hardened) chickpeas to obtain value-added functional food ingredients was evaluated. For that purpose, some nutraceutical and functional attributes of several chickpea protein hydrolysates (CPHs) prepared from both fresh and hard-to-cook grains were evaluated.. All the CPHs prepared from both fresh and hard-to-cook grains, with the enzymes alcalase, pancreatin and papain, showed high angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.101 to 37.33 µg mL⁻¹; similarly, high levels of antioxidant activity (around 18.17-95.61 µmol Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity µg⁻¹ CPH) were obtained through both the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) methods. Regarding functional characterization of the CPHs, oil absorption values ranged from 1.91 to 2.20 mL oil g⁻¹ CPH, with water solubility almost 100% from pH 7 to 10.. The high antioxidant and ACE-I activities as well as the good functional properties of the CPH prepared from both fresh and hard-to-cook grains, suggest its use in food formulations with value added in human health.

Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cicer; Cooking; Dietary Proteins; Dietary Supplements; Enzymes; Functional Food; Humans; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A; Picrates; Plant Proteins; Protein Hydrolysates; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

The antiradical power of the methanol extracts of olive pomace (Taggiasca cultivar) achieved by high-pressure-high-temperature reactor were investigated using ABTS•(+) and DPPH• assays. The highest antioxidant activity was quantified at 90 min of contact time and 180°C of extraction temperature (64.19 ± 0.16 µg(TE) L(-1) and 15.80 ± 0.62 µg(DPPH) µL(extract) (-1)). The extract with high-antioxidant power resulted to be effective to counteract key aspects of cellular oxidation sensitive mechanisms and inflammation associated to vascular diseases. A linear correlation (p < 0.05) between total polyphenol contents and antioxidant capacity was given by the ABTS•(+) method (R (2) = 0.9184) and DPPH assay (R (2 )= 0.7062).

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Hypoxia; Chromatography; Colorimetry; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Italy; Methanol; Olea; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Pressure; Sulfonic Acids; Temperature; Thiazoles; Time Factors

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a metabolic side product of oxidative stress process, which causes several diseases like atherosclerosis, cancer, etc. In defense of ROS, antioxidants play a key role in combating them. As the process of aging increases, the level of antioxidants in our body decreases and thereby needs utmost attention for its repair process, which is generally administered externally. Plant products serve a best source for controlling these activities by its own metabolic pathway. Studies on the antioxidant activities of Maytenus emarginata leaf extracts are lacking. Antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Maytenus emarginata was determined by DPPH free radical nitric oxide scavenging assays, superoxide ion scavenging assays, ABTS, and iron chelating methods. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the extract of Maytenus emarginata leaves possesses phenols, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and triterpenoids. The extract showed significant activities in all antioxidant assays compared to the standard antioxidant (ascorbic acid) in a dose-dependent manner, and remarkable activities to scavenge ROS may be attributed by the presence of the above active compounds in the leaves. The amount of total phenolics and flavonoid contents were also estimated. The DPPH, ABTS, Nitric oxide, superoxide, and iron chelating IC(50) values of the methanolic extracts were 12.44, 24.27, 22.41, 5.85, and 2.74 μg/mL, respectively. The total phenolic content of the methanolic extract was 10.69 mg CA/g, whereas the total flavonoid was 1.56 mg CAE/g. The antioxidant activities were correlated with the total phenolic content. This result suggests that the relatively high antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract compared to standard could be possibly be due to its high phenolic content.

Topics: Alkaloids; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Iron Chelating Agents; Maytenus; Nitric Oxide; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Reactive Oxygen Species; Saponins; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Tannins; Thiazoles

Meconopsis quintuplinervia, a medicinal herb endemic to the Tibetan region, is used to treat hepatitis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the ethanolic extract of this herb using different assays.. The antioxidant capacity of Meconopsis quintuplinervia was investigated using various established in vitro systems. An in vivo study of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced antioxidant activity in mice was also conducted by examining the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH).. The extract showed strong in vitro antioxidant ability. In the in vivo study, CCl(4)-induced oxidative stress caused significant decreases in the SOD, CAT, and GSH levels and a significant increase in the MDA level, most of which were significantly reversed (except for SOD in the liver.) by treatment with the extract and standard Vitamin E.. This study clearly indicates that the ethanolic extract of Meconopsis quintuplinervia is a valuable source of natural antioxidants. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of this herb as a Tibetan medicine for liver diseases.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbon Tetrachloride; Catalase; Chelating Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanol; Female; Flavonoids; Glutathione; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Male; Malondialdehyde; Mice; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Papaveraceae; Phenols; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase; Vitamin E

The antioxidant efficiency of dry extracts from inflorescences and/or leaves of seven Sorbus species was studied using four in vitro tests of SET (single electron transfer) and HAT-type (hydrogen atom transfer) mechanisms. The 70% methanol extracts and its diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water fractions were tested in parallel with the phenolic standards, e.g., caffeic acid, quercetin, BHA, BHT, and Trolox. The SET-type activity of the extracts depended primarily on the extraction solvent. The most valuable extracts were n-butanol and ethyl acetate ones, which activity was high in the DPPH (EC(50) = 3.2-5.2 μg/mL), TEAC (2.8-4.0 mmol Trolox/g), and FRAP (9.8-13.7 mmol Fe2+/g) tests, and strongly correlated with the total phenolic levels (39.6-58.2% of gallic acid equivalents). The HPLC-PDA analysis of the extracts led to the identification of chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, rutin, quercetin 3-O-sophoroside, and sexangularetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside as the main components. Apart from flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids, proanthocyanidins have also a significant impact on the SET-type activity. The HAT-reactivity of the extracts in the linoleic acid peroxidation test (IC(50) = 36.9-228.3 μg/mL) depended more strongly on the plant tissue than on the extraction solvent, and its correlation with the phenolic content was weak. Both SET and HAT-type activity of the most potent Sorbus extracts was comparable with the activity of the standards, indicating their great potential as effective sources for health products.

Topics: Acetates; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butanols; Chloroform; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coumaric Acids; Ether; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Methanol; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Reference Standards; Solid Phase Extraction; Solvents; Sorbus; Sulfonic Acids

A series of 4-methylcoumarin derivatives containing 4,5-dihydropyrazole moiety were synthesized and their antioxidant activities were evaluated in AAPH (2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride))-induced oxidation of DNA, and in trapping DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS(+•) (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) cationic radical), respectively. Among coumarin derivatives, 3a-d and 4a-c exhibited the termination of radical propagation-chains in AAPH-induced oxidation of DNA. The ortho dihydroxyphenyl substitution at 5 position and 1-unsubstitution of the 4,5-dihydroxylpyrazole was found enhancing the antioxidant activities of these coumarin derivatives.

Topics: Amidines; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Coumarins; DNA; Free Radical Scavengers; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Pyrazoles; Sulfonic Acids

Substantial evidence exists to support the hypothesis that high fruit and vegetable consumption, rich in antioxidants, can reduce the incidence of several disease states. The aim of this study was to compare the results obtained by six spectrophotometric biochemical methods including the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•⁺), copper (II) reducing capacity (CUPRAC) and Cerium (IV) reducing antioxidant capacity (CERAC) assays as well as Folin-Ciocalteu method (FC) for the measurement of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total polyphenols (TP) in different commercially available vegetable juices. There was a significant positive correlation between the results obtained for FRAP, ABTS•⁺, CUPRAC, CERAC and FC (0.68 ≤ r ≤ 0.96, P < 0.01). DPPH• was only correlated with CERAC (r = 0.66, P < 0.01). Beetroot juice had the highest TAC and TP regardless of the method of analysis.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Beverages; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromans; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; Picrates; Polyphenols; Spectrophotometry; Sulfonic Acids; United Kingdom; Vegetables

A series of novel heterocycles, bisbenzoxazolyl/benzothiazolyl/benzimidazolyl pyrazoles/isoxazoles/pyrimidines were synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant activity. The bisbenzoxazolylisoxazole 10 exhibited good antioxidant activity when compared with the standard ascorbic acid.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Drug Design; Free Radical Scavengers; Heterocyclic Compounds; Molecular Structure; Nitric Oxide; Picrates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

Mulberry fruits (Morus alba L.), rich in health beneficial compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyananis, have traditionally been used as nutritional foodstuffs and fork medicines. In this study, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of a traditional Korean alcoholic beverage ``yakju'' enriched with mulberry were evaluated. The beverage was enriched with smoothies prepared from Korean mulberry cultivars of Cheongilppong (CP), Suwonppong (SP), and Daesungppong (DP). In comparison to the control, an increase in alcohol content and total acidity and a decrease in sugar level in yakju enriched with mulberry were observed during 15 d of fermentation. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid content increased in the following order: DP yakju > SP yakju > CP yakju > control yakju. In contrast, the anthocyanin content decreased during the fermentation periods. The trans-resveratrol content of mulberry yakju increased during the fermentation and the resveratrol content of DP yakju (0.24 mg/L) was significantly higher than that of SP yakju (0.21 mg/L) and CP yakju (0.14 mg/L) on the 15th day of fermentation (P < 0.05). The antioxidant activities of mulberry yakju, which was assessed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenozothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and reducing power assays, decreased during the 1st day of fermentation and increased into thereafter. The increase in antioxidant activities of mulberry yakju might have been affected primarily by the total flavonoid and total polyphenol content with increasing alcohol concentration, as a good extractor, during the fermentation; however, the antioxidant activities may have also been affected by the total anthocyanin content up to the 1st day of fermentation.. The physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of a traditional Korean alcoholic beverage ``yakju'' enriched with mulberry were investigated. This analysis is important for the potential applications of mulberry yakju as functional alcoholic drinks.

Topics: Alcoholic Beverages; Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical Phenomena; Fermentation; Flavonoids; Food Handling; Fruit; Morus; Picrates; Polyphenols; Republic of Korea; Resveratrol; Stilbenes; Sulfonic Acids

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds of pigmented rice (black, red, and green rice) and brown rice brans. Antioxidant activity was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylenebenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation assay, reducing power, and chelating ability. Phenolic compounds were measured by using HPLC. Pigmented rice brans were extracted by using aqueous mixtures of acetone, ethanol, and methanol to determine the most effective extraction solvent. Of all solvents examined, extract from 40:60 acetone-water mixtures (v/v) provided the highest DPPH radical assay as well as the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content. We finally selected 40% acetone as an extraction solvent for antioxidant study of pigmented rice bran. Antioxidant activities of 40% acetone extracts of pigmented rice bran, measured in the range of 0 to 1500 μg/mL. At 500 μg/mL concentration, red rice bran, which had the highest total phenolic (259.5 μg/mg) and total flavonoid (187.4 μg/mg) contents, showed the highest antioxidant activity: 83.6%, 71.5%, 1.2%, and 16.4% for DPPH radical assay, ABTS radical cation assay, reducing power, and chelating ability, respectively. Red rice bran showed a lower EC(50) value (112.6 μg/mL) than that of butylated hydroxytoluene (144.5 μg/mL) from the DPPH radical assay. The major phenolic acids of red rice bran were ferulic, vanillic and p-coumaric acids. The results indicated pigmented rice bran might be used as a natural antioxidant.. The present study revealed black and red rice bran shows high antioxidant activities and they contain high amount of phenolic compounds. Indeed, black and red rice bran could be better raw materials for manufacturing the food with high antioxidant activity.

Topics: Acetone; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chelating Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Coumaric Acids; Ethanol; Flavonoids; Hydroxybenzoates; Methanol; Oryza; Phenols; Picrates; Pigmentation; Plant Extracts; Propionates; Sulfonic Acids

Traditional Indian and Australian medicinal plant extracts were investigated to determine their therapeutic potential to inhibit key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, which has relevance to the management of hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes. The antioxidant activities were also assessed.. The evaluation of enzyme inhibitory activity of seven Australian aboriginal medicinal plants and five Indian Ayurvedic plants was carried out against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Antioxidant activity was determined by measuring (i) the scavenging effect of plant extracts against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) and (ii) ferric reducing power. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were also determined.. Of the twelve plant extracts evaluated, the highest inhibitory activity against both α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes was exerted by Santalum spicatum and Pterocarpus marsupium with IC50 values of 5.43 μg/ml and 0.9 μg/ml, respectively, and 5.16 μg/ml and 1.06 μg/ml, respectively. However, the extracts of Acacia ligulata (IC50 = 1.01 μg/ml), Beyeria leshnaultii (0.39 μg/ml), Mucuna pruriens (0.8 μg/ml) and Boerhaavia diffusa (1.72 μg/ml) exhibited considerable activity against α-glucosidase enzyme only. The free radical scavenging activity was found to be prominent in extracts of Acacia kempeana, Acacia ligulata followed by Euphorbia drummondii against both DPPH and ABTS. The reducing power was more pronounced in Euphorbia drummondii and Pterocarpus marsupium extracts. The phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged from 0.42 to 30.27 μg/mg equivalent of gallic acid and 0.51 to 32.94 μg/mg equivalent of quercetin, respectively, in all plant extracts. Pearson's correlation coefficient between total flavonoids and total phenolics was 0.796.. The results obtained in this study showed that most of the plant extracts have good potential for the management of hyperglycemia, diabetes and the related condition of oxidative stress.

Topics: alpha-Amylases; Antioxidants; Australia; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Enzyme Inhibitors; Ferric Compounds; Flavonoids; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Hyperglycemia; India; Magnoliopsida; Medicine, Ayurvedic; Oxidative Stress; Phenols; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

Myrtenal, a natural monoterpene occurred in cumin, pepper, mint and eucalyptus. Monoterpenes are naturally occurring plant hydrocarbons composed of two isoprene units and are widely distributed in plant flora and are best known for occurrence in essential oils. Monoterpenes have been shown to have remarkable biological activities such as antioxidant, chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive effects in different models of cancer. The aim of the study was to investigate the antioxidant and anticancer activity of myrtenal against carcinogen induced hepatocellular caricinoma in rats.. The antioxidant properties of myrtenal were evaluated by using different in vitro antioxidant assays such as by determining its scavenging effect against hydroxyl (OH(•)), superoxide anion (O2(•-)), nitric oxide, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(•)) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical cation (ABTS(•+)). In vivo antioxidant and anticancer activity of myrtenal were evaluated by determining the antioxidant enzymes, apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 expression and histopathological analysis against the diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in wistar albino rats.. Our results demonstrated that myrtenal exhibits strong antioxidant property in all the in vitro assays and the in vivo results revealed that the antioxidant status was significantly decreased in hepatoma bearing animals. The expression of anti-apoptotic proteins was up regulated and in contrast the apoptotic protein was down regulated in hepatoma bearing animals. Treatment with myrtenal to cancer bearing animals resulted in remarkable increase in the inherent antioxidants and excellent modulation in the proteins of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic cascade. Further, the RT-PCR analysis of protein expressions and histological analysis of liver tissues inevitably confirms the anticancer property of myrtenal.. It is concluded that myrtenal exhibits excellent free radical scavenging activity and anticancer activity through the suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma in wistar rats. Thereby giving a positive insight to take this compound as an effective therapeutic agent against hepatoma.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; bcl-2-Associated X Protein; Benzothiazoles; Bicyclic Monoterpenes; Biphenyl Compounds; Blotting, Western; Caspase 3; Catalase; Diethylnitrosamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Free Radical Scavengers; Gene Expression; Hydroxyl Radical; Liver; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; Male; Nitric Oxide; Picrates; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Signal Transduction; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxides; Terpenes

The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, vitamin C content, and antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts from different kiwifruit varieties (Actinidia kolomikta, Actinidia arguta, Actinidia chinensis) were determined in this study. Multiple scavenging activity assays including the hydroxyl radical, O(2) (-)·radical, DPPH, and the ABTS(+) radical scavenging activity assays were used to identify the antioxidant activities of Actinidia extracts. The cell viability of HepG2 and HT-29 cells was also examined in this study. The results demonstrated that the Actinidia kolomikta extract had a higher antioxidant activity than the other two Actinidia extracts. There is a positive correlation between antioxidant activity and the polyphenols and vitamin C content in all three extracts (R(2) ≥ 0.712, p < 0.05). The Actinidia arguta extract had the highest inhibitory effect on HepG2 and HT-29 cell growth. These results provide new insight into the health functions of fruit and demonstrate that Actinidia extracts can potentially have health benefits.

Topics: Actinidia; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Proliferation; Free Radicals; Hep G2 Cells; HT29 Cells; Humans; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) and internal (intracellular) polysaccharides (IPS) obtained from the Pleurotus ostreatus M2191 and PBS281009 cultivated using the batch system revealed an average of between 0.1-2 (EPS) and 0.07-1.5 g/L/day (IPS). The carbohydrate analysis revealed that the polysaccharides comprised 87-89% EPS and 68-74% IPS. The investigation of antioxidant activity in vitro revealed a good antioxidant potential, particularly for the IPS and EPS isolated from PBS281009, as proved by the EC(50) value for DPPH, ABTS scavenging activity, reducing power, and iron chelating activity.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Culture Techniques; Fermentation; Ferrozine; Iron Chelating Agents; Mycelium; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Pleurotus; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids

Intervention strategies regarding the biofortification of orange-fleshed sweet potato, which is a rich source of carotenoids for combating vitamin A deficiency, are being developed in Brazil. This study was conducted to evaluate the concentrations of individual carotenoids, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in the roots of four biofortified sweet potato cultivars that were raw or processed by four common heat treatments. HPLC, Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH and ABTS assays were used. All cultivars showed high levels of carotenoids in raw roots, predominantly all-trans-β-carotene (79.1-128.5 mg.100 g(-1) DW), suggesting a high estimated vitamin A activity. The CNPH 1194 cultivar reported carotenoids values highest than those of other cultivars (p < 0.05). The total phenolic compounds varied among cultivars and heat treatments (0.96-2.05 mg.g(-1) DW). In most cases, the heat treatments resulted in a significant decrease in the carotenoids and phenolic compounds contents as well as antioxidant capacity. Processing of flour presented the greatest losses of major carotenoids and phenolics. The phenolic compounds showed more stability than carotenoids after processing. There were significant correlations between the carotenoids and phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Brazil; Carotenoids; Diet; Food Handling; Hot Temperature; Humans; Ipomoea batatas; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Roots; Species Specificity; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Deficiency

To investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of methanolic flower extract of Nerium oleander against CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.. In vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of flowers of Nerium oleander (MENO-F) was evaluated by various assays, including reducing power, lipid peroxidation, DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals and metal chelation. The hepatoprotective and in vivo antioxidant activity of MENO-F were evaluated against CCl(4)-induced hepatic damage in rats. The MENO-F at dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg were administered orally once daily for seven days. Serum enzymatic levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (AST), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin were estimated along with estimation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver tissues. Further histopathological examination of the liver sections was carried out to support the induction of hepatotoxicity and hepatoprotective efficacy.. The extract showed potent activities on reducing power, lipid peroxide, DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and metal chelation. The substantially elevated serum enzymatic levels of AST, ALT, ALP and total bilirubin were found to be restored towards normalization significantly by the MENO-F in a dose dependent manner with maximum hepatoprotection at 400 mg/kg dose level. The histopathological observations supported the biochemical evidences of hepatoprotection. Elevated level of SOD and decreased level of MDA further strengthen the hepatoprotective observations.. The results of the present study strongly reveal that MENO-F has potent antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective activity against CCl(4)-induced hepatic damage in experimental animals.

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbon Tetrachloride; Chelating Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Female; Flowers; Hydroxyl Radical; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Male; Malondialdehyde; Methanol; Nerium; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase

Melanin is a dark pigment produced by melanocytes. Tyrosinase is a key enzyme which catalyzes the rate-limiting step of melanogenesis. However, accumulation of melanin leads to various skin hyperpigmentation disorders. To find a novel skin-whitening agent, the antioxidant capacity of Bifidobacterium adolescentis culture filtrate and inhibitory effect on melanogenesis were investigated. The antioxidant effects of B. adolescentis culture filtrate include 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)(ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity and reducing power were measured spectrophotometrically. The reducing power is a useful index for the evaluation of potential antioxidants which carry out reduction of ferricyanide to ferrocyanide. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of the bacterial culture filtrate on mushroom tyrosinase, B16F10 intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content were also determined. The results revealed that B. adolescentis culture filtrate (2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 %; v/v) effectively scavenged DPPH and ABTS radicals, and lower concentrations of the bacterial culture filtrates (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 %; v/v) showed potent reducing power in a dose-dependent pattern. Additionally, the bacterial culture filtrate suppressed murine tyrosinase activity and decreased the amount of melanin in a dose-dependent manner. Our results demonstrated that B. adolescentis culture filtrate decreases the melanogenesis process of melanoma cells by inhibiting tyrosinase activity, which we suggest may be mediated through its antioxidant activity.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Bifidobacterium; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Hyperpigmentation; Melanins; Melanocytes; Melanoma, Experimental; Mice; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Picrates; Regression Analysis; Sulfonic Acids

Two new compounds, (2S,3R)-methyl 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-carboxylate (1) and (4R,5S)-5-(3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-isopropyldihydrofuran-2-one (2), tentatively named norcurlignan and limlactone, respectively, were isolated from Liriope muscari, together with the known compound (-)-pinoresinol (3). The structures of these compounds were elucidated and characterized on the basis of 1D NMR, 2D NMR, CD and MS data. The in vitro antioxidant activities of compounds 1-3 were assessed by the DPPH and ABTS scavenging methods.

Topics: Benzofurans; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, Gel; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Furans; Lignans; Liriope Plant; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Molecular Conformation; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

In this study, leaves of three indigenous varieties of Mulberry namely, Morus alba L., Morus nigra L. and Morus rubra L. were investigated for their antioxidant potential and their proximate composition was determined. The yields of 80% methanolic extracts ranged between 8.28-13.89%. The contents of total phenolics (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC) and ascorbic acid (AA) ranged between 16.21-24.37 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, 26.41-31.28 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g and 0.97-1.49 mg/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of leaf extracts was evaluated by measuring 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(•)) radical scavenging actity, 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS(•+)) radical cation scavenging capacity and ferric ion reducing power and values ranged between 1.89-2.12, 6.12-9.89 and 0.56-0.97 mM Trolox equivalent/g of dried leaves, respectively. The investigated features reveal good nutritive and antioxidant attributes of all the varieties with mutually significant differences.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cations; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Lipids; Methanol; Morus; Phenol; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Rutin; Species Specificity; Sulfonic Acids

The antioxidant activities of ethanolic crude extract (ECE) and its four different solvent sub-fractions (namely, petroleum ether fraction (PEF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), n-butanol fraction (BF) and the aqueous fraction (AF) from the receptacles of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Receptaculum Nelumbinis) were investigated using two in vitro antioxidant assays. BF showed the highest total phenolic content (607.6 mg/g gallic acid equivalents), total flavonoid content (862.7 mg/g rutin equivalents) and total proanthocyanidin content (331.0 mg/g catechin equivalents), accompanied with the highest antioxidant activity compared to other fractions through 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. Five flavonol glycosides, namely hyperoside (1), isoquercitrin (2), quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucuronide (3), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-d-galactoside (4) and syringetin-3-O-β-d-glucoside (5) were isolated from the Receptaculum Nelumbinis. Compounds 2-5 were isolated for the first time from the Receptaculum Nelumbinis. The five isolated flavone glycosides, particularly compounds 1-3, demonstrated significant DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, with IC(50) values of 8.9 ± 0.2, 5.2 ± 0.2, 7.5 ± 0.1 for DPPH and 114.2 ± 1.7, 112.8 ± 0.8, 172.5 ± 0.7 μg/mL for ABTS, respectively. These results suggest that Receptaculum Nelumbinis has strong antioxidant potential and may be potentially used as a safe and inexpensive bioactive source of natural antioxidants.

Topics: 1-Butanol; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Free Radical Scavengers; Glycosides; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Nelumbo; Phenol; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

New coumarin derivatives, namely (2-(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yloxy)-N-(4-oxo-2-phenylthiazolidin-3-yl)acetamide, N-(2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxothiazolidin-3-yl)-2-(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yloxy)acetamide, 2-(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yloxy)-N-(4-oxo-2-(2,3,4trimethoxyphenyl)thiazolidin-3-yl)acetamide and N-(2-(4-bromophenyl)-4-oxothiazolidin-3-yl)-2-(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yloxy)acetamide) were synthesized starting from 4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin. The structures of the obtained compounds were confirmed by analytical IR and NMR spectra to elucidate the different positions of protons and carbons and as well as theoretical studies (DFT/B3LYP). The new compounds were screened for antibacterial activity. Most of them are more active against E. coli S. aureus and B. subtilis than standard references.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus megaterium; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Computer Simulation; Coumarins; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Escherichia coli; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Picrates; Proteus vulgaris; Quantum Theory; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazolidinediones

Lily (Lilium) is used as an important edible and medical plant species with a vague taxonomic classification and a long history in China. Bulbs of six Lilium species (L. regale, L. concolor, L. pumilum, L. leucanthum, L. davidii var. unicolor and L. lancifolium) native to China were investigated with a view to their exploitation as a potential source of natural antioxidants due to their phenolic composition and dietary antioxidant potential. The results showed that all bulb extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activities, which generally correlated positively with the total phenolic contents (r = 0.68 to 0.94), total flavonoid contents (r = 0.51 to 0.89) and total flavanol contents (r = 0.54 to 0.95). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that rutin and kaempferol were the major phenolic components in the extracts. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that L. regale belonged to the group with high phenolic content and strong antioxidant power. L. concolor and L. pumilum were arranged in one group characterized by moderate phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, while L. leucanthum, L. davidii var. unicolor and L. lancifolium were clustered in the third group with low phenolic content and weak antioxidant activity. These strongly suggest that lily bulbs may serve as a potential source of natural antioxidant for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; China; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cluster Analysis; Coumaric Acids; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Hydroxybenzoates; Hydroxyl Radical; Lilium; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Roots; Sulfonic Acids

Oxidative stress has been proposed to be involved in colorectal cancer development. Many dark pigments of plants have potent oxidative stress preventive properties. In this study, unpolished Thai rice was assessed for antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods. Red strain unpolished Thai rice was also administered to rats exposed to azoxymethane (AOM) for induction of aberrant crypt foci (ACF). Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were investigated for cellular oxidative stress and serum antioxidants, respectively. Red pigment unpolished Thai rice demonstrated high antioxidant activity and was found to significantly and dose dependently decrease the total density and crypt multiplicity of ACF. Consumption of Thai rice further resulted in high serum antioxidant activity and low MDA cellular oxidative stress. Interestingly, the density of ACF was strongly related to MDA at r=0.964, while it was inversely related with FRAP antioxidants (r=-0.915, p<0.001). The results of this study suggest that the consumption of red strain of unpolished Thai rice may exert potentially beneficial effects on colorectal cancer through decrease in the level of oxidative stress.

Topics: Aberrant Crypt Foci; Animals; Antioxidants; Azoxymethane; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Colorectal Neoplasms; Male; Malondialdehyde; Oryza; Oxidative Stress; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

The objective of this study is analysis of stability and antioxidant and antiradical activities of the gossypol derivative - megosin conjugated with N-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The results of study have shown the greater stability of megosin+PVP than megosin in aqueous solution of wide range of pH. Here we also demonstrated that megosin+PVP, named rometin, possess high antioxidant activity in the same range as well known antioxidant trolox as determined by its ability to scavenge free ABTS(+) and DPPH radicals in vitro. In addition, megosin+PVP was able to prevent accumulation of products of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and diene conjugates) and lysophospholipids formation in mitochondria membranes caused by CCl(4)-induced oxidative stress in rat liver in vivo. Furthermore, megosin+PVP rescued mitochondrial functions, such as respiration and oxidative phosphorylation, which declined after CCl(4) administration. Thus we present that the conjugation of megosin to PVP increase its stability and remain antioxidant activity in vivo and in vitro.

Topics: Animals; Antipain; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbon Tetrachloride; Drug Stability; Free Radical Scavengers; Gossypol; Liver; Male; Mitochondria; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Povidone; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids; Water

Many Bauhinia species, including those indigenous to South Africa, are used in traditional medicine across the world for treating ailments such as gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorders, diabetes, infectious diseases and inflammation.. Several relevant aspects of different fractions of leaf extracts of Bauhinia bowkeri (BAB), Bauhinia galpinii (BAG), Bauhinia petersiana (BAP), and Bauhinia variegata (BAV) used in South African traditional medicine to alleviate diarrhoea related symptoms were evaluated.. The antioxidative activities of the extracts were determined using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS(+)) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. In vitro antimicrobial activities of the extracts were determined against bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis) and clinical isolates of the opportunistic fungal strains (Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans) using a serial dilution microplate method. The polyphenolic contents were quantified using standard methods, and anti-inflammatory activities of the crude extracts were determined using the cyclooxygenase and soybean 15-lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitory assays. The safety of the extracts was evaluated by determining the cytotoxicity against Vero cell lines.. The acidified 70% acetone crude extract and their fractions had good antiradical potency against the DPPH and ABTS radicals. The methanol soluble portions of the butanol fractions were more potent (EC(50) ranges from 0.64 ± 0.05 to 1.51 ± 0.07 and 0.88 ± 0.18 to 1.49 ± 0.09 μg/ml against DPPH and ABTS radical respectively) compared to the standard, trolox and ascorbic acid (EC(50) ranges from 1.47 ± 0.24 to 1.70 ± 0.27 μg/ml) for both DPPH and ABTS. The crude extracts contained variable quantities of phenolic content. The crude extracts and their fractions had weak to good antimicrobial activities, inhibiting the growth of the organisms at concentrations ranging from 39 to 2500 μg/ml. The BAG crude extract and its fractions were the most active against the fungi (MICs ranging from 39 to 625 μg/ml) while the BAB extract and its fractions were the least active with the MICs ranging between 39 and 2500 μg/ml. Aspergillus fumigatus was the least susceptible fungus while Cryptococcus neoformans was the most susceptible. The phenolic-rich crude extracts of BAB, BAG, and BAP had moderate to good dose-dependent cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme inhibitory activity with inhibitions between 22.8% and 71.4%. The extracts were however, inactive against cyclooxygenase-2. The extracts had some level of cytotoxicity towards Vero cell lines, reducing cell viability to less than 10% at concentrations more than 50 μg/ml.. The biological activities observed in Bauhinia species provide a scientific basis for the use of the plants in traditional medicines to treat diseases with multi-factorial pathogenesis such as diarrhoea, with each aspect of activity contributing to the ultimate therapeutic benefit of the plants. However, the use of the phenolic-rich extracts of these plants to treat diarrhoea or any other ailments in traditional medicine needs to be monitored closely because of potential toxic effects and selective inhibition of COX-1 with the associated GIT injury.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Bauhinia; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Chlorocebus aethiops; Diarrhea; Fungi; Medicine, Traditional; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; South Africa; Sulfonic Acids; Tannins; Vero Cells

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidative activities of water and 70% ethanolic extracts from the Thymus quinquecostatus Celak (TQC) for natural antioxidant source. The antioxidant activities were compared with other natural and synthetic antioxidants. The levels of total polyphenols and flavonoids were also determined. The extracts were found to have different levels of antioxidant properties in a few kind of assay. The results showed that higher radical scavenging activity, reducing power and antioxidant capacity in FRAP than those of BHT as a positive control. In addition, the extracts from the TQC leaf and stem showed stronger antioxidant activity than that of vitamin C, α-tocopherol in ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods. Cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic effect of water extracts from TQC was also prevented t-BHP-induced toxicity in Chang liver cells. Therefore, these results indicate that TQC extracts have antioxidant properties through its ability to enhance the cell viability, reduction of production of ROS, inhibition of oxidative damage, mitochondria dysfunction and ultimately inhibition of cell apoptosis. Based on the results described above, it is suggested that TQC has the potential to protect liver on t-BHP-induced cell damage and should be considered as a prospective functional food.

Topics: alpha-Tocopherol; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Cycle; Cells, Cultured; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Iron; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Peroxidation; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Polyphenols; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfonic Acids; tert-Butylhydroperoxide; Thiazoles; Thiocyanates; Thymus Plant

Hydrogen peroxide scavenging (HPS) activity of unfermented (green, yellow, and white), partially fermented (oolong), and completely fermented (black) tea ( Camellia sinensis ), maté ( Ilex paraguariensis ), and various herbal infusions, as well as individual compounds (flavan-3-ols, flavonols, cinnamic and benzoic acids, and methylxanthines), was assessed by recently developed direct current (DC) polarographic assay. Correlations of tea and herbal infusion HPS activity with total phenolic content determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay (FC-GAE) (0.81 and 0.93), ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) (0.97 and 0.92), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (0.77 and 0.80), and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging (0.86 and 0.86) were statistically significant. Correlations between relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI), calculated by assigning all applied assays equal weight, and HPS (0.98), FRAP (0.97), ABTS (0.89), and DPPH (0.89) confirmed DC polarographic assay reliability when applied individually. Correlation analysis, ANOVA, and Levene and Tukey's HSD tests unequivocally confirmed this reliable, rapid, and low-cost assay validity, clearly demonstrating its advantages over spectrophotometric assays applied.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzoic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Beverages; Biphenyl Compounds; Camellia sinensis; Cinnamates; Flavonols; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrogen Peroxide; Ilex paraguariensis; Phenols; Picrates; Polarography; Reproducibility of Results; Sulfonic Acids; Tea; Xanthines

In the present study, antioxidant properties of flavonoids and polysaccharides from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves were evaluated in several in vitro systems, e.g., scavenging activities on hydroxyl, superoxide anion, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, and reducing power. Flavonoids showed much better activity than polysaccharides in scavenging activities on free radicals. When compared to the positive control, ascorbic acid, both showed weaker antioxidant potential. However, flavonoids possessed comparable superoxide anion, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities to ascorbic acid at high concentration (600 μg/mL). Meanwhile, it was found that flavonoids had prominent effects on the reducing power, which was equivalent to ascorbic acid, and was significantly higher than polysaccharides. These results clearly indicate that flavonoids are effective in scavenging free radicals and have the potential to be powerful antioxidants. Thus, tobacco leaves could be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidants for food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics or nutraceutical industries.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Hydroxyl Radical; Nicotiana; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

Acridocarpus orientalis (AO) is a traditional medicinal plant used for treatment of inflammatory diseases that may have potential in cancer treatment. In the present study, the aqueous ethanolic crude extract of Acridocarpus aerial parts obtained from Al Ain and Oman were evaluated for their antioxidant capability, polyphenolic content, anti-lipoxygenase and anti-histone deacetylase (HDAC) properties. The total antioxidant capacity was estimated by the FRAP, DPPH, ABTS and b-carotene bleaching assays. Acridocarpus-Al Ain exhibited the highest polyphenolic content (184.24 mg gallic acid/g) and the best antioxidant activity (1.1, 1.04, 1.14 mmol ascorbic acid equivalent/g in the FRAP, ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively). Additionally, the same extract showed significant anti-inflammatory properties via lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory activity (IC(50) = 50.58 µg/mL). Acridocarpus-Al Ain also showed the strongest histone deacetylase (HDACs) inhibitory activity (IC(50) = 93.28 µg/mL). The results reported here suggest that there was a significant influence of location and the plant may be considered a good source of compounds with antioxidant, anti-LOX and HDAC properties for therapeutic, nutraceutical and functional food applications.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Ethanol; Free Radical Scavengers; Glycine max; HeLa Cells; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Histone Deacetylases; Humans; Lipoxygenase; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Malpighiaceae; Medicine, Traditional; Oman; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Plant Proteins; Plants, Medicinal; Polyphenols; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; United Arab Emirates

Rhizoma Atractylodes macrocephala (AM) has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for about 2,000 years. In the study, we firstly determined the antioxidant levels of five AM extracts by •OH-scavenging, •O2−-scavenging, Fe2+-chelating, Cu2+-chelating, DPPH·-scavenging, and ABTS+·-scavenging assays. After measurement of the chemical contents in five AM extracts, we quantitatively analyzed the correlations between antioxidant levels and chemical contents. It was observed that total phenolics and total flavonoids had significant positive correlations with antioxidant levels (R = 0.685 and 0.479, respectively). In contrast, total sugars and total saponins presented lower correlations with antioxidant levels (R=−0.272 and 0.244, respectively). It means that antioxidant activity of AM should be attributed to total phenolics (including phenolic acids and flavonoids), and not total sugars and total saponins. Further analysis indicated that phenolic acids exhibited higher R values with radical-scavenging assays (R=0.32–1.00), while flavonoids showed higher R values with metal-chelating assays (R=0.86 and 0.90). In conclusion, AM exerts its antioxidant effect through metal-chelating, and radical-scavenging which is via donating hydrogen atom and donating electron. Its metal-chelating may result from flavonoids, while its radical-scavenging can be attributed to phenolic acids, especially caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and protocatechuic acid.

Topics: Atractylodes; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caffeic Acids; Copper; Coumaric Acids; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxybenzoates; Hydroxyl Radical; Iron; Liquid-Liquid Extraction; Oxidants; Picrates; Rhizome; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

Eight compounds were isolated from the water extract of Pu-erh tea and their structures were elucidated by NMR and MS as gallic acid (1), (+)-catechin (2), (−)-epicatechin (3), (−)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (4), (−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (5), (−)-epiafzelechin- 3-O-gallate (6), kaempferol (7), and quercetin (8). Their in vitro antioxidant activities were assessed by the DPPH and ABTS scavenging methods with microplate assays. The relative order of DPPH scavenging capacity for these compounds was compound 8 > compound 7 > compound 1 > compound 6 > compound 4 ≈ compound 5 > compound 2 > VC (reference) > compound 3, and that of ABTS scavenging capacity was compound 1 > compound 2 > compound 7 ≈ compound 8 > compound 6 > compound 5 > compound 4 > VC (reference) > compound 3. The results showed that these phenolic compounds contributed to the antioxidant activity of Pu-erh tea.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Tea

This work deals with antioxidant properties of pyrolytic lignins against two free radicals, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). Pyrolytic lignins produced by the thermal pyrolysis of the Etek lignin were extracted from the liquid pyrolysis product and fractionated using solvents of different polarities. The main functional groups linked to the lignin skeleton have been characterized by (1)H NMR and (19)F NMR upon acetylation and trifluoromethylation, respectively. Their radical scavenging activity against targeted free radicals was evaluated in vitro, and it was correlated to the content of studied functional groups. In contrast to the extracted Etek lignin, thermal pyrolysis produces lignin adducts that have higher scavenging efficacy than the nonthermally altered lignin and even higher than that of quercetin, a well-known phenolic antioxidant. The phenyl hydroxyl and methoxyl groups appear to be the main lignin structural factors contributing to the overall scavenging properties against the DPPH and ABTS free radicals. Also, these results show that there is no correlation between the content of aliphatic hydroxyl and carbonyl groups and the antioxidant activity.

Topics: Acetylation; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Hot Temperature; Lignans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Methylation; Picrates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

The study was aimed at investigating the antimelanogenic and antioxidant properties of essential oil when extracted from the leaves of Artemisia argyi, then analyzing the chemical composition of the essential oil. The inhibitory effect of the essential oil on melanogenesis was evaluated by a mushroom tyrosinase activity assay and B16F10 melanoma cell model. The antioxidant capacity of the essential oil was assayed by spectrophotometric analysis, and the volatile chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results revealed that the essential oil significantly inhibits mushroom tyrosinase activity (IC(50) = 19.16 mg/mL), down-regulates B16F10 intracellular tyrosinase activity and decreases the amount of melanin content in a dose-dependent pattern. Furthermore, the essential oil significantly scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) ABTS radicals, showed an apparent reduction power as compared with metal-ion chelating activities. The chemicals constituents in the essential oil are ether (23.66%), alcohols (16.72%), sesquiterpenes (15.21%), esters (11.78%), monoterpenes (11.63%), ketones (6.09%), aromatic compounds (5.01%), and account for a 90.10% analysis of its chemical composition. It is predicted that eucalyptol and the other constituents, except for alcohols, in the essential oil may contribute to its antioxidant activities. The results indicated that essential oil extracted from A. argyi leaves decreased melanin production in B16F10 cells and showed potent antioxidant activity. The essential oil can thereby be applied as an inhibitor of melanogenesis and could also act as a natural antioxidant in skin care products.

Topics: Agaricales; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Artemisia; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chelating Agents; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Intracellular Space; Melanins; Melanoma, Experimental; Mice; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids

Proteins in delimed tannery fleshings were fermentatively hydrolysed using Enterococcus faecium NCIM5335 and also hydrolysed using mild organic acids (formic acid and propionic acid). The liquor portion containing hydrolysed proteins was spray dried, in both the cases, to obtain a powder. The spray dried powder was evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activities with respect to scavenging different free radicals and antibacterial properties against nine different pathogens. Fermentation and acid hydrolysates scavenged 83 and 75.3% of 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radicals, respectively, at a protein concentration of 0.25 mg. Further, fermentation hydrolysate showed higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of 59% as compared to 56% scavenging by acid hydrolysate at a protein concentration of 5 mg. Acid hydrolysate exhibited lesser (82.3%) peroxy radical scavenging compared to hydrolysate from fermentation (88.2%) at a protein concentration of 10 mg. However, acid hydrolysate exhibited higher (89.2%) superoxide anion scavenging while its fermentation counterpart showed lower activity (85.4%) at 2.5 mg hydrolysate protein. Well as superoxide anion scavenging properties. All the in vitro antioxidant properties exhibited dose dependency. Fermentation hydrolysate exhibited maximum antagonistic activity against Salmonella typhi FB231, from among host of pathogens evaluated. Both the hydrolysates have potential to be ingredients in animal feeds and can help reduce oxidative stress in the animals.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Enterococcus faecium; Fermentation; Hydrolysis; Picrates; Proteins; Salmonella typhi; Sulfonic Acids

The standardized EtOAc, MeOH and 70% EtOH extracts of Tridax procumbens aerial parts showed significant inhibition of rat paw edema at a medium dose of 200mg/kg and the EtOAC extract was the most active. These extracts were standardized by HPLC with the help of chemical markers. Further, the extracts were evaluated for COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activity and EtOAc extract exhibited the highest inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 at 50 μg/mL. Cent aurein, centaureidin and bergenin were isolated as COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory principles from the EtOAc extract. The extracts also exhibited antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS free radicals. The anti-inflammatory activity of T. procumbens aerial parts could be at least in part due to COX-1, COX-2 enzyme inhibition and free radical-scavenging activities which may be attributed to the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenols in the extracts.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Asteraceae; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Edema; Female; Flavonoids; Phenols; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

Vanillin, a compound widely used in foods, beverages, cosmetics and drugs, has been reported to exhibit multifunctional effects such as antimutagenic, antiangiogenetic, anti-colitis, anti-sickling, and antianalgesic effects. However, results of studies on the antioxidant activity of vanillin are not consistent.. We systematically evaluated the antioxidant activity of vanillin using multiple assay systems. DPPH radical-, galvinoxyl radical-, and ABTS(+)-scavenging assays, ORAC assay and an oxidative hemolysis inhibition assay (OxHLIA) were used for determining the antioxidant activity.. Vanillin showed stronger activity than did ascorbic acid and Trolox in the ABTS(+)-scavenging assay but showed no activity in the DPPH radical- and galvinoxyl radical-scavenging assays. Vanillin showed much stronger antioxidant activity than did ascorbic acid and Trolox in the ORAC assay and OxHLIA. In the ABTS(+)-scavenging assay, ORAC assay and OxHLIA, vanillin reacted with radicals via a self-dimerization mechanism. The dimerization contributed to the high reaction stoichiometry against ABTS(+) and AAPH-derived radicals to result in the strong effect of vanillin. Oral administration of vanillin to mice increased the vanillin concentration and the antioxidant activity in plasma. These data suggested that antioxidant activity of vanillin might be more beneficial than has been thought for daily health care.. Based on the results of the present study, we propose the addition of antioxidant capacity to the multifunctionality of vanillin.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzaldehydes; Benzhydryl Compounds; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromans; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Erythrocytes; Free Radical Scavengers; Hemolysis; Mice; Molecular Structure; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Sheep; Sulfonic Acids

A semiquinone glucoside derivative (SQGD) was isolated from a radioresistant bacterium Bacillus sp. INM-1 and its antioxidant and radioprotective activities were evaluated using in vitro assays. Natural stable free radical properties of SQGD in solid as well as in solution form were estimated using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectrometry. Results of the study were demonstrated high reducing power (1.267 ± 0.03356 U(abs)) and nitric oxide radicals scavenging activity (34.684 ± 2.132%) of SQGD. Maximum lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of SQGD was found to be 74.09 ± 0.08% at 500 μg/ml concentration. Similarly, significant (39.54%; P < 0.05) protection to the liposomal artificial membrane against gamma radiation was observed by SQGD in terms of neutralization of gamma radiation-induced TBARS radicals in vitro. OH(-) radicals scavenging efficacy of SQGD was estimated in terms of % inhibition in deoxy D: -ribose degradation by non-site-specific and site-specific assay. The maximum (54.01 ± 1.01%) inhibition of deoxy D: -ribose degradation was observed in non-site-specific manner, whereas, site-specific inhibition was observed to be 46.36 ± 0.5% at the same concentration (250 μg/ml) of SQGD. EPR spectroscopic analysis of the SQGD indicated ~80% reduction of DPPH radicals at 6.4% concentration. EPR spectral analysis of SQGD was revealed an appearance of very strong EPR signal of 2.00485 (crystalline form) and 2.00520 (solution form) g(y) tensor value, which were an established characteristic of o-semiquinone radicals. Therefore, it can be concluded that SQGD is a natural stable o-semiquinone-type radical, possessing strong antioxidant activities and can effectively neutralize radiation induced free radicals in biological system.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Bacillus; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Free Radical Scavengers; Glucosides; Hydroxyl Radical; Lipid Peroxidation; Liposomes; Nitric Oxide; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Radiation-Protective Agents; Sulfonic Acids

Cinnamoylphenethylamine (CNPA) derivatives including feruloylphenethylamine (FRPA), caffeoylphenethylamine (CFPA), cinnamoyltyramine (CNTA), feruloyltyramine (FRTA) and caffeoyltyramine (CFTA) were synthesized in order to investigate the influence of the number and position of hydroxyl group on Cu(2+)/glutathione (GSH) and 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH)-induced oxidation of DNA. The radical-scavenging properties of these CNPA derivatives were also evaluated by trapping 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) cationic radical (ABTS(+•)), 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and galvinoxyl radical. In addition, these CNPA derivatives were tested by linoleic acid (LH)-β-carotene-bleaching experiment. The chemical kinetic was employed to treat the results from AAPH-induced oxidation of DNA and gave the order of antioxidant ability as CFTA > CFPA > FRTA > FRPA. CFTA and CFPA also possessed high abilities to inhibit Cu²(+)/GSH-mediated degradation of DNA, whereas FRPA and FRTA can protect LH against the auto-oxidation efficiently. Finally, CFPA and FRPA exhibited high activity in trapping ABTS(+•), DPPH and galvinoxyl radicals. Therefore, the cinnamoyl group bearing ortho-dihydroxyl or hydroxyl with ortho-methoxyl benefited for CNPA derivatives to protect DNA, while hydroxyl in tyramine cannot enhance the radical-scavenging abilities of CNPA derivatives.

Topics: Amidines; Antioxidants; Benzhydryl Compounds; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Cinnamates; Copper; DNA; Free Radical Scavengers; Glutathione; Hydroxides; Linoleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenethylamines; Picrates; Solutions; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

The use of high performance liquid chromatography with acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence detection to screen for antioxidants in complex plant-derived samples was evaluated in comparison with two conventional post-column radical scavenging assays (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS(+))). In this approach, acidic potassium permanganate can react with readily oxidisable compounds (potential antioxidants), post-column, to produce chemiluminescence. Using flow injection analysis, experimental parameters that afforded the most suitable permanganate chemiluminescence signal for a range of known antioxidants were studied in a univariate approach. Optimum conditions were found to be: 1×10(-3)M potassium permanganate solution containing 1% (w/v) sodium polyphosphates adjusted to pH 2 with sulphuric acid, delivered at a flow rate of 2.5 mL min(-1) per line. Further investigations showed some differences in detection selectivity between HPLC with the optimised post-column permanganate chemiluminescence detection and DPPH and ABTS(+) assays towards antioxidant standards. However, permanganate chemiluminescence detection was more sensitive. Moreover, screening for antioxidants in green tea, cranberry juice and thyme using potassium permanganate chemiluminescence offers several advantages over the traditional DPPH and ABTS(+) assays, such as faster reagent preparation and superior stability; simpler post-column reaction manifold; and greater compatibility with fast chromatographic separations using monolithic columns.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Beverages; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flow Injection Analysis; Luminescent Measurements; Picrates; Potassium Permanganate; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sulfonic Acids; Tea

This study reports the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of four fresh mango seed extracts from Thai varieties. Total phenol contents determined by the Folin-ciocalteu method revealed the highest values to be in MKE, Chok-a-nan variety (399.8 mgGAE/g extract) and MSE of Nam-dok-mai variety (377.2 mgGAE/g extract). Both extracts showed potent ABTS˙+ radical and DPPH˙ radical scavenging activities with the lower half inhibition concentration (IC50) values than those of the reference compounds; vitamin C, trolox and BHA, respectively. Their antioxidant property of MSE and MKE is strongly correlated with the total phenol contents (r=0.98 and 0.98, respectively). When combined the MSE and MKE of the Fah-lun variety showed the strongest antioxidant activity. All mango seed extracts showed interesting antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria as determined by disc diffusion method. The most sensitive pathogenic strain inhibited by all extracts (especially Kaew variety) was Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. This work suggests potential applications for practical uses of mango seed extracts from Thai varieties, as sources of antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromans; Diffusion; Free Radical Scavengers; Indicators and Reagents; Mangifera; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids; Thailand

The radical-scavenging capacities of ferrocenyl group and phenolic hydroxyl group in ferrocenyl chalcone were identified in this work. 1,1'-Diacetylferrocene was applied to condense with benzaldehyde, vanillin, and protocatechualdehyde to produce ferrocenyl chalcones, which were employed to interact with 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) cationic radical (ABTS(+)), 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), and galvinoxyl radical, respectively. It was found that ferrocenyl chalcones as well as diacetylferrocene can trap these radicals effectively, and thus, concluded that both iron atom in ferrocene and phenolic hydroxyl group played the radical-scavenging role, and the radical-scavenging capacity of iron atom in ferrocene was even higher than that of phenolic hydroxyl group.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chalcones; Ferrous Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Metallocenes; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Syzygium aqueum, a species in the Myrtaceae family, commonly called the water jambu is native to Malaysia and Indonesia. It is well documented as a medicinal plant, and various parts of the tree have been used in traditional medicine, for instance as an antibiotic. In this study, we show S. aqueum leaf extracts to have a significant composition of phenolic compounds, protective activity against free radicals as well as low pro-oxidant capability. Its ethanolic extract, in particular, is characterized by its excellent radical scavenging activity of EC(50) of 133 μg mL(-1) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 65 μg mL(-1) 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 71 μg mL(-1) (Galvinoxyl), low pro-oxidant capabilities and a phenolic content of 585-670 mg GAE g(-1) extract. The extract also displayed other activities, deeming it an ideal cosmetic ingredient. A substantial tyrosinase inhibition activity with an IC(50) of about 60 μg mL(-1) was observed. In addition, the extract was also found to have anti-cellulite activity tested for its ability to cause 98% activation of lipolysis of adipocytes (fat cells) at a concentration of 25 μg mL(-1). In addition, the extract was not cytotoxic to Vero cell lines up to a concentration of 600 μg mL(-1). Although various parts of this plant have been used in traditional medicine, this is the first time it has been shown to have cosmeceutical properties. Therefore, the use of this extract, alone or in combination with other active principles, is of interest to the cosmetic industry.

Topics: Adipocytes; Animals; Benzhydryl Compounds; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Chlorocebus aethiops; Cosmetics; Free Radical Scavengers; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Rats; Sulfonic Acids; Syzygium; Thiazoles; Vero Cells

Various skin hyperpigmentation disorders consist in accumulation and overproduction of melanin. In this report, we investigated the melanogenesis inhibitory and antioxidant effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum culture filtrate. The results revealed that B. bifidum culture filtrate effectively suppresses murine tyrosinase activity and decreases the amount of intracellular melanin in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the bacterial culture filtrate-scavenged DPPH and ABTS radicals, and shows potent-reducing power in a dose-dependent pattern. Our results expand the application of B. bifidum culture filtrate in the development and research of skin-whitening ingredients.

Topics: Agaricales; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Bifidobacterium; Biphenyl Compounds; Cells, Cultured; Chick Embryo; Culture Media, Conditioned; Enzyme Activation; Fungal Proteins; Hyperpigmentation; Melanins; Mice; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Edible blueberry species are well recognized for their potential health benefits. Ericaceae fruits including the North American highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and five less common edible blueberry relatives from the New World tropics, Anthopterus wardii Ball, Cavendishia grandifolia Hoerold, Macleania coccoloboides A. C. Smith, Sphyrospermum buxifolium Poeppig & Endlicher, and Sphyrospermum cordifolium Benth, were investigated for their antioxidant properties and phenolic profiles. The neotropical berries C. grandifolia and A. wardii exhibited significantly higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(•)) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS(• +)) free radical scavenging and iron chelation activities than V. corymbosum. Total phenolic content and high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) compositional fingerprint analyses were also carried out. Significant correlations were observed among total phenolic contents, DPPH(•) and ABTS(• +) scavenging, and iron chelation activities. By use of HPLC-PDA, the phenolic constituents in the berries were identified as chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, hyperoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, isoorientin, isovitexin, orientin and vitexin. Principal component analysis reduced the dimensions of antioxidant and total phenolic data to two components, which accounted for 95% of total variation among the six fruits. Each fruit species formed its own cluster, and therefore the antioxidant profile of each species was shown to be distinct.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Blueberry Plants; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Ericaceae; Flavonoids; Fruit; Phenols; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Tropical Climate

The antioxidant activity of resveratrol in the absence and presence of increasing concentrations of HP-β-CDs was determined using three different methods: ORAC, ABTS and DPPH. The three methods were validated and compared for their linearity, precision and accuracy in measuring resveratrol antioxidant activity. The results indicated that the most sensitive method is the ORAC assay, which can measure the lowest resveratrol concentration (0.15-2 μM) with the highest precision. In the presence of increasing concentrations of HP-β-CDs, the antioxidant activity of resveratrol was seen to increase when it was measured by the ORAC and ABTS assays. However, no increase was observed when the DPPH assay was used. With the ORAC assay, the antioxidant activity increased until all the resveratrol had been included in HP-β-CDs (0.4 mM CDs), whereas in the case of ABTS assay the plateau in antioxidant activity was reached after 2 mM HP-β-CDs, suggesting that the CDs interferences in the measurement method. When the DPPH assay was used, no effect was observed when increasing concentrations of HP-β-CDs, indicating that in a methanolic medium resveratrol is free. Therefore, so this method cannot be used to measure the effect of resveratrol complexation with CDs on its antioxidant activity.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cyclodextrins; Limit of Detection; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Reactive Oxygen Species; Reproducibility of Results; Resveratrol; Stilbenes; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

The fatty acids of Agaricus essettei, Agaricus bitorquis and Agaricus bisporus were investigated by using GC and GC-MS. The dominant fatty acids were found to be linoleic (61.82-67.29%) and palmitic (12.67-14.71%) acids among the 13 fatty acids detected in the oils. Total unsaturation for the oils was calculated as 77.50%, 77.44%, and 79.72%, respectively. In vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities were also studied. The ethyl acetate extract of Agaricus bitorquis showed the highest activity in β-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH(·) and ABTS(·)(+) assays, while the hexane extract of Agaricus bisporus exhibited the best metal chelating activity. The ethyl acetate and hexane extract of Agaricus bitorquis and the hexane extract of Agaricus essettei showed meaningful butyrylcholinesterase activity being close to that of galantamine. The extracts were found to be effective on Gram (+) bacteria, especially against Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus flavus, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. In conclusion, Agaricus bitorquis and Agaricus essettei demonstrated higher iron content, and better antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities than those of Agaricus bisporus commonly consumed mushroom. Hence, Agaricus species, particularly Agaricus bitorquis might be useful as antioxidant agents and moderate anticholinesterase agents, and their extracts will probably be used for development of dietary foods, food products and additives.

Topics: Agaricus; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Fatty Acids; Free Radical Scavengers; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Indicators and Reagents; Iron Compounds; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

This study investigated the chemical composition (by using gas chromatography/flame ionization detection and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, an antioxidant [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl] [DPPH] radical-scavenging assay, and a 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate [ABTS] radical cation-scavenging assay) and the antimalarial and cytotoxic activities of essential oil extracted from leaves of Melaleuca armillaris. Thirty-two components representing more than 98% of the total composition of the essential oil were identified. The main components were 1,8-cineole (85.8%), camphene (5.05%), and α-pinene (1.95%). The antioxidant activity by ABTS assay showed a mean (± standard deviation) 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) value of 247.3 ± 3.9 mg/L, and the DPPH assay yielded an IC(50) value of 2183.6 ± 44.3 mg/L. The antimalarial study indicated that the essential oil had mild activity against the chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum FcB1 strain (IC(50), 27 ± 2 mg/L). The cytotoxic activity of this essential oil was tested against MCF7 human breast cancer cells and was found to be high (IC(50), 12 ± 1 mg/L).

Topics: Antimalarials; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Bicyclic Monoterpenes; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, Gas; Cyclohexanols; Eucalyptol; Flame Ionization; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Melaleuca; Monoterpenes; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids; Terpenes

The inflorescence of cultivated Coptis chinensis has been valued for tea production for many years in China. The antioxidant activities of C. chinensis inflorescence extracts prepared by various solvents were investigated by using several established in vitro systems: 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radical scavenging assays, reducing power assay, and ferrothiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assays. The results showed that the 70% ethanol extract (EE) had the strongest antioxidant activity in vitro among the various extracts. Based on the in vitro results, EE was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of C. chinensis inflorescence in vivo. The liver and kidney of intoxicated animals showed a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) levels, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) level showed a significant increase. These changes were significantly reversed after treatment with EE and the standard vitamin E. Thus, the C. chinensis inflorescence may be a valuable natural source that can be applicable to food industries.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catalase; China; Coptis; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Ethanol; Free Radical Scavengers; Glutathione; Inflorescence; Kidney; Liver; Male; Malondialdehyde; Mice; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase; Thiobarbiturates; Vitamin E

The phytochemical composition of carotenoids, tocopherols, free sugars, organic acids, L-ascorbic acid, capsaicinoids, and flavonoids in green and red paprika (GP and RP), and paprika leaves (PL) cultivated in Korea were analyzed. The ethanolic extracts of GP, RP, and PL were obtained with 80% ethanol, and their antioxidative activities were determined by measuring their ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities. RP showed the highest contents of capsanthin (58.33 ± 3.91 mg/100 g dry weight) and L-ascorbic acid (1987.25 ± 19.64 mg/100 g dry weight), and main compounds of PL were lutein, chlorophyll, and γ-tocopherol (96.91 ± 14.58, 2136.71 ± 21.11, and 723.49 ± 54.10 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively). RP showed the strongest antioxidant activity (IC(50) = 55.23 ± 6.77 μg/mL in a 2, 2'-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate] assay and 150.40 ± 8.07 μg/mL in a 2, 2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay), and the antioxidant activity of PL was higher than β-carotene but lower than RP. The results indicate that the amounts of capsanthin and L-ascorbic acid in RP correlate well with antioxidant activity. PL, which has various phytochemicals such as lutein, chlorophyll, and γ-tocopherol, might be used in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals for improving human health.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Capsicum; Carotenoids; Chlorophyll; Flavonoids; Fruit; gamma-Tocopherol; Lutein; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Republic of Korea; Sulfonic Acids; Xanthophylls

To elevate the Cyclo-His-Pro (CHP) content in yeast, the yeast hydrolysate that was obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis was subjected to various treatments. Flavourzyme-treated hydrolysate showed the highest CHP content (674.0 μg/g) among the various proteases treatments. Ultrafiltration was selected as the best method for concentrating CHP in yeast hydrolysate, based on the yields and CHP contents. In addition, we evaluated the radical scavenge and glucose tolerance of yeast hydrolysate with a high content of CHP. Yeast hydrolysate showed intense scavenging abilities of both 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals. The IC(50) values of yeast hydrolysate on DPPH and ABTS radicals were 1.9 and 0.9 mg/mL, respectively. There were significant differences in glucose level between the diabetes-control and yeast hydrolysate group at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after injection in a type 1 diabetes model (P < 0.01). Also, there were significant differences in blood glucose levels between the 2 groups at 30, 60, and 100 min after injection in the type 2 diabetes group (P < 0.05). Therefore, it is possible to use the yeast hydrolysate with high levels of CHP as an antioxidative and/or antidiabetic material for the preparation of functional foods.. This study tried to develop a material containing a high content of CHP using yeast for possible applications of this cyclic dipeptide in the therapy of metabolic disorders. The yeast hydrolysate prepared with Flavourzyme showed a high level of CHP. The hydrolysate with a high content of CHP showed high levels of radical scavenging activities and oral glucose tolerance activity. Therefore, it is possible to use the yeast hydrolysate with high levels of CHP as an antioxidative and/or antidiabetic material for the preparation of functional foods.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Blood Glucose; Chemical Phenomena; Diabetes Mellitus; Dipeptides; Endopeptidases; Free Radical Scavengers; Glucose Tolerance Test; Hydrolysis; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resistance; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Peptides, Cyclic; Picrates; Protein Hydrolysates; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sulfonic Acids

Cellular damage induced by free-radicals like Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (ROS and RNS) has been implicated in several disorders and diseases, including ageing. Hence naturally occurring anti-oxidant rich-herbs play a vital role in combating these conditions. The present study was carried out to investigate the in vitro free-radical quenching capacity of a known Ayurvedic poly-herbal formulation called Vayasthapana Rasayana.. Methanol extracts of Vayasthapana Rasayana formulation (VRF) were studied for in vitro total antioxidant activity along with phenolic content and reducing power. In vitro assays like DPPH, FRAP, ABTS scavenging to evaluate radical quenching potential were performed.. The formulation has shown 94% at 0.1 mg/ml DPPH free-radical scavenging activity as against 84% at 0.1 mg/ml for standard ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ value 5.51 μg/ml for VRF and 39 μg/ml for standard). It has a significant higher ferric reducing potential also (OD 0.87 at 700 nm & 0.21 at 0.1 mg/ml for VRF and standard, respectively). The total phenolic content (gallic acid equivalent) of the VRF is 8.3 mg per g of dry mass. Total antioxidant capacity of the formulation, estimated by FRAP was 1150 ± 5 μM Fe(II)/g dry mass. ABTS radical scavenging activity of VRF was 69.55 ± 0.21% at 100 μg/ml concentration with a IC50 value of 69.87 μg/ml as against 9% and 95% by ascorbic acid and Trolox (at 70.452 μg/ml and 0.250 μg/ml concentrations, respectively).. In Indian traditional Ayurvedic system, use of VRF is in regular practice for mainly combating age-related disorders and diseases as many of the components of the Rasayana are known for their free-radical scavenging activity. This study has validated the potential use of VRF as an anti-oxidant to fight age-related problems.

Topics: Aging; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromans; Ferric Compounds; Humans; Magnoliopsida; Medicine, Ayurvedic; Oxidative Stress; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Reference Standards; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

The antioxidant potency of the hydroethanolic extract of Ormenis Africana (HEOA), Asteraceae was evaluated with regards to total polyphenol, flavonoid and anthocyanins content. Antioxidant activity has been assessed chemically and biologically. First, the free radical scavenging ability of HEOA was evaluated using two commonly in vitro tests: ABTS and DPPH radicals. Then, the protection effect of this extract against oxidative stress was conducted in HeLa cells treated with Fe2+ or H2O2. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring the lipid peroxidation levels (TBARs and DC) and the antioxidant enzymes activities (catalase and Superoxide dismutase). Cytotoxic effect of HEOA was prealably determined against HeLa cell line by MTT assay.. HEOA contain considerable levels of antioxidant compound as evidenced by high amount of polyphenols (312.07 mg GAE/g dray matter), flavonoids (73.72 ± 1.98 mg QE/g dray matterl) and anthocyanins (0.28 ± 0.09 mg Cy-3-glu E/g dray matter). DPPH and ABTS assays showed a high antioxidant activity (IC50 = 24 μg/ml; TEAC = 2.137 mM) which was comparable to BHT.In biological system, HEOA exhibited a 50% cytotoxic concentration evaluated as 16.52 μg/ml. Incubation of HeLa cell line with no cytotoxic concentrations resulted in a remarkable protection from oxidative stress induced by Fe2+ or H2O2 which was evidenced by a decrease of MDA and CD levels as well as a diminution of antioxidant enzymes activities (Catalase and SOD) as compared to cells treated with Fe2+ or H2O2 alone.. The hydroethanolic extract of O. Africana could thus be considered as a source of potential antioxidants. The results of this study will promote the reasonable usage of this plant in food and pharmacy industries as well as in alternative medicine and natural therapy.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Asteraceae; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catalase; Cell Death; Cells, Cultured; Ethanol; Flavonoids; Humans; Inflorescence; Lipid Peroxidation; Malondialdehyde; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase

Bitter cumin (Centratherum anthelminticum (L.) Kuntze), is a medicinally important plant. Earlier, we have reported phenolic compounds, antioxidant, and anti-hyperglycemic, antimicrobial activity of bitter cumin. In this study we have further characterized the antioxidative activity of bitter cumin extracts in various in vitro models.. Bitter cumin seeds were extracted with a combination of acetone, methanol and water. The antioxidant activity of bitter cumin extracts were characterized in various in vitro model systems such as DPPH radical, ABTS radical scavenging, reducing power, oxidation of liposomes and oxidative damage to DNA.. The phenolic extracts of bitter cumin at microgram concentration showed significant scavenging of DPPH and ABTS radicals, reduced phosphomolybdenum (Mo(VI) to Mo(V)), ferricyanide Fe(III) to Fe(II), inhibited liposomes oxidation and hydroxyl radical induced damage to prokaryotic genomic DNA. The results showed a direct correlation between phenolic acid content and antioxidant activity.. Bitter cumin is a good source of natural antioxidants.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Asteraceae; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; DNA Damage; Ferricyanides; Hydroxyl Radical; Liposomes; Molybdenum; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

Melatonin has been reported in a variety of food plants and, consequently, in a number of plant-derived foodstuffs. In grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) products, it was found in berry exocarp (skin) of different cultivars and monovarietal wines. Herein, we assessed, by means of mass spectrometry, the occurrence of melatonin in all berry tissues (skin, flesh, and seed) at two different phenological stages, pre-véraison and véraison. We detected the highest melatonin content in skin, at pre-véraison, whereas, at véraison, the highest levels were reported in the seed. Furthermore, during ripening, melatonin decreased in skin, while increasing in both seed and flesh. The relative concentrations of melatonin in diverse berry tissues were somewhat different from those of total polyphenols (TP), the latter measured by the Folin-Ciocalteau assay, and more abundant in seed at pre-véraison and in exocarp at véraison. The highest antiradical activity, determined by both DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pycryl hydrazyl) and ABTS [(2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical-scavenging assay, was reported at pre-veráison in seed. To the best of our knowledge, we reported, for the first time, the occurrence of melatonin in grape seeds.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, Liquid; Free Radical Scavengers; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Melatonin; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Vitis

Optimization of the extraction process of phenolics from Bryophyllum pinnatum was carried out using response-surface methodology (RSM). The effect of different variables such as ratio of solvents, plant material/solvent ratio, extraction time, and temperature were investigated. An optimal phenolics yield of 7.952 mg/g gallic acid equivalence (GAE) was achieved at reduced levels of methanol/water ratio (1:1, v/v). During optimization, the product yield was enhanced by ∼2-fold at reduced extraction solvent (methanol/water) up to 37%. Validation of the RSM model for extraction of total phenolic content (TPC) was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The obtained experimental values were in good agreement with the predicted values, thereby indicating the appropriateness of the model generated. Phenolic extracts from B. pinnatum were further examined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods for determining the radical scavenging activities. EC(50) values of B. pinnatum extracts (BPEs) obtained by these methods were in accordance with the amount of phenolics present in the extract. Significant correlation was found between total phenolic content and antioxidant activities (p < 0.05).

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Kalanchoe; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

The extraction conditions of polysaccharides from Plantago asiatica L. seeds were investigated. Four parameters affecting the polysaccharides extraction, extraction times, water to sample, extraction temperature and single extraction time, were determined by orthogonal experiments. Under the optimized conditions, the polysaccharides yield of P. asiatica L. seeds was 2.467%. The antioxidant activities of the polysaccharides were investigated. The reducing power of the polysaccharides was dose dependent, and the reducing capacity of the polysaccharides was inferior to butylated hydroxytoluene, which is known to be a strong reducing agent. The scavenging rates of the polysaccharides on superoxide and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals were 79.7% and 81.4%, at polysaccharides concentration of 0.75 mg/mL, respectively, a scavenging rates approximately similar to that of 0.75 mg/mL ascorbic acid (83.5% and 85.1%, respectively). Furthermore, it exhibited a moderate concentration-dependent ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion chelating potency and H(2)O(2) scavenging activity. The data obtained in the in vitro models clearly establish the antioxidant potency of the polysaccharides extracted from Semen Plantaginis.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Chelating Agents; Chemical Fractionation; Edetic Acid; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plantago; Polysaccharides; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

Fabiana species (Solanaceae family) extracts have long been used in Argentinean traditional medicine as anti-inflammatories, antiseptic, bone fractures and others diseases, but there is no scientific evidence which supports their use.. The present study was conducted to evaluate the ability of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of four Fabiana species (Fabiana bryoides Phil., Fabiana punensis A.C. Arroyo, Fabiana densa J. Rèmy and Fabiana patagonica Speg.) to inhibit key enzymes in inflammatory processes, free radical scavenging properties and genotoxic effects.. HPLC-DAD of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from four Fabiana species was established. All Fabiana extracts were evaluated on their ability to inhibit hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase enzymes to assess their activity against inflammatory mediators. Antioxidant capacity was determined using the 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assays and β-carotene-linolenic acid assay. Genotoxicity was evaluated by the Ames assay.. The results indicated that the chromatographic patterns of four Fabiana species were different in quantity and absorption intensity of peaks. The alcoholic extract of Fabiana punensis was the most active scavenger of DPPH and ABTS(+) radicals (SC(50) values of 3.85 ± 0.24 and 2.56 ± 0.10 μgGAE/mL, respectively). Fabiana patagonica extracts exhibited the highest peroxyl radical scavenging activity compared with the other three taxa (IC(50) values between 1.00 ± 0.04 and 4.46 ± 0.40 μg GAE/mL for all extracts) and anti-lipoxygenase activity with IC(50) values between 12.5 and 15.5 μg GAE/mL. The absence of mutagenicity indicates that the DNA does not seem to be a relevant target for these extracts. Fabiana bryoides ethanolic extract showed an interesting effect: it inhibited spontaneous mutagenesis, which could be considered as an antimutagenic effect in the TA98 (+S9) and TA100 (+S9/-S9) strains. The potency differences found between the species could be consequence of the different phytochemical pattern observed by HPLC.. The inhibitory effects on lipoxygenase and hyaluronidase, free radical scavenging activities and lack of genotoxicity of Fabiana extracts may support the folk use of Fabiana punensis, Fabiana patagonica, Fabiana bryoides and Fabiana densa as inhibitor of inflammatory mediators.

Topics: alpha-Linolenic Acid; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antimutagenic Agents; Argentina; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; DNA Damage; DNA, Bacterial; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanol; Ethnopharmacology; Free Radical Scavengers; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Kinetics; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Medicine, Traditional; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Salmonella typhimurium; Solanaceae; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles; Water

The plant Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. (Boraginaceae) is commonly known as "Bhokar" in Marathi. This tree species has been of interest to researchers because traditionally its bark is reported in the treatment of ulcer and colic pain.. The present work was undertaken to validate its folk use in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) by using scientific methods.. Dried bark powder was extracted with methanol and this crude methanol extract was fractionated using various solvents. These fractions were tested for effectiveness against UC. Macroscopical study and histopathology of the colon, level of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in colon and blood were studied for the assessment of the activity. Antioxidant activity of these fractions was screened by using various methods.. Animals treated with the methanol fraction of the crude methanol extract showed lower pathological scores and good healing. This fraction reduced MPO and MDA levels significantly in blood and tissue. It showed antioxidant potential [in DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay IC₅₀ value is 26.25; trolox equivalent (TE) antioxidant capacity µg/ml TE/g of plant material on dry basis in ABTS (2,2'-azinobis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant potential) assay is 2.03 and 2.45, respectively]. The fraction contains a high level of phenolics.. The methanol fraction of crude methanol extract of C. dichotoma bark is effective in the treatment of UC.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Colitis, Ulcerative; Colon; Cordia; Free Radical Scavengers; Male; Malondialdehyde; Medicine, Ayurvedic; Mice; Peroxidase; Phenols; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

Natural chemical compounds are a widely researched topic worldwide because of their potential activity against cerebrovascular diseases. Chemicals from Juniperus phoenicea berries are reported in this study. Lipids (11%) from seeds are mainly unsaturated (86%). Minerals are also quantified like Na (63.8 mg per 100 g DW) or K (373.9 mg per 100 g DW). Total reduced sugars are ca 192.6 mg g(-1) DW. Polyphenols and flavonoids from berries are highly present with an average of 1764 ± 174.3 mg gallic acid per 100 g DW and 890 ± 47.6 mg rutin per 100 g DW, respectively. Mean free radical scavenging activities, determined by DPPH and ABTS, are 1337 ± 126.2 mM TEAC per 100 g DW and 1105.7 ± 95.9 mM TEAC per 100 g DW, respectively. All findings improve the possible presence of biologically active fractions in phytocomplex that could be used as such and/or extracted for the formulation of supplements and/or ingredients for the pharmaceutical industry.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbohydrates; Chromatography; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruit; Juniperus; Lipids; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Potassium; Sodium; Spectrophotometry, Atomic; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) leaves were macerated with a mixture of methanol: water: acetic acid to produce a crude extract which was then defatted with (40°-60°) petrol. Antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using a battery of in vitro assays, viz., iron(iii) reduction, iron(ii) chelation and free radical scavenging assays. Evaluation of the pro-oxidant activity of the extract was based upon its effects upon DNA fragmentation and protein carbonylation. Cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects of the extract were determined in non-cancerous CV1-P fibroblast and cancerous A375 melanoma cells using MTT and LDH tests and caspase 3-like activity assay. The highest concentration, 2.0 mg ml(-1), decreased the viability of both cell lines, however, the cancerous melanoma cells were slightly susceptible to the effects. The observed cytotoxicity was not due to the caspase 3 activity. In conclusion, the toxicity might be explained by the pro-oxidative activity of components within the extract against proteins and/or DNA but it is not related to caspase 3-dependent apoptosis within cells.

Topics: Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caspase 3; Cell Line, Tumor; DNA Fragmentation; Ferric Compounds; Ferrous Compounds; Humans; Petroselinum; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfonic Acids

The evaluation of the mutagenic and antimutagenic actions of extracts obtained from aerial part of Teucrium ramosissimum was assayed using the Salmonella typhimurium assay system. The effect of the same extracts on genotoxicity and SOS response induced by aflatoxin B(1) as well as nitrofurantoin was investigated in a bacterial assay system, i.e., the SOS chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ37. The different extracts showed no mutagenicity when tested with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA98 and TA1535 either with or without S9 mix. In contrast, our results prove that T. ramosissimum extracts possess antimutagenic effects against sodium azide, aflatoxin B1, benzo[a]pyrene and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine. Moreover, the T. ramosissimum tested extracts exhibited no genotoxicity either with or without the external S9 activation mixtures. However, all the extracts significantly decreased the genotoxicity induced by aflatoxin B(1) and nitrofurantoin. The result obtained by the Ames test confirms those of SOS chromotest. Antioxidant capacity of the tested extracts was evaluated using the enzymatic (xanthine/xanthine oxidase assay) and the non enzymatic (NBT/riboflavine, DPPH and ABTS assays) systems. All extracts exhibited high antioxidant activity except the chloroform and the methanol extracts in DPPH and NBT/riboflavine assays respectively. Our results underline the potential of T. ramosissimum to avoid mutations and also its antioxidant potential.

Topics: Affinity Labels; Antimutagenic Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; DNA Repair; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutagenicity Tests; Mutagens; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Salmonella typhimurium; Sterols; Sulfonic Acids; Tannins; Teucrium; Thioinosine; Xanthine Oxidase

The present study was undertaken to determine the optimum effective dose, dose reduction factor (DRF) and possible mechanism of action of Aloe gel. Three different doses of gel (250, 500 and 750 mg/kg body weight) were tested against 8 Gy induced damage in Swiss albino mice. A dose of 750 mg/kg body weight of Aloe was found the most effective while, 250 mg/kg body weight was the least effective in providing protection, as observed in the form of higher concentrations of blood GSH and vitamin C and lower level of serum LPO than irradiated animals at 1h post irradiation and higher percent of survivors up to day 30 post irradiation. Treatment of mice with Aloe before irradiation with different doses of gamma radiation (6-12 Gy) delayed the onset and reduced the severity of signs of radiation sickness. The LD(50/30) was calculated as 6.77 and 10 Gy for untreated irradiated and Aloe treated irradiated animals, respectively and its dose reduction factor was also calculated as 1.47. Aloe gel scavenged the free radicals, DPPH•, ABTS(+•) and NO in a concentration dependent manner in vitro and therefore, scavenging of free radicals seems to be its important mechanism of action.

Topics: Aloe; Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Free Radical Scavengers; Gels; Glutathione; Lethal Dose 50; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Picrates; Radiation Injuries; Radiation-Protective Agents; Sulfonic Acids

Ramalin (γ-glutamyl-N'-(2-hydroxyphenyl)hydrazide), a novel compound, was isolated from the methanol-water extract of the Antarctic lichen Ramalina terebrata by several chromatographic methods. The molecular structure of ramalin was determined by spectroscopic analysis. The experimental data showed that ramalin was five times more potent than commercial butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in scavenging 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydazil (DPPH) free radicals, 27 times more potent in scavenging 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid free radicals (ABTS(+)) than the vitamin E analogue, trolox, and 2.5 times more potent than BHT in reducing Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) ions. Similarly, ramalin was 1.2 times more potent than ascorbic acid in scavenging superoxide radicals and 1.25 times more potent than commercial kojic acid in inhibiting tyrosinase enzyme activity, which ultimately leads to whitening of skin cells. Ramalin showed no or very little cytotoxicity in human keratinocyte and fibroblast cells at its antioxidant concentration. Furthermore, ramalin was assessed to determine its antioxidant activity in vivo. One microgram per milliliter ramalin significantly reduced the released nitric oxide (NO) and 0.125 μg/ml ramalin reduced the produced hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-stimulated murine macrophage Raw264.7 cells. Considering all the data together, ramalin can be a strong therapeutic candidate for controlling oxidative stress in cells.

Topics: Animals; Antarctic Regions; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Chromans; Fibroblasts; Free Radicals; Fungal Proteins; Glutamates; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Keratinocytes; Lichens; Mice; Molecular Structure; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Nitric Oxide; Picrates; Pyrones; Sulfonic Acids

[corrected] The Taxillus liquidambaricola has been used to treat rheumatic arthralgia, threatened abortion and hypertension in the Chinese traditional medicine. However, there is no scientific evidence which supports the use in the literature. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant, and analgesic activities and the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extracts of Taxillus liquidambaricola (ETL) in cell and animal models.. The following activities were investigated: free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities [2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl)], analgesic (writhing and formalin test), and anti-inflammatory [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 macrophages and paw-edema induced by λ-carrageenan (Carr)]. We also investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of ETL via studies of the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the edema paw. Serum NO and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were also measured in vivo.. ETL showed the highest TEAC and DPPH radical scavenging activities, respectively. ETL also had highest contents of polyphenol and flavonoid contents. We evaluated that ETL and the reference compound of quercetin decreased the LPS-induced NO production and expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in RAW264.7 cells. Treatment of male ICR mice with ETL significantly inhibited the numbers of acetic acid-induced writhing response and the formalin-induced pain in the late phase. Administration of ETL showed a concentration dependent inhibition on paw edema development after Carr treatment in mice. The anti-inflammatory effects of ETL could be via NO and TNF-α suppression and associated with the increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Western blotting revealed that ETL decreased Carr-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions.. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of ETL might be correlated to the decrease in the level of MDA, iNOS, and COX-2 via increasing the activities of CAT, SOD, and GPx in the edema paw. Overall, the results showed that ETL demonstrated antioxidant, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory activity, which supports previous claims of the traditional use for inflammation and pain.

Topics: Acetic Acid; Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carrageenan; Catalase; Cell Line; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cyclooxygenase 2; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Edema; Endotoxins; Ethanol; Formaldehyde; Glutathione Peroxidase; Loranthaceae; Macrophages; Male; Malondialdehyde; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Pain; Picrates; Plants, Medicinal; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase; Thiazoles; Time Factors; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Methanolic extracts of Chuquiraga straminea Sandwith, subfamily Barnadesioideae (Asteraceae) showed the presence of quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity was determined. The total extracts showed antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS method (SC50 14.5 to 34.9 microg/mL). A significantly positive correlation was observed between the antioxidant activity and the total phenolics (R2 > 0.93). The extracts were active against ten methicillin resistant and sensitive Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from nosocomial infection (MIC values between 200 to 800 microg/mL). These preliminary studies are highly interesting as they open new ways for further applications in the treatment of infections by methicillin resistant S. aureus.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Argentina; Asteraceae; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cross Infection; Ethnopharmacology; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Picrates; Pilot Projects; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulfonic Acids

Functional foods are of interest because of their significant effects on human health, which can be connected with the presence of some biologically important compounds. In this study, we carried out complex analysis of 239 apricot cultivars (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivated in Lednice (climatic area T4), South Moravia, Czech Republic. Almost all previously published studies have focused only on analysis of certain parameters. However, we focused on detection both primary and secondary metabolites in a selection of apricot cultivars with respect to their biological activity. The contents of thirteen biogenic alpha-L-amino acids (arginine, asparagine, isoleucine, lysine, serine, threonine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, proline and alanine) were determined using ion exchange chromatography with UV-Vis spectrometry detection. Profile of polyphenols, measured as content of ten polyphenols with significant antioxidant properties (gallic acid, procatechinic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, p-coumaric acid, rutin, ferrulic acid and quercetrin), was determined by high performance liquid chromatography with spectrometric/electrochemical detection. Moreover, content of total phenolics was determined spectrophotometrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was determined using five independent spectrophotometric methods: DPPH assay, DMPD method, ABTS method, FRAP and Free Radicals methods. Considering the complexity of the obtained data, they were processed and correlated using bioinformatics techniques (cluster analysis, principal component analysis). The studied apricot cultivars were clustered according to their common biochemical properties, which has not been done before. The observed similarities and differences were discussed.

Topics: Algorithms; Amino Acids; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cluster Analysis; Computational Biology; Free Radicals; Fruit; Gene Pool; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Principal Component Analysis; Prunus; Sulfonic Acids

Coumarin and benzothiazole scaffolds can be found in a number of natural or synthetic antioxidants. In an effort to develop a novel radical scavenger and potential antioxidant, a series of coumarin derivatives containing 2-methylbenzothiazoline motif and related compounds was synthesized and evaluated for their DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS(•+) (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals scavenging activities. Among them, 7-hydroxy-3-(2-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one (3e) has shown a significant free radical scavenging activity. From the structure-activity point of view, it was found that phenolic coumarin ring and benzothiazoline moiety in target compounds may contribute to the scavenging activity against free radicals.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Coumarins; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Picrates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

Leptadenia pyrotechnica Forssk is a traditional medicinal herb used for treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this research, the aqueous ethanolic crude extract of Leptadenia pyrotechnica aerial parts, along with its ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water partitioning fractions were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity, polyphenolic content, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The total antioxidant capacity was estimated by the FRAP, DPPH, ABTS and β-carotene bleaching assays.The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest polyphenolic content (252.27 mg gallic acid/g) and the best antioxidant activity (1.2, 0.57, 0.45 mmol ascorbic acid equivalent/g in the FRAP, ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively). Furthermore, the same extract showed appreciable anti-inflammatory via lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 1.41 µg/mL). Moreover, the ethyl acetate fraction also showed the strongest cytotoxic effect (IC₅₀ = 43.16 µg/mL) against MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. These results suggest that this plant may be considered an interesting source of compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties for therapeutic, nutraceutical and functional food applications.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Apocynaceae; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Enzyme Assays; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids

Protection against radiation-induced DNA strand breaks is an important aspect in the design and development of a radioprotector. In this study, the radioprotective efficacy of sesamol, a natural antioxidant, was investigated in aqueous solution of plasmid DNA (pBR322) and compared with that of melatonin, a known antioxidant-based radioprotector. Thermal denaturation studies on irradiated calf thymus DNA were also carried out with sesamol and melatonin. Sesamol demonstrated greater radioprotective efficacy in both plasmid DNA and calf thymus DNA. To assess the radical scavenging capacity of sesamol and melatonin, 2-deoxyribose degradation, DPPH and ABTS assays were performed. Sesamol exhibited more scavenging capacity compared to melatonin. In vitro studies with V79 cells showed that sesamol is 20 times more potent than melatonin. It is proposed that the greater radioprotective efficacy of sesamol could be due to its greater capacity for scavenging of free radicals compared to melatonin. The results will be helpful in understanding the mechanisms and development of sesamol as a radioprotector.

Topics: Animals; Benzodioxoles; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cattle; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; DNA; DNA Breaks, Single-Stranded; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Melatonin; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Phenols; Picrates; Plasmids; Radiation-Protective Agents; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles; Transition Temperature

In the present study, polysaccharides named ALPS and ASPS were isolated from Ampelopsis grossedentata leaves and stems, respectively. Physicochemical properties, in vitro antioxidant activities and the inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase of ALPS and ASPS were investigated. It was found that both ALPS and ASPS were acid protein-bound heteropolysaccharides, although with considerably different chemical composition and molecular weight distribution. Meanwhile, in comparison with ALPS, ASPS exhibited stronger antioxidant activity and inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase according to the in vitro evaluation. Moreover, our results suggested that protein and uronic acid might, at least partly, contribute positively to the biological behavior of ALPS and ASPS.

Topics: alpha-Glucosidases; Ampelopsis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chelating Agents; Enzyme Assays; Ferrous Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Proteins; Plant Stems; Polysaccharides; Proteoglycans; Sulfonic Acids

In our continual course toward the valorization of traditionally used endemic flora through the analysis of its chemobiodiversity, the phytochemical analysis of aerial parts of Marrubium deserti de Noé was undertaken. Dichloromethane and methanol extracts led to the isolation of terpenoid derivatives among which two were new labdane diterpenes named marrulibacetal A and desertine, respectively. Six of them were known compounds (a mixture of the isomers cyllenin A and 15-epi-cyllenin A, marrubiin, marrulactone, marrulibacetal and β-stigmasterol) and seven known phenolic compounds were also isolated: apigenin and several 7-O-substituted derivatives (apigenin-7-O-β-neohesperidoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, terniflorin and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide) together with two phenylethanoid glucosides (acteoside and forsythoside B). The structures and relative configurations of the new compounds were elucidated by MS and a series of 1D and 2D NMR analyses. Some pure compounds have been evaluated for their antioxidant activities through different methods: DPPH and ABTS assays as well as CUPRAC assay. Genotoxic and antigenotoxic activities of extracts and pure compounds were also evaluated in vitro on Escherichia coli PQ37 cells by the SOS Chromotest. Some of the isolated compounds like phenylethanoid derivatives showed stronger antioxidant capacity than trolox and were also able to significantly inhibit β-galactosidase induction caused by the mutagen agent nitrofurantoin.

Topics: Antioxidants; Apigenin; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caffeic Acids; Diterpenes; DNA Damage; Flavones; Glucosides; Glycosides; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Marrubium; Methanol; Methylene Chloride; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

The antioxidant activity of 4-hydroxycoumarin synthetic derivatives and 4-methylumbelliferone were determined taking 4-hydroxycoumarin as the reference compound. Six 3-aryl-4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives were synthesized from 4-hydroxycoumarin as precursor in order to evaluate changes in their antioxidant properties due to C3-aryl substituent nature. Free radical scavenging capacities of these compounds against two different species DPPH(·) and ABTS(·+) and the protecting ability towards the β-carotene-linoleic acid co-oxidation enzymatically induced by lipoxygenase were measured. In addition, the relationship between the activities of these molecules against DPPH radical and the bond dissociation energy of O-H (BDE) calculated using methods of computational chemistry was evaluated.

Topics: 4-Hydroxycoumarins; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Enzyme Inhibitors; Free Radical Scavengers; Lipoxygenase; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Thermodynamics

4-Schiff base-7-benzyloxy-coumarins 5a(1)-5h(2) and its derivative 6 were designed and synthesized based on the 7-benzyloxy-coumarin structure as novel antioxidants. The in vitro antioxidant activities screening revealed that 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities of compounds 5b(1), 5d(1), 5f(1), 5f(2), 5g(1) and 5g(2), and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) cation (ABTS(+)) radical scavenging activities of compounds 5a(1), 5b(1), 5c(1), 5c(2), 5d(1), 5e(1), 5e(2), 5f(2), 5g(1), 5g(2) and 5h(1) were better than that of the commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), while the superoxide anion radical scavenging activities of 5a(2) and 5g(2) were stronger than that of the commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of 5e(1) was much better than that of the common antioxidant ascorbic acid.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Coumarins; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Picrates; Schiff Bases; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Thiazoles

The total triterpene fraction isolated from Ganoderma lucidum, a highly nutritional and popular medicinal mushroom occurring in South India, was evaluated for its antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo. Total triterpenes successfully scavenged DPPH(+), ABTS(+) and superoxide radicals, showed significant ferric reducing activity and was highly effective in reducing the in vitro lipid peroxidation. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes in blood and tissue were increased by the administration of total triterpenes to Swiss albino mice in vivo. The ability of total triterpenes to scavenge the free radicals and to enhance body's antioxidant defence systems indicates its potential use as an antioxidant. An attempt was also done to gauge the toxicity of total triterpenes using acute and sub acute study models in Swiss albino mice. The results showed that Ganoderma triterpenes did not possess significant toxicity. The findings thus reveal the possible therapeutic use of Ganoderma triterpenes.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Enzymes; Free Radical Scavengers; India; Lipid Peroxidation; Mice; Picrates; Plants, Medicinal; Reishi; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Toxicity Tests, Acute; Toxicity Tests, Subacute; Triterpenes

Cadmium (Cd) is ubiquitous in the environment and exposure through food and water as well as occupational sources can contribute to a well-defined spectrum of disease. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of hesperetin (Hp) in alleviating the Cd induced biochemical changes in rats.. During the experiment, male Wistar rats were injected with Cd 83 mg/kg day) subcutaneously alone or with oral administration of Hp 840 mg/kg day) for 21 days.. In Cd treated rats the levels of plasma lipid peroxidation (LPO) markers: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) were significantly increased while the levels of plasma non-enzymatic antioxidants: reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamins C and E were significantly decreased in Cd administered rats. Administration of Hp along with Cd significantly decreased the level of LPO markers with elevation of non-enzymatic antioxidants in plasma. In vitro studies on the effect of Hp on scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*), 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+), superoxide anion (O*-), hydroxyl (OH*) radicals and reducing power also confirmed the free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of Hp. In addition to that, ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyl toluene was used as the reference antioxidant radical scavenger compounds. Thus, the observed effects are due to the free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of Hp. Interestingly, among the different concentrations, tested 50 microM of Hp showed the highest antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities when compared to other concentrations.. The result of these findings provides further evidence to the neutraceutical and pharmaceutical potentials of Hp.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biomarkers; Biphenyl Compounds; Cadmium Chloride; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Environmental Pollutants; Glutathione; Hesperidin; Hydroxyl Radical; Injections, Subcutaneous; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipid Peroxides; Male; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Vitamin E

To determine the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChEI) and antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of 12 traditional medicinal plants used in the treatment of neurological disorders.. AChEI activity was determined spectrophotometrically using the Ellman's colorimetric method. Antioxidant activity was carried out by determining the ability of the extracts to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals. The levels of total phenols, flavonoids and flavonols were determined quantitatively using spectrophotometric methods.. AChEI was observed to be dose-dependent. Lannea schweinfurthii (L. schweinfurthii) (Engl.) Engl. and Scadoxus puniceus (S. puniceus) (L.) Friis & I. Nordal. root extracts showed the lowest IC(50) value of 0.000 3 mg/mL for the ethyl acetate extracts while Zanthoxylum davyi (Z. davyi) (I. Verd.) P.G. Watermann had the lowest IC(50) value of 0.01 mg/mL for the methanol extracts in the AChEI assay. The roots of Piper capense (P. capense) L.f., L. schweinfurthii, Ziziphus mucronata (Z. mucronata) Willd., Z. davyi and Crinum bulbispermum (C. bulbispermum) (Burm.f.) Milne-Redh. & Schweick. showed noteworthy radical scavenging activity and good AChEI activity.. Five plants show good antioxidant and AChEI activity. These findings support the traditional use of the plants for treating neurological disorders especially where a cholinesterase mechanism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved.

Topics: Acetates; Acetylcholinesterase; Africa, Southern; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Colorimetry; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Free Radicals; Fruit; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Methanol; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal; Reactive Oxygen Species; Solvents; Spectrophotometry; Sulfonic Acids

Two tartary buckwheat samples (Xingku No.2 and Diqing) grown at three locations were analyzed for free and bound phenolic content and antioxidant properties. Moreover, the relative contributions of variety and growing environment to phenolic content and antioxidant properties were determined, as well as correlations of these properties to growing conditions. The total phenolic contents varied from 5,150 to 9,660 μmol of gallic acid equivalents per 100 gram of dry weight (DW) of tartary buckwheat and the free phenolics accounted for 94% to 99%. Rutin content was in the range from 518.54 to 1,447.87 mg per 100 gram of DW of tartary buckwheat. p-Hydroxybenzoic, ferulic and protocatechuic acids were the prominent phenolic acids and other phenolics, including p-coumaric, gallic, caffeic, vanillic and syringic acids were also detected. Tartary buckwheat exhibited higher DPPH· and ABTS·+ scavenging activities and was more effective at preventing the bleaching of β-carotene in comparison with reference antioxidant and plant phenolics constituents. Additionally, growing conditions and the interaction between variety and environment may have more contribution than variety to individual phenolics and antioxidant properties of tartary buckwheat. Environmental parameters such as higher altitudes may also have an increasing effect on rutin and phenolic acids. This study suggests that tartary buckwheat has potential health benefits because of its high phenolic content and antioxidant properties. These components could also be enhanced by optimizing the growing conditions of a selected variety.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; China; Environment; Fagopyrum; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Phenols; Picrates; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids

To investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of hydroalcoholic extract of Schotia latifolia (S. latifolia) bark commonly used in South Africa traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments.. The antibacterial test and MIC was determined by using agar well diffusion and dilution methods respectively against eight strains of bacteria. The total phenol, proanthocyanidin and flavonoid contents of S. latifolia were assessed using standard methods. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using ferric reducing power and the free radical scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid (ABTS), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and lipid oxidation (LO).. The antibacterial activity demonstrated an appreciable effect against all the gram positive bacteria at MIC between 0.016 and 10 mg/mL while that of gram negative bacteria was above 10 mg/mL. The plant extract exhibited high concentration of proanthocyanidin [(300.00±0.10) mg CE/g], followed by flavonoid [(12.46±0.04 mg) TE/g] and phenol [(11.06±0.03) mg QE/g] contents. Similarly, the extract at 0.5 mg/mL scavenges DPPH, ABTS, H(2)O(2), LO and NO by 87.55%, 89.47%, 77.15%, 86.48% and 77.75% of the radicals respectively. The reducing power was also found to be concentration dependent.. Our data suggest that S. latifolia extract has antibacterial and antioxidants activity and thus could be used as alternative therapy against antibiotic resistance bacteria and to prevent many radical related diseases.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Lipid Peroxidation; Nitric Oxide; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Proanthocyanidins; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles; Trees

The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of Lepidium apetalum seed oil and its anti-oxidant activity were studied. The SFE process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD). Independent variables, namely operating pressure, temperature, time and flow rate were evaluated. The maximum extraction of Lepidium apetalum seed oil by SFE-CO₂ (about 36.3%) was obtained when SFE-CO₂ extraction was carried out under the optimal conditions of 30.0 MPa of pressure, 70 °C of temperature, 120 min of extraction time and 25.95 L/h of flow rate. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of four fatty acids in Lepidium apetalum seed oil, with a high content (91.0%) of unsaturated fatty acid. The anti-oxidant activity of the oil was assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay and 2,2'-azino- bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) test. Lepidium apetalum seed oil possessed a notable concentration-dependent antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 1.00 and 3.75 mg/mL, respectively.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbon Dioxide; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; Lepidium; Models, Chemical; Picrates; Plant Oils; Regression Analysis; Seeds; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

Total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), related antioxidative and antiradical capabilities of grape cane extracts from 11 varieties (five V. vinifera cultivars and six Chinese wild grapes) widely grown in China were evaluated. Antioxidant properties were determined as DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging abilities, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays, as well as reducing power. Phenolic profiles of the extracts were characterized by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. All extracts exhibited strong antioxidant and effective free radical inhibition activities (EC(50) values), which generally correlated negatively with TPC (r = -0.804 to -0.918) and TFC (r = -0.749 to -0.888). In comparison with gallic acid, Trolox and tert-butylhydroquinone (positive controls), most grape cane extracts showed more efficient scavenging effects toward different reactive oxygen species. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, and trans-resveratrol as major phenolic components in the extracts. These results suggest that grape cane extracts may serve as a potential source of natural antioxidant for food and pharmaceutical application.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; China; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Reactive Oxygen Species; Reducing Agents; Sulfonic Acids; Vitis

An activity-directed fractionation and purification process was used to isolate antioxidant components from cassava stems produced in Hainan. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed greater DPPH˙and ABTS·+ scavenging activities than other fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column chromatography, to yield ten phenolic compounds: Coniferaldehyde (1), isovanillin (2), 6-deoxyjacareubin (3), scopoletin (4), syringaldehyde (5), pinoresinol (6), p-coumaric acid (7), ficusol (8), balanophonin (9) and ethamivan (10), which possess significant antioxidant activities. The relative order of DPPH· scavenging capacity for these compounds was ascorbic acid (reference) > 6 > 1 > 8 > 10 > 9 > 3 > 4 > 7 > 5 > 2, and that of ABTS·+ scavenging capacity was 5 > 7 > 1 > 10 > 4 > 6 > 8 > 2 > Trolox (reference compound) > 3 > 9. The results showed that these phenolic compounds contributed to the antioxidant activity of cassava.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical Fractionation; China; Chromatography; Free Radical Scavengers; Manihot; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Stems; Sulfonic Acids

Scutellarein, the main metabolite of scutellarin in vivo, has relatively better solubility, bioavailability and bio-activity than scutellarin. However, it is very difficult to obtain scutellarein in nature compared with scutellarin. Therefore, the present study focused on establishing an efficient route for the synthesis of scutellarein by hydrolyzing scutellarin. The in vitro antioxidant activities of scutellarein were evaluated by measuring its scavenging capacities toward DPPH, ABTS(+•), (•)OH free radicals and its protective effect on H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells using MTT assay method. The results showed that essential point to the synthesis was the implementation of H(2)SO(4) in 90% ethanol in N(2) atmosphere; scutellarein had stronger antioxidant activity than scutellarin. The results have laid the foundation for further research and the development of scutellarein as a promising candidate for ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

Topics: Animals; Apigenin; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Free Radical Scavengers; Glucuronates; Hydrogen Peroxide; Ischemia; PC12 Cells; Picrates; Rats; Sulfonic Acids

The antioxidant potential of wild strain of Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum from Central Himalayan Hills (2000 m MSL) was evaluated, and compared with its in vitro cultured mycelia grown on malt extract broth in the laboratory. Antioxidant activities of both wild and cultivated G. lucidum in terms of IC₅₀ (mg/ mL) were determined against different in vitro radical systems such as DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS [2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylenebenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] and hydroxyl radicals, in addition to ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Polyphenol contents were also determined, in order to assess their effects on the antioxidant activity of extracts. All the extracts showed significant antioxidant activity, and maximum scavenging was observed in the case of methanolic extracts of wild G. lucidum with minimum IC50 values 0.953 ± 0.040, 0.690 ± 0.014 and 3.295 ± 0.027 mg/mL, respectively, for DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals. The efficacy of wild G. lucidum as a rich source of natural antioxidant was established for nutraceutical development.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Ganoderma; Hydroxyl Radical; India; Iron Compounds; Oxidation-Reduction; Phylogeny; Picrates; Polyphenols; Proanthocyanidins; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

In this work, an evaluation of the biological activities of Globularia alypum L. extracts and their global chemical composition was realized. Extracts from G. alypum were obtained by two extraction methods. The composition of polyphenols (8.5-139.95 g gallic acid equivalent/Kg of dry mass), tannins (1.39-18.65 g catechin equivalent/Kg of dry mass), anthocyanins (8.17-70.69 mg cyanidin equivalent/Kg of dry mass) and flavonoids (0.31-19.28 g quercetin equivalent/Kg of dry mass) was evaluated. The samples were subjected to a screening for their antioxidant activities using the DPPH* and ABTS*+ assays. For the first time, the anti-tuberculosis activity (H(37)Rv) for G. alypum was tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The strongest antioxidant activity was obtained for the methanol extract (IC(50 ) = 15.58 ± 0.168 mg/L) and the best anti-tuberculosis activity was obtained for the petroleum ether extract (IC(50 )= 77 mg/L). We have found a positive correlation between the total phenolics content and the antioxidant activity R2 = 0.88 (DPPH*) and R2 = 0.97 (ABTS*+). We have found also a positive correlation between the flavonoid content and the antioxidant activity R2 = 0.91 (DPPH*) and R2 = 0.91 (ABTS*+).

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Antitubercular Agents; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Scrophulariaceae; Sulfonic Acids; Tannins

We investigated in vitro antioxidant activities of 49 endophytic fungi isolated from the liverwort Scapania verrucosa. Based on morphological and molecular identification, the endophytic fungi isolated were classified into seven genera (Hypocrea, Penicillium, Tolypocladium, Chaetomium, Xylaria, Nemania, and Creosphaeria), all belonging to one family (Xylariaceae). By screening with the 2,2'-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) decolorization assay, the ethyl acetate extracts of five endophytic fungi (T7, T21, T24, T32, and T38 strains), which exhibited remarkable Trolox equivalent (TE) antioxidant capacity (ranging from 997.06 to 1248.10 μmol TE/g extract), were selected and their antioxidant capacity was further evaluated by assays for 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, reducing power, and ferrous ion chelating. The ethyl acetate extracts of two endophytic fungi (T24 and T38) were found to have comparable scavenging abilities on both DPPH-free radicals (93.9 and 88.7%, respectively, at 50 μg/mL) and hydroxyl radicals (97.1 and 89.4%, respectively, at 2 mg/mL) when compared with those of the positive controls (ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene, respectively). Although their reducing powers were similar to that of butylated hydroxytoluene, as indicated by absorbance (0.35 and 0.30 at 50 μg/mL, respectively), only the T38 strain's ethyl acetate extract showed ferrous ion chelating ability (92.9% at 1 mg/mL) comparable to that of the EDTA-2Na control. These endophytic fungi in S. verrucosa are a potential novel source of natural antioxidants.

Topics: Acetates; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; China; Chromans; Complex Mixtures; Endophytes; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Fungi; Genes, Fungal; Genes, rRNA; Hepatophyta; Hydroxyl Radical; Iron Chelating Agents; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

The protective effect of a methanolic extract (ME) of Acorus calamus against alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress was studied in rats. The in vitro assays using DPPH and ABTS showed a strong antioxidant activity of the extract with the total polyphenolic content of 156 mg/g. Chronic ethanol administration causes an increase in oxidative stress and tissue injury with decreased antioxidant status. In this study, continuous administration of ethanol (7.9 g/kg body weight/day) for a period of 6 weeks resulted in a significant (p < .001) increase in the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase, serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phospahatase, and bilirubin with the decreased level of total antioxidant status. Moreover, the levels of lipid peroxidation markers (malondialdehyde and hydroperoxides) as well as protein carbonyl content were also increased (p < .001), whereas the levels of non-enzymic antioxidants (glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E) decreased significantly in the liver tissues of ethanol-administered control rats. Pretreatment of rats with ME at doses of 300 and 600 g/kg body weight before alcohol administration significantly reduced the hepatic marker enzymes, level of lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation, and increased the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels in liver. These observations were supplemented by histopathological examination of liver sections. Overall, the present study shows that the administration of ME ameliorates the antioxidant status as well as protects against the toxic effects of ethanol in rats, thereby suggesting its use as an effective botanical supplement for hepatoprotection.

Topics: Acorus; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Bilirubin; Biomarkers; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Ethanol; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Male; Malondialdehyde; Oxidative Stress; Peroxides; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Protein Carbonylation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Rhizome; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles; Transaminases

In our work, we evaluate the potential antioxidant, antimalarial activity and also activity against human breast cancer cells (MCF7) of Argan fruit extracts using in vitro models to validate the traditional use of this plant. Its chemical composition was also studied to begin the understanding of its activities, waiting to find the structure-activity relationship.. Polyphenols (89.4-218.5 eqGallic acid (mg/g dry)), tannins (39.3-214.0 eqCatechin (mg/g dry)), flavonoids (3.4-11.1 eqQuercetin (mg/g dry)) and anthocyanins (0.74-10.92 eqCyanindin (mug/g dry)) were quantified. A good (ethyl acetate and decoction) and moderate (petroleum ether) antioxidant activity were obtained for DPPH (IC(50) 32.3-600.8 microg/ml) and ABTS (IC(50) 11.9-988.8 microg/ml) assays. In addition, we found a good antimalarial activity (IC(50) 35 to >100 microg/ml) and human breast cancer cells activity (IC(50) 42 to >100 microg/ml).. The ethyl acetate extract and the decoction show interesting antimalarial and antioxidant activities. The results indicate a good correlations between anthocyanins quantitiy and the potential antioxidant (R(2)=0.9867) and also to antimalarial activity (R(2)=0.8175).

Topics: Antimalarials; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Female; Flavonoids; Fruit; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Phenols; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plasmodium falciparum; Sapotaceae; Sulfonic Acids; Tannins

Two feeding systems trials were carried out to determine the antioxidant activity of soft goats' milk cheeses, and also to evaluate the presence of bioactive polyphenolic compounds. Two groups (A and B), each one with 20 (BW 50+/-5 kg) French Alpine goats were employed. All animals had between 70 to 80 milking days and were milked once a day. Group A included daily grazing on shruby rangeland vegetation, and group B was kept in full indoor confinement. Thirty kg of goats' milk from each group were collected; 15 kg from each were pasteurized and the remaining 15 kg were not pasteurized (raw), resulting in four treatments (two feeding system x two milk treatments). Soft goat's cheese antioxidant activity can be modified by the animals feeding system; grazing management represents a better option than indoor feeding to produce a healthy profile of bioactive compounds; providing an increase of total polyphenol, hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoid concentrations. Pasteurization did have a significant effect on these metabolites, and diminished total polyphenol concentration. More research is needed to elucidate the potential of soft goat's cheese as a functional food.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cheese; Coumaric Acids; Diet; Female; Flavonoids; Food Handling; Free Radical Scavengers; Goats; Liposomes; Mexico; Milk; Phenols; Picrates; Polyphenols; Seasons; Sulfonic Acids

Antioxidant, anti-microbial and antimutagenicity activities of pistachio (Ahmadaghaei variety) green hull extracts (crude and purified extracts) were studied. At first, different solvents were compared for determining of the best solvent for extraction of phenolic compounds from pistachio green hull. Water and acetonitrile with 49.32 and 6.22 (mg of gallic acid equivalents/g sample) were the best and the worst solvent in the extraction of phenolic compounds, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of crude and purified extracts were assessed through ABTS assay, DPPH assay and beta-carotene bleaching (BCB) method. A concentration-dependent antioxidative capacity was verified in ABTS, DPPH assays and BCB method. The anti-microbial capacity was screened against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and fungi. Aqueous and purified extracts inhibited the growth of Gram positive bacteria; Bacillus cereus was the most susceptible one with MIC of 1mg/mL and 0.5mg/mL for the crude and purified extracts, respectively. The results of antimutagenicity test showed that phenolic compounds of pistachio green hull have antimutagenicity activity against direct mutagen of 2-nitrofluorene. The results obtained indicate that pistachio green hull may become important as a cheap and noticeable source of compounds with health protective potential and anti-microbial activity.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antimutagenic Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Colony Count, Microbial; Indicators and Reagents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenols; Picrates; Pistacia; Plant Extracts; Salmonella typhimurium; Seeds; Solvents; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, as well as total phenol (TP, Folin-Ciocalteu method) and phenolic acid (UPLC-MS/MS) contents of leaf and flower infusions of Teucrium arduini L. from six different mountainous localities in Croatia (Ucka, Vosac, Sveti Jure, Snjeznica, Vaganac, Susanj) were analysed in this study. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, as well as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. The antioxidant potency composite index (ACI), giving equal weight to all three methods used to quantify antioxidant capacity, was the highest for the sample from Vosac (96.7) among flower infusions, while maximum ACI (100) was determined for the infusion from Ucka among leaf infusions. Strong positive correlation was found between the total phenols and ACI for leaf (r=0.953) and flower (r=0.977) infusions. Our results point to significantly (p<0.05) different TP content between leaf and flower infusions, as well as across localities. Leaf infusions of T. arduini from Susanj exhibited marked antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, while none of the tested infusions exhibited antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacterial species, or the tested fungal species.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromans; Croatia; Ferric Compounds; Flowers; Free Radical Scavengers; Fungi; Glycosides; Indicators and Reagents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Reducing Agents; Sulfonic Acids; Teucrium

Cr(VI) (hexavalent) is a very strong oxidant which causes high cytotoxicity through oxidative stress in tissue systems. Its abundance in groundwater and drinking water in several parts of the world has been noted to cause severe toxicity to both flora and fauna. This study evaluated the effects of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thon. against Cr(VI)-induced oxidative toxicity in vitro in MDA-MB-435S human breast carcinoma cells, along with an estimation of its antioxidant potential, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and determination of its polyphenolic composition. The extract showed significant (P<0.05) potential in scavenging free radicals (DPPH() and ABTS()(+)) and Fe(+3), and in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. A distinct decline in Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity was noticed in MDA-MB-435S cells with an increase in extract dosage. Furthermore, the extract proved to contain a high content of phenolic compounds which were found to have strong and significant (P<0.05) positive correlations to free-radical scavenging potential, lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity and cyto-protective efficiency against Cr(VI)-induced oxidative cellular damage. HPLC analysis identified some of the major phenolic compounds in it. It was concluded that P. amarus aqueous extract has high antioxidant potential (by virtue of its phenolic constituents) which simultaneously inhibits Cr(VI)-induced oxidative toxicity to MDA-MB-435S cells.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromium; Chromium Compounds; Coloring Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Ferric Compounds; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Lipid Peroxidation; Oxidants; Oxidative Stress; Phenols; Phyllanthus; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Tetrazolium Salts

The objective of this study was to identify polysaccharides with antioxidant properties for use as potential antioxidative compounds for extended-release matrix tablets. The antioxidant properties of five different polysaccharides, high molecular weight alginate (H-ALG), low molecular weight alginate (L-ALG), high molecular weight chitosan (H-chitosan), low molecular weight chitosan (L-chitosan), and pectic acid (PA) were examined using N-centered radicals from 1,1'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and reducing power, based on their ability to reduce Cu(2+). L-chitosan and PA had acceptable scavenging abilities and were good radical scavengers, with good reducing power, but the H-chitosan and alginate derivatives were much less effective. The results suggest that L-chitosan and PA could be useful in combating oxidative stress. A PA and L-chitosan interpolymer complex (IPC) tablet was prepared and evaluated as an extended-release tablet matrix using theophylline (TPH) as a model drug. The release of TPH from the matrix tablet (TPH/PA/L-chitosan=200 mg:150 mg:50 mg) was slower than that from PA only (TPH/PA/chitosans=200 mg:200 mg:0 mg) or L-chitosan only (TPH/PA/L-chitosan=200 mg:0 mg:200 mg) tablet. Turbidity measurements also indicated the optimum complexation ratio for IPC between PA/L-chitosan to be 1/3, indicating an acceptable relationship between the turbidity of the complex and the release ratio of TPH. These results suggest that an L-chitosan/PA complex would be potentially useful in an extended-release IPC tablet with high antioxidant activity.

Topics: Acridines; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Carriers; Free Radical Scavengers; Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenanthrolines; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids; Tablets; Theophylline

The present study was undertaken to provide a set of data on the safety of an aqueous extract (AQE) from Moricandia arvensis. For this reason, Escherichia coli tested strains PQ35 and PQ37 were used to detect induction of DNA lesions by AQE. The SOS Chromotest showed that AQE induced a marginally genotoxic effect, as expressed by the induction factor (IF) value only with E. coli PQ37 tested strain (IF=1.77 at a dose of 250 microg/assay). The measurement of the anti-genotoxic activity of the AQE was also studied by inhibition of beta-galactosidase induction. A significant anti-genotoxic effect was observed with different tested doses of AQE, which suggests that M. arvensis extract has the potential to protect DNA from the action of nitrofurantoïn (NF) and free radicals generated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In addition to anti-genotoxic activity, AQE showed a free-radical-scavenging capacity towards ABTS+* and DPPH*. Total phenolic content was also evaluated following Folin-Ciocalteu method and results indicated high correlation between total phenol content and anti-genotoxic and antioxidant activities for AQE, but the highest correlation was showed with its capacity to stabilize ABTS+* (R2=0.9944).

Topics: Antimutagenic Agents; Benzothiazoles; beta-Galactosidase; Biphenyl Compounds; Brassicaceae; DNA Damage; Enzyme Induction; Escherichia coli; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Hydrogen Peroxide; Mutagens; Nitrofurantoin; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; SOS Response, Genetics; Sulfonic Acids

The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro potential of chloroform extract of Chromolaena odorata leaves. The DPPH activity of the extract (0.1-5 mg/ml) was increased in a dose dependent manner, which was found in the range of 23.48-91.61% as compared to ascorbic acid (33.69-94.10%). The IC50 values of chloroform extract in DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, ABTS radical were obtained to be 0.31, 0.43, 0.28 and 1.32 mg/ml, respectively. However, the IC50 values for the standard ascorbic acid were noted to be 0.24, 0.41, 0.23 and 1 mg/ml, respectively. Measurement of total phenolic content of the chloroform extract of C. odorata was achieved using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent containing 242.2 mg/g of phenolic content, which was found significantly higher when compared to reference standard gallic acid. The results obtained in this study clearly indicate that C. odorata has a significant potential to use as a natural anti-oxidant agent.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromolaena; Free Radical Scavengers; Indicators and Reagents; Nitric Oxide; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids

Although the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown, recent studies have suggested that oxidative stress (OS) and apoptosis, as a result of mitochondrial defects, may play important roles in its pathogenesis. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a neurotoxin commonly used in models of PD, induces selective catecholaminergic cell death, mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial defects. This study investigated the protective effect of Thuja orientalis leaves (TOFE), a well-known oriental traditional medicine, on 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and Hoechst staining showed that TOFE attenuated the cell damage caused by 6-OHDA stress. TOFE showed strong radical scavenging effects in 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assays, and it reduced the intracellular ROS and extracellular nitric oxide production induced by 6-OHDA. Additionally, TOFE blocked the reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of cytochrome c, and the activation of caspase-3. Moreover, TOFE decreased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK), which has pro-apoptotic functions. Taken together, TOFE might protect SH-SY5Y cells from 6-OHDA through the downregulation of OS and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, and regulation of pERK.

Topics: Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caspase 3; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Nucleus; Cell Survival; Enzyme Activation; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Membrane Potentials; Mitochondrial Membranes; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Nitric Oxide; Oxidopamine; Phosphorylation; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfonic Acids; Sympatholytics; Thuja

The nutritional, phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the acetone, methanol and water extracts of the leaves of Solanum nigrum and Leonotis leonorus were investigated using standard analytical methods in order to assess the numerous potential of the leaves of these plants. The proximate analysis showed the that the leaves of the two plants were rich in moisture content, ash content, crude protein, crude lipid, crude fibre and carbohydrate. Elemental analysis in mg/100g (DW) indicated that the leaves contained sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, copper, manganese, and nitrogen. The chemical composition in mg/100g (DW) for alkaloid, saponins, and phytate were moderate. The plants were also rich in polyphenols and had good antioxidant activities. The different extracts of the plants had activities against some of the organisms used in this study. Comparing the nutrient and chemical constituents with recommended dietary allowance (RDA) values, the results reveal that the leaves contain an appreciable amount of nutrients, minerals, and phytochemicals and low levels of toxicants.

Topics: Acetone; Anthocyanins; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Ferrous Compounds; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Free Radical Scavengers; Lamiaceae; Methanol; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minerals; Nutritive Value; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Solanum nigrum; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; Water

Arbutin, a practically used skin-lightening agent, has been reported to possess a weak antioxidant activity compared to that of its precursor, hydroquinone. However, its antioxidant activity has not been systematically evaluated. Hence, this study reassessed its activity using five assay systems. Assays were first performed using model radicals, DPPH radical and ABTS(*+). Arbutin showed weak DPPH radical-scavenging activity compared to that of hydroquinone, but showed strong ABTS(*+)-scavenging activity. Its activity by ORAC assay was then evaluated using a physiologically relevant peroxyl radical. Arbutin exerted weak but long-lasting radical-scavenging activity and showed totally the same antioxidant activity as that of hydroquinone. Finally, it was shown that, in two cell-based antioxidant assays using erythrocytes and skin fibroblasts, arbutin exerted strong antioxidant activity comparable or even superior to that of hydroquinone. These findings indicate that the antioxidant activity of arbutin may have been under-estimated and suggest that it acts as a potent antioxidant in the skin.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Arbutin; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Erythrocytes; Fibroblasts; Hemolysis; Humans; Hydroquinones; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Sheep; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles; Time Factors

Plants have been used for many years as a source of traditional medicine to treat various diseases and conditions. Many of these medicinal plants are also excellent sources for phytochemicals, many of which contain potent antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities. Chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla) is widely spread in Turkey and used as an antidiabetic in traditional medicine. In the present study, the antioxidant activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor capacity of chard were examined. In addition, proline level of chard was determined. The antioxidant activity of water extract of chard was evaluated using different antioxidant tests. The results were compared with natural and synthetic antioxidants. The results suggest that chard may provide a natural source of antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities and proline content.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Benzothiazoles; Beta vulgaris; Biphenyl Compounds; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; In Vitro Techniques; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Proline; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

The objective of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition, microstructure, and antioxidant capacity of king palm flour obtained from residues from organic king palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae) processing. King palm flour exhibited high levels of dietary fibre (70.85%) and total ash (3.27%); low contents of protein (3.51%) and lipid (0.91%). Iron, magnesium, calcium and potassium contents were 7.31, 517.03, 801.33 and 1041.95 mg/100g, respectively. The high concentration of glucose, xylose and arabinose suggests the presence of some polysaccharides, such as cellulose and hemicelluloses (xyloglucans and arabinoxylans). Methanol and aqueous extracts of king palm flour showed 1.27 and 0.95 mg/g (Gallic Acid Equivalents) of total polyphenols, respectively. Methanol extract yielded the best antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH()) and 2,2'-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate) (ABTS()(+)) methods. The micrographs of leaf sheath showed the presence of druses, which are characterized as calcium oxalate deposition, contributing to the calcium content in king palm flour. The presence of primary and secondary cell walls lignified in leaf sheath contributed to high levels of dietary fibre detected in king palm flour.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Calcium; Cell Wall; Cellulose; Dietary Fiber; Flavonoids; Flour; Food; Glucans; Methanol; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nutritional Sciences; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids; Xylans

The study was aimed to investigate the ethanol extract of Arachniodes exilis for the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity.. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by different assays, including reducing power, lipid peroxidation, 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide. The hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract was studied on mice liver damage induced by CCL(4) by monitoring biochemical parameters.. The extract showed potent activities on reducing power, lipid peroxide, DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide. And oral administration of Arachniodes exilis at different doses resulted in significant improvement on the levels of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, malondialchehyche and superoxidedismutase.. The results indicate that this plant possesses potential antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties and has therapeutic potential for the treatment of liver diseases.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Dryopteridaceae; Female; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydroxyl Radical; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Mice; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Protective Agents; Rhizome; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Thiazoles

Estimation of total antioxidant intake is the first step to investigate the protective effects of antioxidants on oxidative stress-mediated disease. The present study was designed to develop an algorithm to estimate total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the US diet. TAC of individual antioxidants and 50 popular antioxidant-rich food items in the US diet were determined by 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Theoretical TAC of foods was calculated as the sum of individual antioxidant capacities of compounds. The top 10 TAC food items in the US diet according to standard serving size were blueberry > plum > green tea > strawberry > green tea (decaffeinated) > red wine > grape juice > black tea > cherry > grape. Major contributors to TAC were the total phenolic content (r = 0.952, P < 0.001) and flavonoid content (r = 0.827, P < 0.001) of 50 foods. Theoretical TAC was positively correlated to experimental TAC of 50 foods determined by the ABTS assay (r = 0.833, P < 0.001) and the DPPH assay (r = 0.696, P < 0.001), and to TAC from the USDA database for the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (r = 0.484, P = 0.001, n = 44). The TAC database of the US diet has been established and validated. In future studies, TAC of the US diet can be linked to biomarkers of chronic disease.

Topics: Algorithms; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Databases, Factual; Diet; Flavonoids; Food Analysis; Humans; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfonic Acids; United States; United States Department of Agriculture

A novel series of hydrazones derived from syringaldehyde and their antioxidant properties have been explored. Several employed methods such as scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS(+)) radical cation expressed as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), inhibition of superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) generation and of human cell-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation (monitored by the formation of TBARS) exhibited their potent antioxidant properties. The carbonyl scavenger efficacy was also evaluated by measuring the ability to decrease the protein carbonyl content in cells challenged with oxidized LDL. In this report, we discuss about the synthesis of hydrazones and their dual biological role, antioxidant and carbonyl scavenger for further application in atherosclerosis.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Endothelial Cells; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Hydrazones; Lipoproteins, LDL; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Thiazoles

Satureja x delpozoi is a hybrid found in south-eastern Spain, in a population in which both parents S. intrincata and S. obovata are found together. This work presents for the first time the volatile profile and antioxidant activity of the essential oils of this hybrid. The volatile profile of the essential oils from S. x delpozoi underlines the hybrid character of these plants since the p-cymene, gamma-terpinene, camphor and thymol concentrations in hybrid 1, and the same components, along with alpha-terpineol concentrations in hybrid 2, showed intermediate values with respect to the values observed in the parents. As regards the antioxidant capacity, the phenolic content of S. intrincata resulted in its essential oil having the greatest activity against the DPPH* and ABTS*+ radicals. Both hybrids showed low activity against these radicals, although S. obovata showed none. On the bases of their essential oil composition and antioxidant capacity, these results corroborate the hybrid character of these two S. x delpozoi plants.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Plant Oils; Plant Stems; Satureja; Spain; Sulfonic Acids; Terpenes; Thiazoles

Raspberry (Aksu Kirmizisi, Rubin, Newburgh, Hollanda Boduru, Heritage) and blackberry (Bursa 1, Bursa 2, Jumbo, Chester) cultivars were assayed for antioxidant activity (determined as 2,2-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzothialozine-sulphonic acid][ABTS], 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical [DPPH], and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity [CUPRAC]), total phenol, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin contents. In addition, 10 anthocyanins and anthocyanidins were determined in raspberry and blackberry by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Raspberry and blackberry had the highest ABTS, DPPH, CUPRAC, total phenol, and total flavonoid contents in methanol extracts, whereas total anthocyanin contents were the highest in water extracts. The antioxidant activity of the raspberry and blackberry was directly related to the total amount of phenolic compounds detected in the raspberry and blackberry. All antioxidant activity values were highly correlated with anthocyanin content in blackberry (0.93 < or = r < or = 0.99, P = 0.05). On the other hand, high correlation between total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity was recorded in water extract of blackberry (0.91 < or = r < or = 0.93, P = 0.05). ABTS value was highly correlated with total flavonoid content in methanol extract (r = 0.90), whereas total flavonoid content was relatively less correlated with DPPH (r = 0.85) and CUPRAC (r = 0.89).

Topics: Algorithms; Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Copper; Flavonoids; Fruit; Molecular Weight; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Rosaceae; Species Specificity; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectrophotometry; Sulfonic Acids; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the maturation process of the olive fruit on oil content, phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of four Tunisian cultivars (Zelmati, Chemchali, Chemlali and Chétoui).. The average oil content of the studied varieties ranged between 17.50% and 20.25% at the first stage of maturation and from 30.20% to 35% in the last harvest. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds were carried out using HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Twenty-six biophenolic compounds were identified. In all samples, hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein were the major compounds identified while rutin and luteolin 7-O-glucoside were the two main flavonoids. The total phenolic content varied from 3.46 to 4.30 g kg(-1) at the first stage of maturation and from 8.71 to 11.52 g kg(-1) of fruit fresh weight at the last maturation phase. Total flavonoid content reached 432.80 mg kg(-1). The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays. The IC(50) values of the olive extracts ranged from 2.69 to 10.96 microg L(-1) and from 2.15 to 3.03 mmol L(-1) trolox equivalent at the last stage of maturation.. A relationship between the changes in phenolic content and the physicochemical changes in Tunisian olive fruit during maturation was established. These findings could be used for controlling the production processes and correlating the oil sensorial characteristics to the polyphenolic pattern.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Fruit; Genotype; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Olea; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Oils; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

A new series of structurally diverse quinolinobenzothiazinones has been synthesized with the annulation of heterocyclic structural pharmacophores. The synthesized quinolinobenzothiazinones have been evaluated for their antioxidant (LPO & GSH) and radical scavenging activities (DPPH and ABTS assays).

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Lipid Peroxidation; Mice; Picrates; Quinolines; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazines

Eggplant is consumed throughout the world and varies in fruit color, shape, and size. In this study, five varieties of eggplant (purple colored moderate size, white-green colored moderate size, long green, green striped moderate size and pale-green colored small size, respectively, called SM1-SM5) were evaluated for total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotection against cytotoxicity of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) in human hepatoma cell lines, HepG2. Total phenolic content found in methanol extracts of SM1-SM5 ranged from 739.36 ± 1.59 to 1116.13 ± 7.30 gallic acid equivalents mg/100g extract and total flavonoid content from 1991.29 ± 6.32 to 3954.20 ± 6.06 catechin equivalents mg/100 g extract. SM1 and SM2 which contained high total phenolic and flavonoid had better antioxidant activities than the other varieties. Pretreatment of HepG2 cells with 50 and 100 μg/mL of SM1-SM5 significantly increased the viability (p<0.05) of t-BuOOH-exposed HepG2 cells by 14.49 ± 1.14% to 44.95 ± 2.72%. The antioxidant activities of the eggplant were correlated with the total amounts of phenolic and flavonoid (r = 0.5310-0.7961). Significant correlation was found between hepatoprotective activities and total phenolic/flavonoid content (r = 0.6371-0.8842) and antioxidant activities (r = 0.5846-0.9588), indicating the contribution of the phenolic antioxidant present in eggplant to its hepatoprotective effect on t-BuOOH-induced toxicity.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Humans; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Protective Agents; Solanum melongena; Sulfonic Acids; tert-Butylhydroperoxide; Thailand

The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the root bark extract of Securidaca longepedunculata. This plant material is commonly used in folk medicine in several parts in the world. The bark extracts of S. longepedunculata were evaluated for their total phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins content and total antioxidant capacity. The compounds were identified and quantified both by RP-HPLC and UV spectrophotometer; the antioxidant capacity was assessed by ABTS and DPPH tests and expressed as IC(50). The total phenolic compounds determinate was 9.86mg gallic acid equivalents/g dw, the total flavonoid contents was 5.85mg catechin equivalents/g dw, the total anthocyanin contents was 0.032mg cyanidin-3-glycosyl equivalents/g dw and the condensed tannins content were 1.03mg catechin equivalents/g dw. The major compound identified using RP-HPLC was quercetin (0.98mg/ml). The IC(50) value reached 5.5microg/ml, revealing that the root barks of S. longepedunculata have a very high antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties.

Topics: Animals; Anthocyanins; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Colorimetry; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Fabaceae; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Macrophages; Nigeria; Nitric Oxide; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Polyphenols; Proanthocyanidins; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

The antioxidant activity of a novel synthetic selenadiazole derivative SPO against DPPH and ABTS free radicals was evaluated using spectrometric methods. The results show that the detection wavelength and stable time for DPPH system were 515 nm and 30 min respectively, while those for ABTS system were 734 nm and 6 min, respectively. SPO could effectively and rapidly inhibited the formation of ABTS and DPPH free radicals in a dose- and time-dependent manner, indicating the potent antioxidant activity of SPO under both hydrophilic and hydrophobic conditions. In the optimized systems, the IC50 values of SPO were 85.2 micromol x L(-1) (DPPH assay) and 36.5 micromol x L(-1) (ABTS assay), respectively, which were comparable with the standard antioxidant Trolox, and significantly better than the positive controls BHA and BHT. Taken together, our results suggest the potential applications of selenadiazole derivatives as antioxidative agents.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromans; Free Radicals; Organoselenium Compounds; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Spectrum Analysis; Sulfonic Acids

Dietary polyphenols are beneficial to human health by exerting various biological effects. Ferulic and caffeic acids are hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives widely distributed in plant-derived food products. Studies indicate that some dietary compounds may have concentration-dependent antioxidant or prooxidant activities. The present study concerns such activities of ferulic and caffeic acids. They have concentration-dependent antioxidant effects in terms of inhibition of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species-scavenging after 2,2'-azobis-amidinopropane dihydrochloride-induced damage in mouse liver microsomes and splenic lymphocytes respectively. They also show differential scavenging of nitric oxide, superoxide and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical (ABTS*(+)). In DPPH (1,1-diphenyl picrylhydrazyl) assay above 20 μM the absorbance start increasing due to the formation of an unknown adduct which has a shoulder at 517 nm. However, in Fenton reaction, above 5 μM, they behave as prooxidants and the possible mechanisms responsible for their prooxidant property may be related to their ferric reducing ability. These findings may have significant health implications where these natural compounds are being used/consumed.

Topics: Amidines; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caffeic Acids; Coumaric Acids; Ferric Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; In Vitro Techniques; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Mice; Microsomes, Liver; Nitric Oxide; Oxidants; Picrates; Reducing Agents; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

Propolis is a natural honeybee product known to be beneficial for human health, with a complex chemical composition, highly dependent on the collection site. The objective of the present research was to evaluate phenols and antioxidant activity of propolis samples collected in three main areas of Algarve, South of Portugal. Water revealed to be less effective for extracting phenolic compounds from propolis than the methanol and water/ethanol. The last two were good extraction solvents of phenols. Nevertheless water/ethanol was the solvent chosen because it was able to extract phenols in considerable amounts being less toxic than methanol. In spring, higher amounts of phenols (total phenols, flavones, flavonols, flavanones and dihydroflavonols) were detected in hydro-alcoholic extracts of propolis than in winter. Among the three main areas of Algarve where samples were collected, those from Barrocal had the highest levels of polyphenols, independent on the season (winter or spring). Within each area, the levels of phenols changed according to the zone. Concerning antioxidant activity, samples from Barrocal presented better radical scavenging abilities than those from the remaining areas, independent on the antioxidant method and collection season. Such results correlated closely with the levels of total phenols, flavones and flavonols in samples.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chelating Agents; Ethanol; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Free Radical Scavengers; Metals; Methanol; Oxidants; Phenols; Picrates; Portugal; Propolis; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Water

The present study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant, cytoprotective and antibacterial effects of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Sea buckthorn) (SBT) leaves by using various in vitro systems and analysis of marker compounds by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The chemical composition of the leaf extracts was quantified by colorimetric reaction in terms of total phenol and flavonoids contents. Further, some of its bioactive phenolic constituents, such as quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol and isorhamnetin were also quantified in both SBT leaf extracts by RP-HPLC. The SBT leaf extracts exhibited potent antioxidant activity determined by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Further, both extracts were observed to have cytoprotective activity against hydrogen peroxide and hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase induced damage to BHK-21 cell line. The SBT leaf extracts showed growth inhibiting effect against Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. These observations suggest that aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Sea buckthorn leaves have marked antioxidant, cytoprotective and antibacterial activities.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cricetinae; Ethanol; Flavonoids; Hippophae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxidants; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Reducing Agents; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; Water

Spirulina is a commercial alga well known to contain various antioxidants, especially phycocyanin. Apart from being sold as a nutraceutical, Spirulina is incorporated as a functional ingredient in food products and beverages. Most of the previous reports on antioxidant activity of Spirulina were based on chemical rather than cell-based assays. The primary objective of this study was to assess the antioxidant activity of aqueous extract from Spirulina based on its protective effect against cell death induced by free radicals.. The antioxidant activity of the cold water extract from food-grade Spirulina platensis was assessed using both chemical and cell-based assays. In the cell-based assay, mouse fibroblast cells (3T3) cells were incubated for 1 h in medium containing aqueous extract of Spirulina or vitamin C (positive control) at 25, 125 and 250 μg/mL before the addition of 50 μM 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) or 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). The cells were incubated for another 24 h before being assessed for cell death due to apoptosis using the Cell Death Detection ELISA Kit. Spectrophotometric assays based on DPPH and ABTS were also used to assess the antioxidant activity of the extract compared to vitamin C and vitamin E (positive controls).. Spirulina extract did not cause cytotoxic effect on 3T3 cells within the range of concentrations tested (0 - 250 μg/mL). The extract reduced significantly (p < 0.05) apoptotic cell death due to DPPH and ABTS by 4 to 5-fold although the activity was less than vitamin C. Based on the DPPH assay, the radical scavenging activity of the extract was higher than phycocyanin and was at least 50% of vitamin C and vitamin E. Based on the ABTS assay, the antioxidant activity of the extract at 50 μmug/mL was as good as vitamin C and vitamin E.. The results showed that aqueous extract of Spirulina has a protective effect against apoptotic cell death due to free radicals. The potential application of incorporating Spirulina into food products and beverages to enhance their antioxidant capacity is worth exploring.

Topics: 3T3 Cells; Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Fibroblasts; Free Radicals; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Phycocyanin; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Spectrophotometry; Spirulina; Sulfonic Acids; Vitamin E

Fifteen medicinal plant extracts were investigated for: total phenolic content and free radical scavenging effect by DPPH and ABTS assays; anti-lipid peroxidation activity by TBARS; and for antiglycation activity. The results revealed that the total phenolic content showed good correlation with free radical scavenging by ABTS (r = 0.721) and anti-lipid peroxidation by TBARS (r = -0.659), but showed no correlation with antiglycation. Three extracts from Tamarindus indica, Camellia sinensis and Artocarpus lakoocha demonstrated a significant antioxidant effect, and also showed a promising antiglycation effect. The IC50 (mg/ml) were 0.9-0.16 for the DPPH method; TEAC values (mg Trolox/mg sample) of 1.72-2.83 for the ABTS method; IC50 (mg/ml) of 0.64-1.22 for the TBARS method; and IC50 ranging from 0.01 to 3.20 for the antiglycation method. These three herbs were found to possess effective antioxidant and antiglycation activities, and could be further developed for use in anti-aging cosmetics.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Glycoproteins; Lipid Peroxidation; Medicine, East Asian Traditional; Oxidants; Phenols; Picrates; Plants, Medicinal; Sulfonic Acids; Thailand; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

The synthesis of three types of pulvinic acid analogues, using a diversity-oriented strategy starting from a single compound, dimethyl l-tartrate, is described. Lacey-Dieckmann condensation, alcohol dehydration and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings were employed in the course of the analogues syntheses. The evaluation of the antioxidant properties of the 28 synthesized analogues was carried out using antioxidant capacity assays (protection of thymidine and β-carotene) and free radical scavenging assays (DPPH radical and ABTS radical cation). This allowed to assess the relative influence of the groups bonded to the tetronic ring and to the exocyclic double bond on the activity, as well as the importance of this exocyclic double bond. It was shown that the presence of an electron-donating group on the 3-position of the tetronic ring had a beneficial effect. It was shown in several assays that the presence of the exocyclic bond was not crucial to the activity.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Carboxylic Acids; Free Radical Scavengers; Lactones; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Tartrates; Thymidine

Five new modified eremophilane-type sesquiterpenes (1-5), including three norsesquiterpenes (1-3), and one new monoterpene (6) were isolated from the aerial parts of Parasenecio deltophylla. Their structures were established on the basis of HRMS and NMR methods. The cytotoxicity of compounds 1-4 and 6 against selected cancer cell lines, including human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) and human hepatoma (Hep-G2), was evaluated. Antioxidant activities of these compounds were assessed by ABTS and DPPH methods.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Asteraceae; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Hep G2 Cells; HL-60 Cells; Humans; Molecular Structure; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Picrates; Sesquiterpenes; Sulfonic Acids

Antioxidant and antimelanogenesis activities of protocatechuic acid (1) from Origanum vulgare (oregano) were investigated. The antioxidative capacity of 1 was confirmed from its free-radical-scavenging activities, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and suppression of reactive oxygen species in H(2)O(2)-induced BNLCL2 cells. The inhibition by 1 of tyrosinase and DOPA oxidase activity and melanin production was possibly related to the down-regulation of melanocortin-1 receptor, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related proteins-2, and tyrosinase-related proteins-1 expression in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced B16 cells. After a gel containing 1 was applied to mice, the values of L* slightly increased, and a* and erythema-melanin levels of skin were reduced by comparing the values of untreated control groups, indicating 1 can reduce melanin production. These results suggest that 1 may act as an effective quencher of oxidative attackers with antimelanogenesis properties.

Topics: alpha-MSH; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxybenzoates; Melanins; Melanocytes; Mice; Molecular Structure; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Origanum; Picrates; Reactive Oxygen Species; Skin Pigmentation; Sulfonic Acids

Two new polyisoprenylated benzophenones, 32-hydroxy-ent-guttiferone M (1) and 6-epi-guttiferone J (2), along with seven known compounds, 6-epi-clusianone (3), guttiferone A (4), xanthochymol (5), guttiferone E (6), isoxanthochymol (7), (+)-volkensiflavone (8), and (+)-morelloflavone (9), were identified from the seeds and rinds of Rheedia edulis. Compounds 1-3 and 5-9 have been isolated and identified from this species for the first time. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated mainly by analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, and their absolute configurations were determined by comparison of their experimental optical rotation and electronic circular dichroism measurements with those values predicted by DFT calculations. Compound 1 showed significant antioxidant activity in both DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays, whereas compound 2 was inactive.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzophenones; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Clusiaceae; Flavonoids; Florida; Free Radical Scavengers; Molecular Conformation; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Picrates; Plants, Medicinal; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids

The antioxidant activities of Dangcong tea aqueous extracts against DPPH and ABTS free radicals were evaluated using spectrometric methods. The results show that Dangcong tea aqueous extracts could effectively and rapidly inhibited the formation of ABTS and DPPH free radicals in a dose- and time-dependent manner, indicating the potent antioxidant activities of Dangcong tea aqueous extracts under both hydrophilic and hydrophobic conditions. In the optimized systems, the IC50 values of Baiye (I, II) and Fenghuang (III, IV) Dangcong teas against ABTS free radical were 26.9, 25.5, 28.0 and 31.7 microg x mL(-1), respectively, which were significantly lower than that of Trolox, the positive control (85.2 microg x mL(-1)), indicating the higher antioxidant activities of Dangcong teas. For DPPH free radical, the IC50 values for the Dangcong teas (I-IV) were 49.8, 41.6, 47.3 and 64.5 microg x mL(-1), respectively. Taken together, our results suggest the potential applications of Dangcong tea as functional food.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Tea

Silymarin, a known standardized extract obtained from seeds of Silybum marianum is widely used in treatment of several diseases of varying origin. In the present paper, we clarified the antioxidant activity of silymarin by employing various in vitro antioxidant assay such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH(.)) scavenging, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity determination by ferric thiocyanate, total reducing ability determination by Fe3+ - Fe2+ transformation method and Cuprac assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging by riboflavin/methionine/illuminate system, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and ferrous ions (Fe2+) chelating activities. Silymarin inhibited 82.7% lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at 30 microg/mL concentration; butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), alpha-tocopherol and trolox indicated inhibition of 83.3, 82.1, 68.1 and 81.3% on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at the same concentration, respectively. In addition, silymarin had an effective DPPH(.) scavenging, ABTS(.)+ scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, ferric ions (Fe3+) reducing power by Fe3+-Fe2+ transformation, cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing ability by Cuprac method, and ferrous ions (Fe2+) chelating activities. Also, BHA, BHT, alpha-tocopherol and trolox, were used as the reference antioxidant and radical scavenger compounds. Moreover, this study, which clarifies antioxidant mechanism of silymarin, brings new information on the antioxidant properties of silymarin. According to the present study, silymarin had effective in vitro antioxidant and radical scavenging activity. It could be used in the pharmacological and food industry because of its antioxidant properties.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chelating Agents; Free Radical Scavengers; Iron; Lipid Peroxidation; Picrates; Silymarin; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Thiocyanates

L-adrenaline belongs to a group of the compounds known as catecholamines, which play an important role in the regulation of physiological process in living organisms. The antioxidant activity and antioxidant mechanism of L-adrenaline was clarified using various in vitro antioxidant assays including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD(+)), and superoxide anion radicals (O(2)(-)) scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), total antioxidant activity, ferric ions (Fe(3+)) and cupric ions (Cu(2+)) reducing ability, ferrous ions (Fe(2+)) chelating activity. L-adrenaline inhibited 74.2% lipid peroxidation of a linoleic acid emulsion at 30 microg/mL concentration. On the other hand, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), alpha-tocopherol and trolox displayed 83.3, 82.1, 68.1 and 81.3% inhibition on the peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at the same concentration, respectively. BHA, BHT, alpha-tocopherol and trolox were used as reference antioxidants and radical scavenger compounds. Moreover, this study will bring an innovation for further studies related to antioxidant properties of L-adrenaline. According to present study, L-adrenaline had effective in vitro antioxidant and radical scavenging activity.

Topics: alpha-Tocopherol; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Chromans; Copper; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epinephrine; Ferrous Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrogen Peroxide; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Peroxidation; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Piperidones; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

This study investigates the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of aqueous and methanolic extracts from Hymenocardia acida Tul. (Hymenocardiaceae). The inhibition values of the extracts and quercetin were found to be very close, with no significant differences at a concentration of 0.05 mg mL(-1) in their ability to inhibit 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Total proanthocyanidins for both water and methanol extracts were 20.2 +/- 0.01 and 30.6 +/- 0.51 mg g(-1) (catechin equivalent) while the total phenol contents were 20.0 +/- 0.52 and 35.6 +/- 1.42 mg mL(-1) (tannic acid equivalent), respectively. Positive correlations R(2) = 0.85, R(2) = 0.94, R(2) = 0.97 for DPPH, reducing power and 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo thiazoline)6-sulphonic acid (ABTS). Linear regression analysis also produced a high correlation coefficient with total proanthocyanidins (DPPH, R(2) = 0.69; ABTS, R(2) = 0.94). H. acida extracts showed low antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value >or=5.0 mg mL(-1)) against gram negative bacteria but significantly (MIC value

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Euphorbiaceae; Flavonoids; Hydrazines; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Proanthocyanidins; Sulfonic Acids

This study compares the radical scavenging capacity of high-molar-mass hyaluronan (HA) using standardized methods applying 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2,2'-azinobis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate] (ABTS) radical cations as oxidants. Additionally, spin-trapping technique combined with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to evaluate the ability of HA to scavenge reactive radicals. The thermal decomposition of K2S2O8 in pure H2O or in a H2O/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixture at 333 K was used as a source of reactive paramagnetic species. We found that HA does not exhibit radical-scavenging activity when DPPH radicals or ABTS(.+) radical cations are used as oxidant, but that HA is an effective radical scavenger at low concentrations, if the oxidation reactions are initiated by the decomposition of K2S2O8. At higher HA concentrations, a more complex behavior and prooxidant HA action was observed. The influence of Mn(II) ions on the reaction mechanisms of radical generation and termination in the K2S2O8/H2O/DMSO system in the presence of HA was studied in detail.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Free Radical Scavengers; Hyaluronic Acid; Inorganic Chemicals; Manganese; Picrates; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids; Water

Oral mucositis is a major severe toxic side-effect of systemic chemotherapy and irradiation in patients with cancer. Various free radical scavengers have been shown to prevent chemotherapy-induced skin necrosis. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloidal compound (BIQAC) and a series of chemicals, including allopurinol, used clinically for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced mucositis.. Allopurinol, melatonin, camostat mesilate, gabexate mesilate, hydroquinone and BIQAC were tested for their radical scavenging activities on four different radical species: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) cation radical (ABTS(*+)) using standard methods, and superoxide anion radical (O(2) (-)) and hydroxyl radical (OH(*)) using electron spin resonance.. Allopurinol had radical scavenging activity against O(2) (-) only. Melatonin had strong radical scavenging activity against ABTS(*+), and weak activity against DPPH radical and OH(*). Camostat mesilate had weak radical scavenging activity against OH(*). Gabexate mesilate had no radical scavenging activity against any of these radicals. Hydroquinone had strong radical scavenging activity against DPPH radical and ABTS(*+), and moderate activity against both O(2) (-) and OH(*). BIQAC had moderate radical scavenging activity against DPPH radical, strong radical scavenging activity against ABTS(*+) and O(2) (-), and weak activity against OH(*).. The BIQAC had the most braod-spectrum radical scavenging activity, suggesting that it may be effective against chemotherapy-induced mucositis. These findings also suggest that this radical-scavenging activity screening method, against four kinds of radicals, may be useful for the screening of radical scavenging activity of new natural and synthetic chemicals.

Topics: Allopurinol; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; Antineoplastic Agents; Benzothiazoles; Benzylisoquinolines; Biphenyl Compounds; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Mucositis; Oxidants; Picrates; Reactive Oxygen Species; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the MeOH extract of Thuja orientalis fruits using a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay led to the isolation of 9 flavonoids: cupressuflavone (1), amentoflavone (2), robustaflavone (3), afzelin (4), (+)-catechin (5), quercitrin (6), hypolaetin 7-O-beta-xylopyranoside (7), isoquercitrin (8) and myricitrin (9). Their chemical structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses. The free radical scavenging and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) inhibitory activities were evaluated for the isolated compounds. By DPPH scavenging assay, compounds 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 showed anti-oxidant activities with IC(50) values of 28.66, 31.19, 18.30, 26.63 and 15.10 microM, respectively. By ABTS [2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt] scavenging assay, these compounds also exhibited potent anti-oxidant activities with IC(50) values of 6.77, 13.96, 6.97, 22.79 and 9.96 microM, respectively. Of note, compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed significant HNE inhibitory activities with IC(50) values of 8.09, 1.27 and 1.33 microM, respectively.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Enzyme Inhibitors; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruit; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Molecular Structure; Neutrophils; Oxidation-Reduction; Pancreatic Elastase; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles; Thuja

Essential oil from flowers (FL) and vegetative parts (VP) of Achillea ligustica (Asteraceae), naturalized after cultivation in central Italy, was investigated by GC-FID and GC-MS. The most abundant components were linalool, viridiflorol, beta-pinene, 1,8-cineole and terpinen-4-ol. The antioxidant assays (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and beta-carotene bleaching test) demonstrated a moderate activity of essential oils. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the broth micro-dilution method on 6 microbial strains and showed to be quite strong against the cariogenic Gram-positive Streptococcus mutans, suggesting that this essential oil could be a valid candidate for anti-cariogenic formulations. Moderate cytotoxic activity was observed in assays on four tumour cell lines by MTT assay.

Topics: Achillea; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Dental Caries; Flowers; Humans; Italy; Oils, Volatile; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Oils; Plant Structures; Streptococcus mutans; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of 9 winemaking technologies (traditional, delestage, saignée, delayed punching-down, addition of grape seed tannins, addition of ellagic-skin-seed tannins, heating of must-wine, cryo-maceration, and prolonged maceration) on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Primitivo musts and wines. Three methods for the determination of the antioxidant activity were compared: DPPH, beta-carotene bleaching assay, and ABTS. Oenological parameters and composition of the phenolic fraction of 1-y-aged wines was also determined. The addition of tannins allowed the increase of the phenolic content of musts and wines in a greater amount than the other technologies. The results concerning the antioxidant activity depended on the method applied. Concerning musts, the DPPH assay did not highlight great differences among technologies, whereas the addition of tannins allowed the obtainment of the highest antioxidant activity according to beta-carotene and ABTS assays. The wine aging determined an increase of the antioxidant activity, independently on the method applied. Wine obtained through traditional technology, saignée, and addition of tannins showed the highest antioxidant activities according to DPPH and beta-carotene. The highest correlation coefficients (0.961 and 0.932) were calculated between phenolic content and ABTS values of musts whereas the lowest values (0.413 and 0.517) were calculated between phenolic content and ABTS values of wines. Wines produced through traditional technology were the richest in anthocyanins. The addition of tannins allowed to obtain high content in monomeric anthocyanins, flavonoids, flavans reactive to vanillin, and coumaroylated malvidin and a low content in acetylated malvidin. Practical Applications: It is well known that a moderate consumption (equivalent to 2 glasses per day) of red wine is actually recommended since it appears associated with a decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms involved in this protective effect are not completely understood although they appear related to the presence of phenolic compounds. To increase the intake of these compounds without increase of the wine consumption, it is necessary to improve their extraction during maceration. This study could represent a helpful tool for wineries aimed to know the way to increase the antioxidant content of their wines, thus changing them in functional beverages and prolonging their s

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Flavonoids; Food Handling; Food Technology; Phenols; Picrates; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids; Tannins; Vitis; Wine

Three polysaccharide fractions (DDP1-1, DDP2-1 and DDP3-1) were successfully purified from the crude polysaccharide of Dendrobium denneanum by DEAE-Cellulose and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. The average molecular weights (Mws) of these fractions were 51.5, 26.1 and 6.95 kDa, respectively. Monosaccharide components analysis indicated that DDP1-1 and DDP2-1 were composed of arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 1.00:2.82:57.11:140.82:7.76 and 1.00:1.62:1.18:77.5:7.79. DDP3-1 was composed of arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 1.00:1.03:8.84:2.00. On the basis of antioxidant test in vitro, DDP2-1 exhibited the highest antioxidant ability among these samples.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Dendrobium; Hydroxyl Radical; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids

Thiol and aminothiol compounds are among the most efficient chemical radioprotectors. To increase their efficiency, we synthesized two new classes of thiol and aminothiol compounds derived from benzothiazole (T1, T2, AM1, AM2) and thiadiazole (T3, T4, AM3) structures. We examined them for their ability to scavenge free radicals (DPPH*, ABTS(*+), *OH). Thiol derivatives with a thiadiazole structure are the most active compounds scavenging DPPH* and ABTS(*+) free radicals, with an IC(50) of 0.053+/-0.006 and 0.023+/-0.002 mM, respectively, for the derivative T3. Moreover, compounds T1, T2, and T3 at 60 microM gave 83% protection against 2-deoxyribose degradation by *OH. The ability of these compounds to protect DNA against *OH produced by a Fenton reaction and gamma-irradiation (15 Gy)-induced strand breaks was also evaluated on pBR322 plasmid DNA. In both tests thiol derivatives were the most efficient compounds. Derivatives T2 and T3 totally inhibit DNA strand breaks at the concentration of 50 microM. The protection afforded by these derivatives was comparatively higher than that of the radioprotectors WR-2721 and WR-1065. Our data indicate that these two compounds are free radical scavengers and potential antioxidant agents. Finally, DFT and QSAR studies were performed to support the experimental observations.

Topics: Amifostine; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; DNA Damage; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Mercaptoethylamines; Models, Theoretical; Neural Networks, Computer; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Radiation-Protective Agents; Radiation, Ionizing; Sulfonic Acids; Thiadiazoles; Thiazoles

Chitosan, a cationic polysaccharide, is widely employed as dietary supplement and in pharmacological and biomedical applications. Although numerous studies have focused on its applications as pharmaceutical excipients or bioactive reagents, relationships between molecular weight (Mr) and biological properties remain unclear. The focus of this study was on the antioxidant properties of several Mr chitosans. We measured the ability of seven Mr chitosans (CT1; 2.8 kDa, CT2; 17.0 kDa, CT3; 33.5 kDa, CT4; 62.6 kDa, CT5; 87.7 kDa, CT6; 604 kDa, CT7; 931 kDa) to protect plasma protein from oxidation by peroxyl radicals derived from 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). A comparison of the antioxidant action of high Mr chitosans (CT6-CT7) with that of low Mr chitosans (CT1-CT5) showed that low Mr chitosans (CT1-CT5) were more effective in preventing the formation of carbonyl groups in plasma protein exposed to peroxyl radicals. AAPH substantially increases plasma protein carbonyl content via the oxidation of human serum albumin (HSA). We also measured the ability of these chitosans to protect HSA against oxidation by AAPH. Low Mr chitosans (CT1-CT5) were found to effectively prevent the formation of carbonyl groups in HSA, when exposed to peroxyl radicals. Low Mr chitosans were also good scavengers of N-centered radicals, but high Mr chitosans were much less effective. We also found a strong correlation between antioxidant activity and the Mr of chitosans in vitro. These activities were also determined by using the 'TPAC' test. These results suggest that low Mr chitosans (CT1-CT3) may be absorbed well from the gastrointestinal tract and inhibit neutrophil activation and oxidation of serum albumin that is frequently observed in patients plasma undergoing hemodialysis, resulting in a reduction in oxidative stress associated with uremia.

Topics: Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cattle; Cell Line; Chitosan; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Humans; Molecular Weight; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Protein Carbonylation; Serum Albumin; Sulfonic Acids

Buddleja saligna Willd (Loganiaceae) is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree; trunk short, often gnarled and crooked; crown dense, rounded or domed-shaped; foliage greyish green. The wild olives are traditionally used to lower blood pressures in many parts of the world. In southern Africa, bark and leaf decoctions are used to treat colic, coughs, colds, sore eyes, urinary problems and as purgatives.. The antibacterial, antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of the methanol extracts of the leaves and stems of Buddleja saligna were evaluated using in vitro standard methods. Spectrophotometry was the basis for the determinations of total phenol, total flavonoids, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins. Tannins, quercetin and catechin equivalents were used for these parameters. The antioxidant activities of the leaves and stem extracts of Buddleja saligna were determined by ABTS, DPPH, and ferrous reducing antioxidant property (FRAP) methods. Laboratory isolates of 10 bacteria species which included five Gram-positive and five Gram-negative strains were used to assay for antibacterial activity of this plant.. The antioxidant activities of the leaves as determined by the ABTS and DPPH were similar to that of the stem. The flavonoids and the flavonols contents of the leaves were higher than that of the stem but the total phenols, proanthocyanidins and FRAP activities were higher in the methanol extracts of the stem. The extracts did show activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. For instance, while the methanol extract of the leaves showed good activities on all the organisms except Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at MICs of between 2.5 and 5.0 mg/ml, the extract of the stem only showed activities on Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyrogens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the same concentration.. The results from this study indicate that the leaves and stem extracts of Buddleja saligna possess antioxidant properties and could serve as free radical inhibitors or scavenger or, acting possibly as primary antioxidants. Although, the antibacterial properties of Buddleja saligna are not as effective as the standard drugs-Chloramphenicol and Streptomycin, they still possess some activity against bacterial strains used in this study. Buddleja saligna may therefore be a good candidate for functional foods as well as pharmaceutical plant-based products.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biological Assay; Biphenyl Compounds; Buddleja; Flavonoids; Indicators and Reagents; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Stems; Sulfonic Acids

Antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic content of leaf infusions prepared from six highbush blueberry cultivars (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), one wild lowbush blueberry cultivar (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), and one commercially available mix of genotypes were determined. In order to simulate household tea preparation conditions, infusions were prepared in water heated to 95 degrees C. The dynamics of extraction of polyphenolic antioxidants were monitored over the course of 30 minutes. Extraction efficiency, quantified in terms of the total phenol (TP) content, and antioxidant capacity of infusions, evaluated by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, were compared with cultivar type and extraction time. The 30-minute infusions exhibited the highest TP content and antioxidant capacity according to all three assays. Wild blueberry infusion had the highest TP content (1,879 mg/L gallic acid equivalents [GAE]) and FRAP values (20,050 microM). The range of TP values for 30-minute infusions was 394-1,879 mg/L GAE with a mean of 986 mg/L GAE across cultivars; FRAP values fell between 3,015 and 20,050 microM with a mean of 11,234 microM across cultivars. All 30-minute infusions exhibited significant scavenging capacity for DPPH(*) and ABTS(*+) radicals, comparable to different concentrations of catechin, gallic acid, and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid. Overall, tested infusions showed significant reducing capacity as well as radical scavenging potential, which places blueberry leaf tea high on the list of dietary sources of antioxidants.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Beverages; Biphenyl Compounds; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles; Vaccinium

Peels and fresh pomegranate extracts were used in the present study for the determination of the physic-chemical properties and DPPH-ABTS scavenging activities. Total sugars of juice are fructose (ca. 7 g/100 ml) and glucose (ca. 8 g/100 ml). Contents of soluble proteins in juice extracts are about 7 g/l (Bradford assays) and 22% (Kjeldhal assays) from dry pulp. Minerals in peel and juice are respectively 9.43+/-0.93 and 9.46+/-1.05 mg/100 ml for posphorus and 210.86+/-10.70 and 271.94+/-60.59 mg/100 g for potassium. The sodium contents are nearly 7 mg/100 ml in both peel and juice. Highly antioxidant contents in peels were confirmed. Free radical scavenging is about 3.58+/-0.38 microg/ml in peel. The antioxidant capacity value determined by ABTS was 7.364+/-0.403 mM Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity/100 g dry weight. These findings implied that bio-active compounds from the peel might be potential resources for the development of antioxidant function dietary food.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Dietary Sucrose; Ecotype; Free Radical Scavengers; Fructose; Fruit; Glucose; Lythraceae; Minerals; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Species Specificity; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles; Trace Elements

Owing to their high volatile aroma, the dried rhizomes of Cnidium officinale (C. officinale) and Ligusticum chuanxiong (L. chuanxiong) are used as herbal drugs to treat blood pressure depressant, a deficiency disease of antivitamin, inhibition of small intestine sympathetic nerve and as cosmetics for skin care. However, little has been known about the protective effect of their essential oils against ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced DNA damage.. In this study, we report antioxidant activity of their essential oils using DPPH and ABTS scavenging assay. In addition, the composition of essential oils was measured by GC/MS. We also investigated whether these essential oils could inhibit UVB-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in the mammalian cell using intracellular DNA migration and expression level of phospho-H2A.X.. Twenty constituents in the essential oil were identified and they showed good antioxidant properties, in that IC(50) value in DPPH and ABTS showed 6.79 and 7.33microg/ml and 1.58 and 1.58microg/ml in C. officinale and L. chuanxiong. Their treatment inhibited the migration of damaged DNA induced by UV-B; furthermore, they decreased p21 expression and increased cyclin D1 expression as apoptosis-regulatory genes.. These results suggest that essential oils in C. officinale and L. chuanxiong may exert inhibitory effects on DNA damage and apoptosis induced by UVB through their high free radical scavenging ability.

Topics: Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Cycle; Cnidium; Cyclin D1; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; DNA; DNA Damage; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Free Radical Scavengers; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Indicators and Reagents; Ligusticum; Mice; NIH 3T3 Cells; Oils, Volatile; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Oils; Sulfonic Acids; Ultraviolet Rays

The aim of this work is to clarify the antioxidant abilities of phenolic and enolic hydroxyl groups in curcumin. 1,7-bis(4-benzyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione (BEC), 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptane-3,5-diol (OHC), 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)heptane-3,5-dione (THC), and 1,7-bis(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione (BDC) are synthesized to determine the antioxidant activities by using antiradical assays against 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, galvinoxyl radical, and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) cation radical (ABTS*+) and by protecting DNA and erythrocyte against 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH) induced oxidation. The phenolic hydroxyl is the main group for curcumin to trap DPPH, galvinoxyl, and ABTS*+ radicals. The conjugative system between enolic and phenolic hydroxyl groups is beneficial for curcumin to protect erythrocytes against hemin-induced hemolysis and to protect DNA against AAPH-induced oxidation, but is not beneficial for curcumin to protect erythrocytes against AAPH-induced hemolysis. More hydroxyl groups enhance the antioxidant effectiveness of curcumin in the experimental systems employed herein. Therefore, curcumin acts as an antioxidant through the phenolic hydroxyl group.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzhydryl Compounds; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Curcumin; DNA; Free Radical Scavengers; Hemolysis; Humans; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

In this study, we determined the antioxidant activities of two different solvent fractions(butanol and hexane) obtained from white Rosa rugosa flowers by employing various assays such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging and inhibition activity in S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) in the RAW264.7 model. In addition, more advanced antioxidant assays were conducted, including lipid peroxidation, hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidation, DNA fragmentation, apoptosis, and cell growth. The results revealed that the hexane fraction, which contained a significant amount of polyphenols and volatile components, had excellent antioxidant potency and could scavenge free radicals of DPPH and ABTS. Interestingly, the hexane fraction inhibited lipid peroxidation to almost the same degree as a chemical antioxidant. In the NO assay, the hexane fraction effectively scavenged free radicals at all dose ranges and is expected to inhibit NO production in mammalian cells. The hexane fraction effectively prevented oxidative damage, which was induced by Cu2+/H2O2, to target proteins at lower concentrations (>1 microg x mL(-1)). The DNA fragmentation and the cell-level assays suggest that the hexane fraction may play a crucial role in inhibiting peroxynitrite and H2O2 attack. Based on the findings described in this study, the hexane fraction holds promise for use as a novel pharmaceutical antioxidant.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Flowers; Free Radical Scavengers; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hexanes; Indicators and Reagents; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rosa; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids

Bioconversion of the isoflavonoid genistein to 2'- hydroxygenistein (2'-HG) was performed using isoflavone 2'-hydroxylase (CYP81E1) heterologously expressed in yeast. A monohydroxylated product was analyzed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) and NMR spectrometry and was identified as 2'-HG. An initial bioconversion rate of 6% was increased up to 14% under optimized conditions. After recovery, the biological activity of 2'-HG was evaluated. Bioconverted 2'-HG showed higher antioxidant activity against 1,1- diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals than did genistein. Furthermore, 2'-HG exhibited greater antiproliferative effects in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells than did genistein. These results suggest that 2'- hydroxylation of genistein enhanced its antioxidant activity and cell cytotoxicity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.

Topics: Anticarcinogenic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Chromatography, Liquid; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Genistein; Humans; Hydroxylation; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Picrates; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the culture broth of Aspergillus sp. FN070449 (KCTC 26428) using a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay led to the isolation of two compounds: reticulone (1) and reticulol (2). Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of UV, IR, NMR, and MS spectroscopic analysis. Compound 1 exhibited more potent free radical scavenging activity on ABTS.+ (2,2'-azino-bis [3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid]) and DPPH radicals than did butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and caffeic acid.

Topics: Aspergillus; Benzaldehydes; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Caffeic Acids; Coumarins; Free Radical Scavengers; Industrial Microbiology; Isocoumarins; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

A new polyphenolic natural substance: 2,5-dihydroxy-benzoic acid 3'-formyl-5'-hydroxy-phenyl ester (1), Anamighrinal and 3-(O-alpha-L-rhamnosyl) quercetin (2) have been isolated from the methanolic aerial part extract of the plant Anagallis monelli by chromatographic separation. Their structures have been deduced essentially by one and two NMR spectroscopic procedures and mass spectrometry. Antioxidant, mutagenic, antimutagenic activities, of the natural products were realised and positive results were recorded.

Topics: Anagallis; Antimutagenic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Escherichia coli; Flavonoids; Hydrazines; Molecular Structure; Mutagens; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

The wine is a beverage with an important antioxidant efficiency which is attributed to their bioactives compounds, especially polyphenols. The anthocyanins are the main phenolic compounds of red wine and its consumption has been partially related with the "French Paradox". The aim of the present work was to evaluate the contribution of the anthocyanins to the antioxidant properties of red wines. So, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), hydroxyl and superoxide scavenger activity and lipid peroxidation of 80 Spanish red wines and their anthocyanins fractions have been assessed for ABTS, DPPH, DMPD, and FRAP methods, hydroxyl radical (HRSA), superoxide radical scavenger activity (SRSA) and ABAP-lipid peroxidation (ABAP-LP). The results showed that free anthocyanins fraction are main responsible of the total antioxidant capacity of red wines correlated with electron transference processes. In similar way, free anthocyanins are the maximum responsible of HRSA scavenger activity of red wines, contributing less extensively to their SRSA capacity or to their protective action on lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, simple anthocyanins exert a low action in TAC process involved with proton transference. Glycosilated and methoxylic anthocyanins as malvidin-3-glucoside, seem to be the type of anthocyanins with higher participation on the antioxidant effect of red wine.

Topics: Animals; Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Ferric Compounds; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Male; Microsomes, Liver; Oxidants; Oxidative Stress; Phenols; Picrates; Piperidones; Polyphenols; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reducing Agents; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Wine

Hermannia species are widely used in traditional medicine in southern Africa, however no extensive study has been conducted on this genus. The acetone extracts of 12 indigenous Hermannia species (flowers, stems and leaves combined) were evaluated for various pharmacological activities. All investigated species displayed promising antimicrobial activity, with Hermannia saccifera being the most active against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC=19.5 microg/ml), Bacillus cereus (MIC=19.5 microg/ml) and Enterococcus faecalis (MIC=125 microg/ml). Time-kill studies on H. saccifera against S. aureus indicated bacteriostatic activity at 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0%, and a concentration of 7.5% achieved complete bactericidal activity after 4h. Ten of the 12 species indicated good free radical scavenging activity, with H. cuneifolia demonstrating the most promising activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH():IC(50)=10.26 microg/ml) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS(+)/TEAC: IC(50)=10.32 microg/ml) assays. In addition, all species exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory activity in the 5-lipoxygenase assay with the exception of H. cuneifolia (IC(50)=15.32 microg/ml). Overall, the selected species were low in cytotoxicity, except for H. saccifera and H. trifurca. Several Hermannia species indicated promising in vitro biological activity which relate to their traditional use in treating a number of disease states.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line, Tumor; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Fungi; Humans; Kinetics; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors; Malvaceae; Medicine, African Traditional; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Solvents; South Africa; Sulfonic Acids

Supercritical CO(2) fluid extraction (SFE-CO(2)) was used to extract volatiles from Patrinia Villosa Juss. An orthogonal test L(9) (3)(4) including pressure, temperature, dynamic extraction time and modifier was performed to get the optimal conditions. Extract 1 was obtained by the optimal extraction condition 1: pressure=35 MPa, T=45 degrees C, dynamic extraction time=2.0 h and V(modifier (MeOH))=0% as guided by the index 1: the free radical scavenging activities in vitro against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS). Extract 2 obtained by the optimal extraction condition 2: pressure=25 MPa, T=55 degrees C, dynamic time=2.5h and V(modifier (MeOH))=20% was guided by the index 2: the yield of the volatiles. The results showed that extract 1 possessed stronger antioxidant activity (EC(50)=32.01 microg/ml to DPPH and 50.90 microg/ml to ABTS(+)) than the extract 2 (EC(50)=95.62 microg/ml to DPPH and 99.78 microg/ml to ABTS(+)). Subsequently, the chemical compositions of the two extracts were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Forty-six compounds were identified from extract 1, and the total volatile consisted of hydrocarbon (49.65%), aldehyde (16.66%), fatty acid (22.38%), terpene (9.04%) and little alcoholic. From extract 2, 32 compounds were identified, in which hydrocarbon, aldehyde, fatty acid and terpene possessed 58.21%, 5.97%, 13.19% and 21.79%, respectively. This is the first report of using SFE to extract the volatiles from P. Villosa Juss (a wild vegetable and medicine plant) and first time to systematically evaluate the volatiles' antioxidant activity and chemical composition.

Topics: Aldehydes; Antioxidants; Atmospheric Pressure; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; Fatty Acids; Free Radical Scavengers; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hydrocarbons; Indicators and Reagents; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Patrinia; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Temperature; Terpenes; Volatilization

Antioxidant agents counter reactive oxygen species (ROS) and can be used in cosmetic and medicinal applications. The goal of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of an Antarctic moss species from King George Island (Antarctica), tentatively designated as KSJ-M5. On the basis of morphological characteristics, KSJ-M5 was identified as Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske (Amblystegiaceae). The identification was confirmed by comparing the partial sequence of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) region with that in GenBank. The antioxidant activity of an ethanol extract of KSJ-M5 was evaluated by analyzing its reducing power, superoxide scavenging activity, ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] cation scavenging activity, and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity. The reducing power of 1 mg of KSJ-M5 extract was equivalent to 31.9 +/- 0.9 microg (Mean +/- SD, n = 3) of the commercial standard, BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene). IC(50) values of the KSJ-M5 extract for DPPH free-radical scavenging activity, superoxide scavenging activity, and ABTS cation scavenging activity were found as 356 +/- 26.8 microg/mL, 466.2 +/- 43.4 microg/mL, and 181.3 +/- 12.2 microg/mL, respectively. The total phenolic content in 1 mg of KSJM5 extract was equivalent to 12.7 +/- 2.7 microg of pyrocatechol. These results clearly showed that KSJ-M5 could be an important source of natural antioxidant agents for improved medicinal and cosmetic applications.

Topics: Antarctic Regions; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Bryopsida; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Free Radical Scavengers; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

The present study evaluated the radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activity of hexane/80% ethanol extracts from several types of extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) derived from varieties arbequina, hojiblanca, picual, their blends, and pure olive oil (POO). The antioxidant potential of the olive oil extracts was assessed by radical scavenging assays using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and hydroxyl radical, as well as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion inhibitory activities. Electron donating ability (EDA) using DPPH assay of 80% ethanol extracts from EVOOs, except arbequina oil, was significantly higher than POO. EDA was markedly higher in blended and picual EVOOs than the extracts from arbequina and hojiblanca EVOOs (P < 0.05). Similarly, ABTS radical scavenging activity of the extracts from the EVOOs was in order of picual EVOO > blended EVOO > hojiblanca EVOO >or= POO >or= arbequina EVOO. Further, the superoxide anion scavenging activity of blended, picual, and arbequina EVOOs was significantly higher than that of hojiblanca EVOO and POO, which were barely detectable. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of arbequina and hojiblanca was higher than that of blended, picual EVOOs, and POO. In addition, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of the extracts from blended, arbequina, hojiblanca, picual EVOOs, and POO was 63.1 +/- 3.1%, 44.4 +/- 10.2%, 52.0 +/- 2.7%, 71.8 +/- 2.5%, and 35.7 +/- 10.0%, respectively. Our results indicate that ethanol extracts of several EVOOs contained higher radical scavenging and antioxidant activity than the POO. This antioxidant potential is partly due to the phenolic compounds present in different olive oil grade and is influenced by cultivar type.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydroxyl Radical; Olea; Olive Oil; Picrates; Plant Oils; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

In South Africa, Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth is used to destroy lice and to relieve itches, to destroy maggots and to treat allergic rashes, particularly those caused by caterpillars. Antioxidants play an important role protecting against damage by reactive oxygen species. Plants containing flavonoids have been reported to possess strong antioxidant properties.. The antibacterial, antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of the methanol extracts of the leaves and stems of Calpurnia aurea were evaluated using in vitro standard methods. Spectrophotometry was the basis for the determinations of total phenol, total flavonoids, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins. Tannins, quercetin and catechin equivalents were used for these parameters. The antioxidant activities of the stem extract of Calpurnia aurea were determined by ABTS, DPPH, and ferrous reducing antioxidant property (FRAP) methods. Laboratory isolates of 10 bacteria species which included five Gram-positive and five Gram-negative strains were used to assay for antibacterial activity of this plant.. The results from this study showed that the antioxidant activities of the stem extract of Calpurnia aurea as determined by the total phenol, flavonoids, and FRAP methods were higher than that of the leaves. On the other hand, the leaf extract of the plant has higher level of total flavonols and proanthocyanidins. The leaf extract also has higher radical scavenging activity as shown in 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2¿-azinobis-3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay. The leaf extract showed activity against seven of the bacterial organisms.. The results from this study indicate that the leaves and stem extracts of Calpurnia aurea possess antioxidant properties and could serve as free radical inhibitors or scavenger or, acting possibly as primary antioxidants. Although, the antibacterial properties of Calpurnia aurea are not as effective as the standard drugs- Chloramphenicol and Streptomycin, they still possess some activity against bacterial strains used in this study. Calpurnia aurea may therefore be a good candidate for functional foods as well as pharmaceutical plant-based products.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Laburnum; Phenol; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Stems; Sulfonic Acids

Acokanthera oppositifolia Lam (family: Apocynaceae) is a shrub or small tree with white latex, and the leaves of this plant are used in the form of a snuff to treat headaches and in infusions for abdominal pains and convulsions and septicaemia. Adenia gummifera Harv of the family Passifloraceae is a distinctive woody climber whose infusions are used as emetics and are said to help with some forms of depression. Lipid peroxidation has gained more importance today because of its involvement in pathogenesis of many diseases. Free radicals are the main agents in lipid peroxidation. Antioxidants thus play an important role of protecting the human body against damage by the free radicals. Plants containing phenolic compounds have been reported to possess strong antioxidant properties.. The antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of the methanol extracts of the stems of Acokanthera oppositifolia and Adenia gummifera were evaluated using in vitro standard procedures. Spectrophotometry was the basis for the determinations of total phenol, total flavonoids, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins. Tannins, quercetin and catechin equivalents were used for these parameters. The antioxidant activities of the stem extract of Acokanthera oppositifolia were determined by the 2,2'-azinobis-3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferrous reducing antioxidant property (FRAP) methods.. The results from this study showed that the antioxidant activities of the stem extract of Acokanthera oppositifolia as determined by the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferrous reducing antioxidant property (FRAP) methods, were higher than that of Adenia gummifera. The levels of total phenols and flavonols for A. oppositifolia were also higher. On the other hand, the stem extract of Adenia gummifera had higher level of total flavonoids and proanthocyanidins than that of Acokanthera oppositifolia. The 2, 2'-azinobis-3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) activities of the 2 plant extracts were similar and comparable to that of BHT.. Thus, the present results indicate clearly that the extracts of Acokanthera oppositifolia and Adenia gummifera possess antioxidant properties and could serve as free radical inhibitors or scavengers, acting possibly as primary antioxidants. This study has to some extent validated the medicinal potential of the stems of Acokanthera oppositifolia and Adenia gummifera.

Topics: Acetates; Antioxidants; Apocynaceae; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Fatty Alcohols; Ferric Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Methanol; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

Danshensu (3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactic acid) and salvianolic acid B, two natural phenolic acids of caffeic acid derivatives isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza root of the most widely used traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases, have been reported to have potential protective effects from oxidative injury. To better understand their biological functions, the in vitro radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of danshensu and salvianolic acid B were evaluated along with vitamin C. Both danshensu and salvianolic acid B exhibited higher scavenging activities against free hydroxyl radicals (HO()), superoxide anion radicals (O(2)(-)), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals than vitamin C. In contrary, danshensu and salvianolic acid B showed weaker iron chelating and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) scavenging activities than vitamin C. As expressed as vitamin C equivalent capacity (VCEAC), the relative VCEAC values (mg/100ml) were in the order of salvianolic acid B (18.59) > danshensu (12.89) > vitamin C (10.00) by ABTS radical assay. The protective efficiencies against hydrogen peroxide induced human vein vascular endothelial cell damage were correlated with their antioxidant activities. Analysis of structure-activity relationship of these two compounds showed that the condensation and conjugation of danshensu and caffeic acid appears important for antioxidant activity. These results indicated that danshensu and salvianolic acid B are efficient radical scavengers and antioxidants, and salvianolic acid B is superior to danshensu. Their radical scavenging and antioxidant properties might have potential applications in food and healthcare industry.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzofurans; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Survival; Chelating Agents; Endothelial Cells; Ferrous Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydroxyl Radical; Lactates; Oxidants; Picrates; Plant Roots; Salvia; Sulfonic Acids; Tetrazolium Salts; Thiazoles

The aim of this work is to investigate the antioxidative effect of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) on the oxidation of DNA and human erythrocytes induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH). First, the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of melatonin is measured by reacting with two radical species, i.e., 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical cation (ABTS*+) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The IC50 of melatonin are 75microM and 300microM when melatonin reacts with ABTS*+ and DPPH, respectively. Especially, the reactions of melatonin with ABTS*+ and DPPH are the direct evidence for melatonin to trap radicals. Then, melatonin is applied to protect DNA and human erythrocytes against oxidative damage and hemolysis induced by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH). The presence of melatonin prolongs the occurrence of the oxidative damage of DNA and hemolysis of erythrocytes, generating an inhibition period (t(inh)). The proportional relationship between t(inh) and the concentration of melatonin ([MLT]) is treated by the chemical kinetic equation, t(inh)=(n/R(i))[MLT], in which n means the number of peroxyl radical trapped by an antioxidant, and R(i) stands for the initiation rate of the radical reaction. It is found that every molecule of melatonin can trap almost two radicals in protecting DNA and erythrocytes. Furthermore, quantum calculation proves that the indole-type radical derived from melatonin is much stable than amide-type radical. Finally, melatonin is able to accelerate hemolysis of erythrocytes induced by hemin, indicating that melatonin leads to the collapse of the erythrocyte membrane in the presence of hemin. This may provide detailed information for the usage of melatonin and helpful reference for the design of indole-related drugs.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; DNA; Erythrocytes; Free Radicals; Hemin; Hemolysis; Humans; Hydrazines; Melatonin; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

The outcome of different extraction procedures (microwave, ultrasound, Soxhlet, and maceration) on the antioxidant activity of seeds, leaves, pulp, and fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn or SBT) was investigated by two different bioassays: 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. The SBT extracts were found to possess strong antioxidant activity measured in terms of TEAC (2.03-182.13 and 6.97-282.75 mg/g) with ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively. In general, the antioxidant capacity of microwave-assisted extracts was found to be significantly higher than those obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and maceration while being slightly higher than Soxhlet extracts. Further, microwave extracts of seeds were found to possess maximum antioxidant capacity followed by leaves, fruits, and pulp. Also, the chemical composition of extracts, studied in terms of the total phenolic content, was found to be in the range of 1.9-23.5 mg/g Gallic acid equivalent (GAE), which indicates a strong correlation between antioxidant activity and phenolic content present in the SBT. In addition, some of its bioactive phenolic constituents, such as rutin ( 1), quercetin-3- O-galactoside ( 2), quercetin ( 3), myricetin ( 4), kaempferol ( 5), and isorhamnetin ( 6), were also quantified in different extracts by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fruit; Hippophae; Microwaves; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Seeds; Sulfonic Acids

The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant capacity of nine Fabaceae species collected on the mountains of Serbia and Montenegro. Antioxidant assays with various reaction mechanisms were used, including total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteu, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values by ABTS radical cation and inhibition of liposome peroxidation. The investigated plants exhibited strong antioxidant capacity in all the tested methods, and among them, Lathyrus binatus, Trifolium pannonicum, and Anthyllis aurea were found to be the most active.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Fabaceae; Flowers; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Lipid Peroxidation; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

Different parts of Costus speciosus were investigated for their polyphenol content and antioxidant activity.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Costus; Humans; Hydroxyl Radical; Phenols; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Plant Stems; Sulfonic Acids

The Mopan persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Mopan) is the major cultivar of astringent persimmon in northern China. This study investigates the radical scavenging activity against ABTS and DPPH radical, and the content of total and individual phenolics (catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and gallic acid) with apple, grape, and tomato as controls. The radical scavenging activities against ABTS and DPPH radicals of the Mopan persimmon are 23.575 and 22.597 microm trolox eq/g f.w., respectively. These findings suggest that the Mopan persimmon's antioxidant activity is significantly (P < 0.05) stronger than that of reference materials. The Mopan persimmon showed the highest content of total phenolics among the 4 materials tested. Significant correlations (R(2)= 0.993, P < 0.05, ABTS radical; R(2)= 0.980, P < 0.05, DPPH radical) are found between the total phenolics and the radical scavenging activities. The total content of these 6 kinds of phenolics (catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and gallic acid) is significantly correlated (R(2)= 0.831, P < 0.05, ABTS radical; R(2)= 0.745, P < 0.05, DPPH radical) with the individual radical scavenging activity of the 4 materials, although the total content of the 6 phenolics accounts for no more than 20% of the total phenolics in the Mopan persimmon. Gallic acid exhibits the strongest antioxidant activity in all 6 kinds of phenolics and its content is the largest in the Mopan persimmon, presumably being responsible for its much higher antioxidant activity as compared to apple, grape, and tomato.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caffeic Acids; Catechin; Chlorogenic Acid; Diospyros; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Gallic Acid; Hydrazines; Malus; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Solanum lycopersicum; Sulfonic Acids; Vitis

The present work was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of aminothiazole derivative by performing various in vitro assays; to study its protective effect on H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage on pBR322 DNA and on RBC cellular membrane. The in vitro assays were performed with different concentrations of aminothiazole derivative (6.15, 12.29, 18.44, 24.59, and 30.73 microM) and the results were compared with standards like ascorbic acid and trolox. Our results clearly indicated that aminothiazole derivative at a dose of 18.44 microM exhibited radical scavenging activity greater than that of ascorbic acid and trolox. The DNA protective effect on pBR322 DNA showed that there was a concentration-dependent inhibition of the disappearance of supercoiled (ccc) form of DNA on incubation with 30 mM H(2)O(2) in the presence of different concentrations of aminothiazole derivative. Thus our compound at 1.5 mM prevents the conversion from supercoiled (ccc) form to open circular form (oc) form of pBR322 DNA. Pretreatment with aminothiazole derivative at a dose of 18.44 microM prevents membrane damage and exhibits an IC(50) value, which is the concentration of the sample required to inhibit 50% of the radical formed greater than that of the standards (ascorbic acid and trolox). Thus our compound of interest aminothiazole derivative exhibits antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties greater than that of standards like ascorbic acid and trolox and thereby protects pBR322 DNA and RBC cellular membrane from free radical induced oxidative damage.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Membrane; Color; Cytoprotection; DNA Damage; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Erythrocytes; Humans; Hydrazines; Hydrogen Peroxide; Lipid Peroxidation; Models, Biological; Nitric Oxide; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Plasmids; Reactive Nitrogen Species; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Thiazoles

The objective of this research was to re-evaluate the antioxidant effects of the prenylated flavonoids from Sophora flavescens via in vitro 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), and total reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays. In addition, a further examination of kuraridinol, kurarinol, and kurarinone, also isolated from S. flavescens, was carried out by the inhibition of tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced intracellular ROS generation and t-BHP-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Upon re-examination of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) soluble fraction of S. flavescens, two major prenylated chalcones, including kuraridin and kuraridinol, along with a minor prenylated flavonol, kushenol C, were isolated as good DPPH scavengers. This was in contrast to the prenylated flavanones, sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone, which were isolated from the methylene chloride (CH(2)Cl(2)) fraction of the same source. Five flavanones consisting of kushenol E, leachianone G, kurarinol, sophoraflavanone G, and kurarinone exhibited significant antioxidant potentials in the ABTS, ONOO(-), and total ROS assays; however, the prenylated chalcones and prenylated flavonol showed more potent scavenging/inhibitory activities than the prenylated flavanones. Therefore, the prenylated chalcones and prenylated flavonol, rather than the prenylated flavanones, may make important contributions toward the marked antioxidant capacities of S. flavescens. Furthermore, kuraridinol, kurarinol, and kurarinone showed significant inhibitory activities against intracellular ROS levels as well as NF-kappaB activation by t-BHP. Overall, the results indicate that S. flavescens and its prenylated flavonoids may possess good anti-inflammatory activity, which is implicated in their significant antioxidant activity.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Chromans; Flavonoids; Genes, Reporter; Humans; Luciferases; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; NF-kappa B; Peroxynitrous Acid; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Prenylation; Rats; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sophora; Sulfonic Acids; tert-Butylhydroperoxide; Thiazoles

Two new flavone glucosides, nitensosides A and B (1, 2), together with four known compounds, sorbifolin (3), sorbifolin 6-O-beta-glucopyranoside (4), pedalitin (5), and pedalitin 6-O-beta-glucopyranoside (6) were isolated from Pterogyne nitens. Their structures were elucidated from 1D and 2D NMR analysis, as well as by high resolution mass spectrometry. All the isolated flavones were evaluated for their myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitory activity. The most active compound, pedalitin, exhibited IC50 value of 3.75 nM on MPO. Additionally, the radical-scavenging capacity of flavones 1-6 was evaluated towards ABTS and DPPH radicals and compared to standard compounds quercetin and Trolox.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fabaceae; Flavones; Free Radical Scavengers; Glucosides; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Peroxidase; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids

A total of fourteen (14) species of wild edible fruits from Burkina Faso were analyzed for their phenolic and flavonoid contents, and their antioxidant activities using the DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods. The data obtained show that the total phenolic and total flavonoid levels were significantly higher in the acetone than in the methanol extracts.Detarium microcarpum fruit had the highest phenolic and the highest flavonoid content,followed by that of Adansonia digitata, Ziziphus mauritiana, Ximenia americana and Lannea microcarpa. Significant amounts of total phenolics were also detected in the other fruit species in the following order of decreasing levels: Tamarindus indica > Sclerocaryabirrea > Dialium guineense > Gardenia erubescens > Diospyros mespiliformis > Parkiabiglobosa > Ficus sycomorus > Vitellaria paradoxa. Detarium microcarpum fruit also showed the highest antioxidant activity using the three antioxidant assays. Fruits with high antioxidant activities were also found to possess high phenolic and flavonoid contents. There was a strong correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid levels and antioxidant activities.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Burkina Faso; Flavonoids; Fruit; Phenols; Picrates; Plants, Edible; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids

The ethanol and methanol extracts of Cassia auriculata flowers were screened for antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity was determined by an improved assay based on the decolorization of the radical monocation of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The ethanol and methanol extracts of C. auriculata flowers showed antioxidant activity in both assays.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cassia; Flowers; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

The ethanolic extract of Pilea microphylla (L.) was defatted, successively fractionated with acetone and the residue so obtained was found to be most potent when subjected to detailed free radical scavenging and in vivo radioprotection studies. The most active fraction reacts with free radicals, such as DPPH (50 microM), ABTS(.)(-) (100 microM) and (.)OH (generated by Fenton reaction) with IC(50) value of 23.15 microg/ml, 3.0 microg/ml and 310 microg/ml, respectively. The most active fraction inhibited iron-induced lipid peroxidation in phosphatidyl choline liposomes with an IC(50) of 13.74 microg/ml. The kinetics of scavenging of DPPH and ABTS(.)(-) radicals were followed at different concentrations of the fraction by employing stopped-flow studies. The observed first order decay rate constants at 200 microg/ml and 50 microg/ml of fraction with DPPH (50 microM) and ABTS(.)(-) (50 microM) were found to be 0.4s(-1) and 2.1s(-1), respectively. The fraction when screened for in vivo radioprotection in Swiss albino mice showed 80% protection at a dose of 900 mg/kg and with a DRF of about 1.12. The fraction was also found to protect livers of irradiated mice from depletion of endogenous antioxidant enzymes like glutathione, GST, SOD, catalase and thiols. The fraction also protected the villi height, increased the number of crypt cells while offering general protection to the intestine from acute radiation effects. The fraction also protected the hematopoietic system as assessed by endogenous spleen colony assay, contributing to the overall radioprotective ability.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catalase; Colony-Forming Units Assay; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Ethanol; Free Radical Scavengers; Glutathione; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Intestines; Kinetics; Lipid Peroxidation; Mice; Microvilli; Phosphatidylcholines; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Radiation-Protective Agents; Spleen; Subcellular Fractions; Sulfonic Acids; Urticaceae; Whole-Body Irradiation

The present investigation deals with the isolation of a polysaccharide fraction from Pomegranate (PFP), which was found to inhibit 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azinobis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate] ABTS(+) radical activities by 69% and 88%, respectively with 4 microg/ml concentration. The activity of PFP for free radical scavenging was also evaluated by electron spin resonance (ESR) Spectrophotometer and DPPH dot blot test. Anti-glycation ability of PFP was tested using BSA, which inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) by 28% and also inhibited the formation of fructosamine in the BSA/Glucose system. The inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase by 43% at 10 microg/ml concentration of PFP strongly suggested its efficacy as a possible skin whitener.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Glycosylation; Lythraceae; Oxidation-Reduction; Peptides; Picrates; Polysaccharides; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

Raspberry (Rubus idaeus) leaves, collected in different locations of Lithuania were extracted with ethanol and the extracts were tested for their antioxidant activity (AA) by using ABTS(.)(+) decolourisation and DPPH(.) scavenging methods. All extracts were active, with radical scavenging capacity at the used concentrations from 20.5 to 82.5% in DPPH(.) reaction system and from 8.0 to 42.7% in ABTS(.)(+) reaction. The total amount of phenolic compounds in the leaves varied from 4.8 to 12.0 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) in 1 g of plant extract. Quercetin glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-glucoside and rutin were identified in the extracts.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Lithuania; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Rosaceae; Sulfonic Acids

The antioxidant activity of Agrimonia eupatoria (Agrimony) and Agrimonia procera (Fragrant agrimony) extracts was assessed by measuring in DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS(+) radical decolourisation reaction systems. Radical scavenging capacity of agrimony extracts varied in a wide range (9.1-97.5% in DPPH reaction and 6.7-79.5% in ABTS reaction) depending on the polarity of the solvent used to obtain the extract.

Topics: Agrimonia; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

This study was aimed to evaluate the preventive role of naringin on heart weight, blood glucose, total proteins, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, serum uric acid, serum iron, plasma iron binding capacity and membrane bound enzymes such as sodium potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na(+)/K(+) ATPase), calcium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Ca(2+) ATPase) and magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Mg(2+) ATPase) and glycoproteins such as hexose, hexosamine, fucose and sialic acid in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats and in vitro free radical scavenging assay. Male albino Wistar rats were pretreated with naringin (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, respectively) for a period of 56 days. After the treatment period, ISO (85 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected to rats at an interval of 24 h for 2 days. ISO-induced rats showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in the heart weight, blood glucose, serum uric acid, serum iron and a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the levels of total proteins, A/G ratio and iron binding capacity. A significant (P<0.05) decrease in the activity of Na(+)/K(+) ATPase and increase in the activities of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) ATPase in the heart and a significant (P<0.05) increase in the levels of glycoproteins in serum and the heart were also observed in ISO-induced rats. Pretreatment with naringin for a period of 56 days exhibited a significant (P<0.05) effect and altered these biochemical parameters positively in ISO-induced rats. Naringin also scavenges 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and nitric oxide (NO) radicals in vitro. Thus, our study shows that naringin has cardioprotective role in ISO-induced MI in rats.

Topics: Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Blood Glucose; Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase; Calcium-Transporting ATPases; Drug Interactions; Flavanones; Free Radical Scavengers; Globulins; Glycoproteins; Hydrazines; Iron; Isoproterenol; Male; Myocardial Infarction; Nitric Oxide; Organ Size; Picrates; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serum Albumin; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Sulfonic Acids; Uric Acid

The ethanolic extract of Agaricus blazei and ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic fractions were evaluated for their antioxidant activity.

Topics: Agaricus; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal; Humans; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

Thymoquinone (TQ) is the bioactive constituent of the volatile oil of Nigella sativa L. and has been shown to exert antioxidant antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory effects. During the study of its possible mechanism of action, we found that TQ reacts chemically (i.e. nonenzymatically) with glutathione (GSH), NADH and NADPH. A combination of liquid chromatography/UV-Vis spectrophotometry/Mass spectrometry analyses was used to identify the products of these reactions. The reaction that occur in physiological conditions indicates the formation of only two products, glutathionyl-dihydrothymoquinone after rapid reaction with GSH, and dihydrothymoquinone (DHTQ) after slow reaction time with NADH and NADPH. Measurement of the antioxidant activity of reduced compounds against organic radicals such as 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) also revealed a potential scavenging activity for glutathionyl-dihydrothymoquinone similar to that of DHTQ. Under our experimental conditions, TQ shows lower scavenging activities than glutathionyl-dihydrothymoquinone and DHTQ; it is very interesting to observe that the reduced compounds apparently show an antioxidant capacity equivalent to Trolox. The results indicate a possible intracellular nonenzymatic metabolic activation of TQ dependent on GSH, NADH or NADPH that may represent a "cellular switch" able to modulate cellular antioxidant defences.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzoquinones; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromans; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Erythrocytes; Free Radical Scavengers; Glutathione; Humans; Hydrazines; Molecular Structure; NAD; NADP; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Three new highly oxygenated and unsaturated metabolites named interfungins A (1), B (2), and C (3), which provide a diversity of hispidin class compounds in the fungi Inonotus and Phellinus, were isolated from the methanolic extract of the fruiting body of the fungus Inonotus xeranticus (Hymenochaetaceae). Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods. The existence of these functionalized metabolites implies that inoscavin A, davallialactone, and phelligridin F, which were previously isolated from the fungi Inonotus and Phellinus spp., are derived from 1. Compound 1 is derived from the condensation of hispidin and hispolon. Inoscavins B and C previously isolated from the fungus I. xeranticus are most probably derived from 2 which stemmed from the oxidative coupling of 3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone and hispidin. This class of compounds exhibited significant free radical scavenging activity against the superoxide radical cation, ABTS radical anion, and DPPH radical.

Topics: Agaricales; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruiting Bodies, Fungal; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Weight; Oxidants; Picrates; Pyrones; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

This work clarifies the structural characterization and antioxidant activity between aromatic and 3-arylsydnonyl substituted hydrazino-thiazoles by further synthesizing a series of aromatic ring-substituted hydrazino-thiazole derivatives 8a-h and 9a-h. Hydrazino-thiazole derivatives 8a-h and 9a-h were obtained by reacting aromatic or heterocyclic aromatic aldehyde thiosemicarbazones 7a-h with cyclization reagents ethyl 2-chloroacetoacetate (2a) and 2-bromoacetophenone (2b), respectively. The ORTEP drawings of compounds 8g, 8h and 9f provide strong evidence of the structure of aromatic thiazole derivatives 8a-h and 9a-h. Undoubtedly, the structure of compounds 3e-h and 4e-h synthesized by the reaction of 3-aryl-4-formylsydnone thiosemicarbazones 1e-h with cyclization reagents 2a and 2b in the previous work should have the thiazole moiety, and not the thiazoline moiety. Both the new thiazole derivatives 8a-h and 9a-h and the 3-arylsydnonyl-substituted derivatives 3e-h and 4e-h were investigated to determine their antioxidant activity by two tests that have been highly documented-the direct scavenging effect on a stable free 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and the inhibition of the 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical. Results of this study demonstrate that not only the thiazole ring and the aryl ring has the contribution to the antioxidant activities, the sydnone ring of 3-arylsydnonyl moiety also has its considerable contribution.

Topics: Aldehydes; alpha-Tocopherol; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cyclization; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrazines; Hydrogen Peroxide; Indicators and Reagents; Kinetics; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

The aim of this investigation was to assess the nutritional and health properties of Mon Thong durian cultivar at different stages of ripening. The assessment was carried out in vitro and in vivo. The contents of dietary fibers, minerals and trace metals at different stages of ripening were comparable. Total polyphenols (mgGAE/100 g FW) and flavonoids (mg CE/100 gFW) in ripe durian (358.8 +/- 31.4 and 95.4 +/- 9.3) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in mature (216.1 +/- 1 and 39.9 +/- 3.8) and overripe (283.3 +/- 26.2 and 53.5 +/- 4.9). Antioxidant capacity (muMTE/100 g FW) in total polyphenol extracts of ripe durian measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and [2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] (ABTS) assays (259.4 +/- 23.6 and 2341.8 +/- 93.2) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of mature (151.6 +/- 15.2 and 1394.6 +/- 41.5) and overripe (201.7 +/- 19.4 and 1812.2 +/- 61.4) samples. The correlation coefficients between the bioactive compounds in different stages of ripening and their antioxidant capacities were high (R;{2} = 0.99). Then 35 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 dietary groups each of 7 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Mature, Chol/Ripe and Chol/Overripe. During 30 days of the experiment the rats of all 5 groups were fed basal diet (BD), which included wheat starch, casein, soybean oil, vitamin and mineral mixtures. The rats of the Control group were fed a BD only. To the BD of the Chol group was added 1% of cholesterol. The BD of the Chol/Mature, Chol/Ripe and Chol/Overripe groups was supplemented with 1% of cholesterol and 5% of the mature, ripe and overripe durian as freeze-dried powder, respectively. Diets containing ripe and to a lesser degree mature and overripe durian significantly hindered the rise in plasma lipids and also hindered a decrease in plasma antioxidant activity. The nitrogen retention in rats of the Chol/Ripe group was significantly higher (63.6%, P < 0.05) than in other diet groups and the level of the plasma glucose remained normal. A decrease in fibrinogen fraction with ripe durian included in rat's diets was shown by electrophoretic separation. These changes were detected mostly in the low molecular weight proteins of rat's serum. Histological examination of aorta showed only slight differences in the tissue. In conclusion, ripe durian contains higher quantity of bioactive compounds, has higher antioxidant capacity and nutritional value. It positively affects the

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Bombacaceae; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, Dietary; Dietary Fiber; Eating; Flavonoids; Male; Phenols; Picrates; Polyphenols; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids

The antioxidant properties of three successive extracts of Caesalpinia digyna Rottler root and the isolated compound, bergenin, were tested using standard in vitro and in vivo models. The amount of the total phenolic compounds present was also determined. The successive methanol extract of Caesalpinia digyna root (CDM) exhibited strong scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical cation, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The free radical scavenging effect of CDM was comparable with that of reference antioxidants. The CDM having the highest content of phenolic compounds and strong free radical scavenging effect when administered orally to male albino rats at 100, 200 and 400mg/kg body weight for 7 days, prior to carbontetrachloride (CCl(4)) treatment, caused a significant increase in the levels of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and significant decrease in the levels of lipidperoxidation (LPO) in serum, liver and kidney in a dose dependent manner, when compared to CCl(4) treated control. These results clearly indicate the strong antioxidant property of Caesalpinia digyna root. The study provides a proof for the ethnomedical claims and reported biological activities. The plant has, therefore, very good therapeutic potential.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzopyrans; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caesalpinia; Carbon Tetrachloride; Catalase; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Deoxyribose; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hydrazines; Hydrogen Peroxide; Kidney; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Male; Malondialdehyde; Molecular Structure; Nitric Oxide; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase

Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation was used to isolate an essential oil from the leaves of Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Bl., and the results compared with those obtained by conventional hydrodistillation. The composition of the oil from both methods was found to be similar, and (-)-linalool was found as the main component (30-50%). The antioxidant activity of the essential oil obtained by both methods was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and lipid peroxidation methods, all of which indicated the same but insignificant activity.

Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemistry; Chromatography, Gas; Cinnamomum; Humans; Hydrazines; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Microwaves; Monoterpenes; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Plant Oils; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

Propolis is one of the richest sources of plant phenolics (flavonoids and phenolic acids), which are widely recognized as rather strong antioxidants. The aim of our work was to use colored stable free radical (DPPH* and ABTS*+) spectrophotometric and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) assays to study the antioxidative behavior of the phenolics (caffeic acid, galangin and pinocembrin) most commonly present in Croatian propolis samples obtained from different Croatian regions. We propose a mathematical model providing a more sophisticated interpretation of the obtained results and a new parameter named antioxidative efficiency (AOE) is introduced. The kinetic behaviour of chosen standards determined by spectrophotometric assays follows the exponential decrease of the absorption curve. Explained numerically, AOE represents the absolute value of the first derivative of an absorbance curve in the point A0/e (where A0 is the absorbance measured at t = 0 and e is the natural logarithm base). The advantage of this newly introduced parameter is that it provides an easy and accurate mutual comparison between the rates of antioxidative efficiency of different propolis samples. A TLC assay was only applicable in the case of the DPPH* radical. Dose-response curves were described using a linear function with AOE expressed as a coefficient of the slope. The chromatographic method was shown to be very rapid, reliable and easy-to-perform.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Free Radicals; Hydrazines; Picrates; Propolis; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

Heliotropium glutinosum Phil. (Heliotropiceae) is a resinous bush that grows at a height of 2000 m in Chañaral, Chile. From the resinous exudates of Heliotropium glutinosum Phil. a new aromatic geranyl derivative: 4-methoxy-3-[(2)-7'-methyl-3'-hydroxymethyl-2',6'-octadienyl] phenol (1) and three flavonoids: 5,3'-dihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavanone (2), 5,4'-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (3) and 4'-acetyl-5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (4) were isolated and their structures were determined. Their antioxidant activity were evaluated using the bleaching of ABTS and DPPH derived cation radical methods and expressed in terms of FRE (fast reacting equivalents) and TRE (total reacting equivalents), where FRE is a good measure of the quick protection of a given compound against oxidants and TRE measures the degree of long-term protection of the antioxidant, or how effective it is against a strong oxidative stress.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radicals; Heliotropium; Hydrazines; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

This study evaluates genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of extracts from leaves of Moricandia arvensis, which are used in traditional cooking and medicines. Extracts showed no genotoxicity when tested with the SOS Chromotest using E. coli PQ37 and PQ35 strains, except for the total oligomers flavonoids enriched extract. Petroleum ether and methanol extracts are the most active in reducing nitrofurantoin genotoxicity, whereas methanol and total oligomers flavonoids enriched extracts showed the most important inhibitory effect of H2O2 genotoxicity. In addition, these two extracts showed important free radical scavenging activity toward the DPPH. radical, whereas the chloroform extract exhibited the highest value of TEAC against ABTS+. radical.

Topics: Antimutagenic Agents; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Brassicaceae; Escherichia coli; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Hydrazines; Mutagenicity Tests; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids; Thiazoles

Paullinia pinnata is an African woody vine widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria. In order to throw more light into its mechanisms of pharmacological actions, the in vitro antioxidant activities of the methanol extract of its leaves were evaluated using different testing systems. Its scavenging activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radicals as well as its ferric ion reducing power were assessed. The results showed that P. pinnata possessed strong scavenging activity and moderate reducing power. The total phenol, flavonoid, and proanthocyanidin contents of the extracts were very close to those reported for most medicinal plants and showed good correlation with its antioxidant activities. These properties are probably part of the reasons why P. pinnata is effective in folk medicine.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Ferric Compounds; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Methanol; Oxidation-Reduction; Paullinia; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Proanthocyanidins; Sulfonic Acids

The free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of Cinnamomum verum leaf (CLE) were studied and compared to antioxidant compounds like trolox, butylated hydroxyl anisole, gallic acid and ascorbic acid. The CLE exhibited free radical scavenging activity, especially against DPPH radical and ABTS radical cation. They also exhibited reducing power and metal ion chelating activity, along with hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The peroxidation inhibiting activity of CLE recorded using the linoleic acid emulsion system, showed very good antioxidant activity.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chelating Agents; Cinnamomum; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Linoleic Acid; Methanol; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Solvents; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Sulfonic Acids

Caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) is among the major hydroxycinnamic acids present in wine; sinapic acid, which is a potent antioxidant. It has also been identified as one of the active antioxidant. In the present study, the antioxidant properties of the caffeic acid were evaluated by using different in vitro antioxidant assays such as 2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH) scavenging, total antioxidant activity by ferric thiocyanate method, total reductive capability using the potassium ferricyanide reduction method, superoxide anion radical scavenging and metal chelating activities. alpha-Tocopherol, trolox, a water-soluble analogue of tocopherol, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were used as the reference antioxidant compounds. At the concentrations of 10 and 30 microg/mL, caffeic acid showed 68.2 and 75.8% inhibition on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. On the other hand, 20 microg/mL of standard antioxidant such as BHA, BHT, alpha-tocopherol and trolox indicated an inhibition of 74.4, 71.2, 54.7 and 20.1% on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. In addition, caffeic acid is an effective ABTS(+) scavenging, DPPH scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, total reducing power and metal chelating on ferrous ions activities.

Topics: alpha-Tocopherol; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Caffeic Acids; Chelating Agents; Chromans; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Emulsions; Ferricyanides; Ferrous Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrazines; Iron; Linoleic Acid; Lipid Peroxidation; Picrates; Reducing Agents; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Thiocyanates

The demand for novel effective antioxidant-based drugs has led to the synthesis and evaluation of the antioxidant potential in several molecules derived from natural compounds. In this work the in vitro antioxidant activity of an abietic acid-derived catechol (methyl 11,12-dihydroxyabietate-8,11,13-trien-18-oate, MDTO) was evaluated. This substance, possessing important biological properties, is similar to carnosic acid, a natural antioxidant from rosemary or sage leaves. Aiming to understand the antioxidant activity of MDTO, the energetics of its O-H bond, using time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry (TR-PAC), was investigated. On energetic grounds it is predicted that MDTO is a good free radical scavenger, although its activity is lower than that of quercetin, a very effective antioxidant, which was used for comparison. In agreement with these predictions, the DPPH(*) and ABTS(*+) radical scavenging activities are lower than those of quercetin. In addition, MDTO also reacts with HOCl, a powerful proinflammatory oxidant produced by activated neutrophils, and protects liposomes against iron-ascorbate-induced oxidation. The discussion of these results foresees potential applications of MDTO as an antioxidant.

Topics: Abietanes; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Calorimetry; Catechols; Free Radical Scavengers; Lipid Peroxidation; Liposomes; Phenanthrenes; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Thermodynamics

The measurement of antioxidant capacity in fruits differs from that of other biological samples due to their low pH and very low lipophilic antioxidant capacity. In this report, we present a modified 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) method for fruits and compare its performance with the other commonly used antioxidant methods of 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The antioxidant capacity and reaction kinetics of four phenolic compounds, two antioxidant standards, and five fruits were also investigated. The modified ABTS method prepared at a pH of 4.5 with sodium acetate buffer is highly stable and easily applied to fruit samples as compared to the standard (pH 7.4) version. The measured antioxidant capacity of samples varied with the assay method used, pH, and time of reaction. Traditional antioxidant standards (trolox, ascorbic acid) displayed stable, simple reaction kinetics, which allowed end point analysis with all of assays. Of the phenolic compounds examined, chlorogenic and caffeic acids exhibited the most complex reaction kinetics and reaction rates that precluded end point analysis while gallic acid and quercetin reached stable end points. All fruit extracts exhibited complex and varied kinetics and required long reaction times to approach an end point. Because the antioxidant capacity of fruit extracts is a function of the array of individual antioxidants present, accurate comparisons among fruit samples require that reaction times be standardized and of sufficient length to reach steady state conditions and that more than one assay be used to describe the total antioxidant activity of fruit samples.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caffeic Acids; Chlorogenic Acid; Ferric Compounds; Fruit; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Three new free radical scavengers were isolated from the methanolic extract of the fruiting bodies of Inonotus xeranticus (Hymenochaetaceae), along with the known compound davallialactone. Their structures were established as hispidin analogs by extensive NMR spectral data. Compounds 3 and 4 displayed significant scavenging activity against the superoxide radical anion, ABTS radical cation, and DPPH radical, while 1 and 2 exhibited potent antioxidative activity only against ABTS radical cation.

Topics: Agaricales; Anions; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cations; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Pyrones; Reference Standards; Stereoisomerism; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

The aim of this study was to characterize the antioxidant activity of three ascorbic acid (AA) derivatives O-substituted at the C-2 position of AA: ascorbic acid 2-glucoside (AA-2G), ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AA-2P), and ascorbic acid 2-sulfate (AA-2S). The radical-scavenging activities of these AA derivatives and some common low molecular-weight antioxidants such as uric acid or glutathione against 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS+), or galvinoxyl radical were kinetically and stoichiometrically evaluated under pH-controlled conditions. Those AA derivatives slowly and continuously reacted with DPPH radical and ABTS+, but not with galvinoxyl radical. They effectively reacted with DPPH radical under acidic conditions and with ABTS+ under neutral conditions. In contrast, AA immediately quenched all species of radicals tested at all pH values investigated. The reactivity of Trolox, a water-soluble vitamin E analogue, was comparable to that of AA in terms of kinetics and stoichiometrics. Uric acid and glutathione exhibited long-lasting radical-scavenging activity against these radicals under certain pH conditions. The radical-scavenging profiles of AA derivatives were closer to those of uric acid and glutathione rather than to that of AA. The number of radicals scavenged by one molecule of AA derivatives, uric acid, or glutathione was equal to or greater than that by AA or Trolox under the appropriate conditions. These data suggest the potential usage of AA derivatives as radical scavengers.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Benzhydryl Compounds; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromans; Free Radical Scavengers; Glutathione; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Uric Acid

Mammalian metallothioneins (MT) have been reported to scavenge free radicals. There is no experimental evidence to show that fish MT has a similar property. In the present study cadmium-induced MT (Cd-MT) from the liver of an Indian freshwater fish Channa punctata Bloch was investigated for its free radical scavenging activity using three different in vitro assays. Exposure to cadmium chloride (0.2 mg/kg body weight; three doses on alternate days) resulted in a marked induction of Cd-MT in liver. Only a single isoform of Cd-MT was found to be induced. Molecular weight of Cd-MT was found to be 14 kDa as deduced by SDS-PAGE analysis. The purified Cd-MT effectively scavenged the following free radicals: superoxide radical (O2*-), 2,2'-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS*+) and 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH*). The radical scavenging effect was found to be concentration-dependent. Also, the purified MT exhibited an inhibitory effect on ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) induced oxidative DNA damage in vitro. The cysteine residues of MT are proposed to be the main candidate for its radical scavenging activity. Findings of the present study strongly suggest a free radical scavenging role for fish MT. Present study adds to the little existing knowledge about fish MT and its possible biological functions.

Topics: Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cadmium; DNA; DNA Damage; Ferric Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Hydrazines; Kidney; Liver; Metallothionein; Molecular Weight; Muscle, Skeletal; Nitrilotriacetic Acid; Nitrites; Perciformes; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

The whole plant aqueous extract of Coronopus didymus Linn. was fractionated on the basis of polarity and resulting fractions were evaluated for free radical scavenging ability. The most non-polar fraction (CDF1) was found to be more active than other fractions in scavenging DPPH, ABTS(-), nitric oxide and hydroxyl radicals in steady-state conditions. Stop-flow spectrometric studies showed 58.13% inhibition of 100 microM DPPH at a concentration of 150 microg/ml of CDF1 in 1000 s and 32.31% scavenging of 960 microM ABTS(-) at a concentration of 300 microg/ml of CDF1 in 100 s. The reaction of CDF1 with hydroxyl radicals produced by pulse radiolysis showed a transient spectrum with absorption peaks at 320, 390 and 400 nm, indicating the presence of flavonoids/related components. Competition kinetics with potassium thiocyanate against scavenging of hydroxyl radicals showed a reactivity of 0.1326 against thiocyanate. CDF1 also protected against Fenton reagent-induced calf thymus DNA damage at a concentration of 400 mg/ml indicating it to be the most potent fraction.

Topics: Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Brassicaceae; Cattle; Chemical Fractionation; DNA Damage; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Nitric Oxide; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids

Four kinds of solvent extracts from three Chinese barley varieties (Ken-3, KA4B, and Gan-3) were used to examine the effects of extraction solvent mixtures on antioxidant activity evaluation and their extraction capacity and selectivity for free phenolic compounds in barley through free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and metal chelating activity, and individual and total phenolic contents. Results showed that extraction solvent mixtures had significant impacts on antioxidant activity estimation, as well as different extraction capacity and selectivity for free phenolic compounds in barley. The highest DPPH* and ABTS*+ scavenging activities and reducing power were found in 80% acetone extracts, whereas the strongest *OH scavenging activity, O2*- scavenging activity, and metal chelating activity were found in 80% ethanol, 80% methanol, and water extracts, respectively. Additionally, 80% acetone showed the highest extraction capacity for (+)-catechin and ferulic, caffeic, vanillic, and p-coumaric acids, 80% methanol for (-)-epicatechin and syringic acid, and water for protocatechuic and gallic acids. Furthermore, correlations analysis revealed that TPC, reducing power, DPPH* and ABTS*+ scavenging activities were well positively correlated with each other (p < 0.01). Thus, for routine screening of barley varieties with higher antioxidant activity, 80% acetone was recommended to extract free phenolic compounds from barley. DPPH* scavenging activity and ABTS*+ scavenging activity or reducing power could be used to assess barley antioxidant activity.

Topics: Acetone; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chelating Agents; Ethanol; Free Radical Scavengers; Hordeum; Hydroxyl Radical; Methanol; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Solutions; Solvents; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Water

The methanol extracts from the fruiting body of the mushroom Boletus calopus showed free radical-scavenging activity. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the methanol extracts led to a new hydroxylated calopin named calopin B, along with the known delta-lactones calopin and cyclocalopin A. The structure of the new calopin analogue was elucidated by spectroscopic methods. All compounds showed potent free radical-scavenging activity against superoxide, DPPH, and ABTS radicals with IC (50) values of 1.2 - 5.4 microg/mL.

Topics: Agaricales; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Lactones; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

The chemical composition and the in vitro antifungal and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and the methanolic leaf extracts of Teucrium sauvagei Le Houerou, an endemic medicinal plant growing in Tunisia, have been studied. More than 35 constituents having an abundance >or=0.2% were identified in the oil. beta-Eudesmol, T-cadinol, alpha-thujene, gamma-cadinene, and sabinene were the prevalent constituents. Results of the antifungal activity tests indicated that the methanolic extract inhibited the in vitro growth of seven dermatophytes, whereas the essential oil showed average inhibition against only three dermatophytes. In vitro antioxidant properties of the essential oil and the methanolic extract were determined by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) assays and compared to those of the synthetic antioxidant Trolox. Due to their antifungal and antioxidant properties, the essential oil and the methanolic extract of T. sauvagei may be of use as natural preservative ingredients in food and/or pharmaceutical industries.

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromans; Fungi; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hydrazines; Oils, Volatile; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Sulfonic Acids; Teucrium; Tunisia

This study examines the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanolic extracts of three Salvia species from Tunisia: Salvia aegyptiaca L., S. argentea L. and S. verbenaca Ssp. clandestina L. Pugsley. The extracts inhibited the growth of dermatophytes and of bacteria responsible for unpleasant odours to varying degrees; the pathogenic yeasts Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, the filamentous fungi Aspergillus fumigatus and selected dog otitis bacteria were all resistant to each of the extracts. The extracts were screened for their antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) test systems, and gave positive results in both tests. The extracts of S. aegyptiaca were the most active in both tests, followed by those of S. verbenaca, then S. argentea. These results confirm the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the genus Salvia and underline the potential of these plants either as natural preservatives or in pharmaceutical applications.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Burkholderia cepacia; Free Radicals; Fungi; Methanol; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salvia; Species Specificity; Staphylococcus; Sulfonic Acids; Tunisia

Six regio- and stereoisomers of dicaffeoyloxycyclohexanes and 2,4-di-O-caffeoyl-1,6-anhydro-beta-D-glucose were synthesized as model compounds of dicaffeoylquinic acids, and their radical scavenging activity was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) radical scavenging tests. Both DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging reactions of these compounds consisted of two different steps. In the first step, catechol moieties of the caffeoyl residues were rapidly converted to o-quinone structures and no significant difference in the reactivity was observed among the tested compounds. In the second step, however, the rate of the reaction increased as the intramolecular distance of the two caffeoyl residues decreased. A novel intramolecular coupling product, which could scavenge additional radicals, was isolated from the reaction mixture of trans-1,2-dicaffeoyloxycyclohexane and DPPH radical. The result suggests that the second step of the radical scavenging reaction is arising from an intramolecular interaction between the two caffeoquinone residues to regenerate catechol structures, and that the closer their distance is, the more rapidly they react. The radical scavenging activity of natural dicaffeoylquinic acids in a biological aqueous system might also depend on the positions of caffeoyl ester groups.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Caffeic Acids; Cyclohexanes; Free Radical Scavengers; Indicators and Reagents; Molecular Structure; Picrates; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

The EtOAc-soluble fraction from a methanolic extract of Hovenia dulcis Thunb. exhibited neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. The neuroprotective activity-guided isolation resulted in 8 phenolic compounds (1-8), such as vanillic acid (1), ferulic acid (2), 3,5-dihydroxystilbene (3), (+)-aromadendrin (4), methyl vanillate (5), (-)-catechin (6), 2,3,4-trihydrobenzoic acid (7), and (+)-afzelechin (8). Among these, compounds 6 and 8 had a neuroprotective effect on the glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in HT22 cells. Furthermore, compound 6 had a DPPH free radical scavenging effect with an IC50 value of 57.7 microM, and a superoxide anion radical scavenging effect with an IC50 value of 8.0 microM. Both compounds 6 and 8 had ABTS cation radical scavenging effects with IC50 values of 7.8 microM and 23.7 microM, respectively. These results suggest that compounds 6 and 8 could be neuroprotectants owing to their free radical scavenging activities.

Topics: Animals; Benzopyrans; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catechin; Cell Line; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Glutamic Acid; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Mice; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rhamnaceae; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Tannins

Chronic fatigue is considered a complex symptom for which currently there is no curative treatment available. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the etiology of fatigue and antioxidant treatment might be a valuable therapeutic approach. The Kani, a tribal high altitude living population in southern India, traditionally use the seeds of Trichopus zeylanicus to combat fatigue. In this study, the antioxidant properties of Trichopus zeylanicus were established on free radicals (DPPH and ABTS), its ability to reduce iron, lipoxygenase activity and hydrogen peroxide-induced lipid peroxidation. The effects of Trichopus zeylanicus on reactive oxygen species induced plasmid DNA (pBR322) cleavage were also investigated. Trichopus zeylanicus significantly scavenged free radicals, reduced lipid peroxidation and inhibited lipoxygenase activity. Trichopus zeylanicus also exhibited iron-chelating activity and inhibited reactive oxygen species induced DNA damage. Trichopus zeylanicus contains NADH, polyphenols and sulfhydryl compounds, which have the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species suggesting that the antioxidant activity may be an important mechanism of action of Trichopus zeylanicus to combat fatigue.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Dioscoreaceae; DNA; DNA Damage; Fatigue; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydrazines; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipoxygenase; Male; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sulfonic Acids

Blood orange juice is a typical Italian product whose red color is primarily associated with anthocyanin pigments. Two orange-based products are present on the market: pasteurized pure juice with 40 days of shelf life, and sterilized beverage containing minimum 12% of concentrated fruit juice. The aim of the present paper is to verify the relationships between the antioxidant properties and the anthocyanins content in a sampling of pasteurized and sterilized commercial red orange juices. The anthocyanins composition was determined by HPLC-MS/MS, while the antioxidant activity was evaluated by the Briggs-Rauscher reaction, selected in order to acquire information at acid pH values, by three radical scavenging assays (DMPD, 2-2'-azinobis-(3-ethylenbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), DPPH), and by FRAP assay to monitor the ferric reducing power. Results showed that antioxidant activity, particularly when measured by ABTS method, is positively related to the content of anthocyanins and that the reduction of anthocyanins content, typical of commercial long-shelf life juices, leads to a remarkable loss of antioxidant power.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Beverages; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Citrus sinensis; Ferric Compounds; Food Handling; Fruit; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mass Spectrometry; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Piperidones; Sulfonic Acids

Seven cane brown sugars (four from La Réunion, two from Mauritius, and one from France) were investigated for their polyphenol content and volatile composition in relation to their free radical scavenging capacity determined by ABTS and DPPH assays. The thin layer coated on the sugar crystal was extracted by Soxhlet extractor with dichloromethane. The volatile compounds of brown sugars were studied by GC-MS, and 43 compounds were identified. The total phenolic content of brown sugars was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Phenolic compounds were quantified in the brown sugar extracts by LC-UV-ESI-MS. Brown sugar aqueous solutions exhibited weak free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay and higher antioxidant activity in the ABTS assay at relatively high concentration. The brown sugar extracts showed interesting free radical scavenging properties despite the low concentration of phenolic and volatile compounds. Sugar is a common foodstuff traditionally used for its sweetening properties, which might be accompanied by antioxidant properties arising from molecules (polyphenols, Maillard products) other than sucrose of the cane brown sugars.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbohydrates; Chromatography, Liquid; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Phenols; Picrates; Polyphenols; Sulfonic Acids; Volatilization

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have shown diverse biological activities, including anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-adipogenic, and anti-diabetogenic effects. Recent reports also showed that CLA has free radical scavenging capacity, which may give health benefits to human beings. However, the application of CLA as a bioactive ingredient has been limited due to its insolubility in water. To overcome this problem, we investigated antioxidant activities of arginine (Arg)-CLA, a water-soluble CLA salt, using both 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays. CLA, Arg, and Arg-CLA all exerted radical scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner in both assays. Arg-CLA at 20 mM scavenged 89 and 55% of ABTS and DPPH radicals in 3 h, respectively, whereas CLA alone quenched only 48 and 26% of them under the same conditions. The antioxidant activity of the Arg-CLA complex was found to be synergistic in ABTS assay and comparable to that of vitamin E in DPPH assay.

Topics: Antioxidants; Arginine; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; Picrates; Solubility; Sulfonic Acids; Water

The effects of growing conditions during the grain-filling period, including high temperature stress, total solar radiation, and average daily solar radiation, on the antioxidant properties of Trego wheat were evaluated. Bran extracts were prepared from Trego wheat, grown at four nonirrigated and one irrigated location in Colorado, and compared for their radical scavenging activities against ABTS*+ and DPPH*, Fe(2+) chelating capacities, and total phenolic contents. Significant differences in radical scavenging activities, chelating capacities, and total phenolic contents were detected among Trego bran samples grown at different locations, suggesting that growing conditions may influence the antioxidant properties of wheat. The bran sample obtained from Fort Collins had the strongest scavenging activity against either ABTS*+ or DPPH* radicals and the greatest chelating activity, whereas the highest total phenolic content was detected in bran samples from Walsh, indicating that each antioxidant activity may respond to the environmental changes differently. Positive correlations were detected between the DPPH* scavenging activity and either total solar radiation (r = 0.97, p = 0.03) or average daily solar radiation (r = 0.97, p = 0.03). In addition, HPLC analysis detected the presence of ferulic, syringic, vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, and coumaric acids in wheat bran. Additional research is needed to further investigate the effects of environmental conditions and the interactions between genotype and environmental factors on the antioxidant properties of wheat to promote the production of wheat with improved antioxidant properties by optimizing the growing conditions for a selected genotype.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Colorado; Dietary Fiber; Environment; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxybenzoates; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Triticum

Swiss red wheat grain, bran, aleurone, and micronized aleurone were examined and compared for their free radical scavenging properties against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH*), radical cation ABTS*+ and peroxide radical anion O(2)*-, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), chelating capacity, total phenolic content (TPC), and phenolic acid composition. The results showed that micronized aleurone, aleurone, bran, and grain may significantly differ in their antioxidant properties, TPC, and phenolic acid composition. Micronized aleurone had the greatest antioxidant activities, TPC, and concentrations of all identified phenolic acids, suggesting the potential of postharvesting treatment on antioxidant activities and availability of TPC and phenolic acids. Ferulic acid was the predominant phenolic acid in Swiss red wheat and accounted for approximately 57-77% of total phenolic acids on a weight basis. Ferulic acid concentration was well correlated with scavenging activities against radical cation and superoxide anion, TPC, and other phenolic acid concentrations, suggesting the potential use of ferulic acid as a marker of wheat antioxidants. In addition, 50% acetone and ethanol were compared for their effects on wheat ORAC values. The ORAC value of 50% acetone extracts was 3-20-fold greater than that of the ethanol extracts, indicating that 50% acetone may be a better solvent system for monitoring antioxidant properties of wheat. These data suggest the possibility to improve the antioxidant release from wheat-based food ingredients through postharvesting treatment or processing.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chelating Agents; Dietary Fiber; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxybenzoates; Phenols; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Switzerland; Triticum

Observations on the applicability of the ABTS(*+) assay to define structure-activity relationships (SARs) among phenols (AH) were based on experimental data and theoretical calculations. All AH examined (hydroxycinnamic derivatives, simple polyphenols, polyhydroxybenzoates, and flavonoids) were found to be active toward ABTS(*+). Moreover, known weak radical scavengers (i.e., coumaric and isoferulic acids) were found to be efficient or comparatively active to caffeic or rosmarinic acids in contradiction to the AH classification based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) data or the bond dissociation enthalpy values. This behavior was observed both in ethanol and in buffered (pH 7.4) environment. Resorcinol and phloroglucin were found to be more active than catechol and hydroquinone, whereas, among polyhydroxybenzoates, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid was the least active, in line with the DPPH and theoretical data. Therefore, it can be argued that the ABTS(*+) assay may give an indication for the presence of antioxidants in a certain system but SARs cannot be readily inferred.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cinnamates; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Phenols; Picrates; Polyphenols; Spectrophotometry; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonic Acids

Allergic rhinitis, a frequently occurring immunological disorder affecting men, women and children worldwide, is a state of hypersensitivity that occurs when the body overreacts to a substance such as pollen, mold, mites or dust. Allergic rhinitis exerts inflammatory response and irritation of the nasal mucosal membranes leading to sneezing; stuffy/runny nose; nasal congestion; and itchy, watery and swollen eyes. A novel, safe polyherbal formulation (Aller-7/NR-A2) has been developed for the treatment of allergic rhinitis using a unique combination of extracts from seven medicinal plants including Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellerica, Albizia lebbeck, Piper nigrum, Zingiber officinale and Piper longum. In this study, the antioxidant efficacy of Aller-7 was investigated by various assays including hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, superoxide anion scavenging assay, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis-ethyl-benzothiozoline-sulphonic acid diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. The protective effect of Aller-7 on free radical-induced lysis of red blood cells and inhibition of nitric oxide release by Aller-7 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages were determined. Aller-7 exhibited concentration-dependent scavenging activities toward biochemically generated hydroxyl radicals (IC50 741.73 microg/ml); superoxide anion (IC50 24.65 microg/ml by phenazine methosulfate-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [PMS-NADH] assay and IC50 4.27 microg/ml by riboflavin/nitroblue tetrazolium [NBT] light assay), nitric oxide (IC50 16.34 microg/ml); 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical (IC50 5.62 microg/ml); and 2,2-azinobis-ethyl-benzothiozoline-sulphonic acid diammonium salt (ABTS) radical (IC50 7.35 microg/ml). Aller-7 inhibited free radical-induced hemolysis in the concentration range of 20-80 microg/ml. Aller-7 also significantly inhibited nitric oxide release from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages. These results demonstrate that Aller-7 is a potent scavenger of free radicals and that it may serve.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Catechin; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Erythrocytes; Gallic Acid; Hemolysis; Humans; Hydrazines; Hydroxyl Radical; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Medicine, Traditional; Mice; Nitric Oxide; Nitroblue Tetrazolium; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial; Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal; Riboflavin; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

Bran samples of seven wheat varieties from four different countries were examined and compared for their phytochemical compositions and antioxidant activities. Phenolic acid composition, tocopherol content, carotenoid profile, and total phenolic content were examined for the phytochemical composition of wheat bran, whereas the measured antioxidant activities were free radical scavenging properties against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, radical cation 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, peroxide radical anion O(2)(.-), and oxygen radical and chelating capacities. The results showed that the tested wheat bran samples differed in their phytochemical compositions and antioxidant properties. Ferulic acid, with a concentration range of 99-231 microg/g, was the predominant phenolic acid in all of the tested bran samples and accounted for about 46-67% of total phenolic acids on a weight basis. The concentrations for alpha-, delta-, and gamma- tocopherols were 1.28-21.29, 0.23-7.0, and 0.92-6.90 microg/g, respectively. In addition, lutein and cryptoxanthin were detected in all of the tested bran samples with levels of 0.50-1.80 and 0.18-0.64 microg/g, respectively. Zeaxanthin was detected in the six bran samples, and the greatest zeaxanthin concentration of 2.19 microg/g was observed in the Australian general purpose wheat bran. Beta-carotene was detected in four of the tested bran samples at a range of 0.09-0.40 microg/g. These data suggest that wheat and wheat bran from different countries may differ in their potentials for serving as dietary sources of natural antioxidants.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carotenoids; Chelating Agents; Dietary Fiber; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxybenzoates; Phenols; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Tocopherols

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been used in Indian cooking, and in herbal remedies. Its possible mechanism of action was examined in terms of antioxidant availability during actual cooking conditions and in therapeutic applications using standardized extracts. The assays involve different levels of antioxidant action such as oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), radical scavenging abilities using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and protection of membranes examined by inhibition of lipid peroxidation besides the content of phenols and total flavonoids. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of two major preparations of turmeric, corresponding to its use in cooking and medicine, showed significant antioxidant abilities. In conclusion, the studies reveal that the ability of turmeric to scavenge radicals, reduce iron complex and inhibit peroxidation may explain the possible mechanisms by which turmeric exhibits its beneficial effects in relation to its use in cooking and medicine.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cooking; Curcuma; Ferric Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; India; Lipid Peroxidation; Medicine, Traditional; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfonic Acids

Propolis is a resinous substance collected by honeybees from various plant sources. The composition of propolis depends on time, vegetation, and the area of collection. This study examined the antioxidant activity of propolis from various areas of Korea: Chilgok, Cheongju, Geochang, Muju, Pocheon, and Sangju. Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) were prepared and evaluated for their antioxidant activity by beta-carotene bleaching, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging, and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization assays. Furthermore, the major constituents in EEP were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis with a photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection, and each component was quantitatively analyzed. EEP from Cheongju and Muju had relatively strong antioxidant activity accompanied by high total polyphenol contents. Propolis from Cheongju contained large amounts of antioxidative compounds, such as caffeic acid, kaempferol, and phenethyl caffeate. On the other hand, propolis from Pocheon had compounds not seen in propolis from other areas.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Ethanol; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Korea; Linoleic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Propolis; Sulfonic Acids

The free radical scavenging activity of South African red (n = 46) and white (n = 40) cultivar wines was determined using 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothialozinesulfonic acid) radical cations (ABTS(.+)) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH.). The total antioxidant activities (TAA) of red and white wines using ABTS(.+) were 14.916 and 0.939 mM Trolox, respectively, at corresponding total phenol (TP) contents of 2339.0 and 273.8 mg of gallic acid equiv/L. Ruby Cabernet wines had the lowest TAA(ABTS) (13.177 mM Trolox) of the red wines, whereas the TAA(ABTS) values of Chardonnay and Chenin blanc wines were the highest (1.060 mM Trolox) and lowest (0.800 mM Trolox) of the white wines. The TAA(DPPH) values were of the same magnitude as the TAA(ABTS) values, and similar trends were observed. TAA correlated (P < 0.001) with total phenol content of red (r = 0.935) and white (r = 0.907) wines, as well as flavanol content of red wines (r = 0.866) and tartaric acid ester content of white wines (r = 0.767). Canonical discriminant analysis using phenolic composition and antioxidant activity was applied to differentiate between red and white cultivar wines.

Topics: Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Discriminant Analysis; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruit; Phenols; Picrates; South Africa; Sulfonic Acids; Vitis; Wine

The antioxidant capacity of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol), propyl gallate (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid n-propyl ester), resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene), and vitamins C (l-ascorbic acid) and E [(+)-alpha-tocopherol] was studied in chemical and biological systems. The chemical assays evaluated the capacity of these antioxidants to sequester 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS.) and 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.). A new colorimetric method to determine hydroxyl radical scavenging is also described. The biological tests use the eucaryotic cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae treated with the antioxidants in the presence of the stressing agents apomorphine, hydrogen peroxide, and paraquat dichloride (methylviologen; 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride). The results in chemical systems showed that all of the antioxidants were able to significantly inhibit the oxidation of beta-carotene by hydroxyl free radicals. The assays in yeast showed that the antioxidant activity of the tested compounds depended on the stressing agent used and the mechanism of action of the antioxidant.

Topics: Antioxidants; Apomorphine; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; beta Carotene; Biphenyl Compounds; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydroxyl Radical; Oxidation-Reduction; Paraquat; Picrates; Propyl Gallate; Resveratrol; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Stilbenes; Sulfonic Acids; Vitamin E

The present study reports the development of two extraction protocols, with potential industrial applicability, to valorize cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) byproducts as a source of antioxidant phenolics. In addition, the nonionic polystyrene resin Amberlite XAD-2 was used to obtain purified extracts. The extract yield, phenolic content, phenolic yield, and correlation between the antioxidant activity and the phenolic content were studied. The water and ethanol protocols yield a phenolic content of 33.8 mg/g freeze-dried extract and 62.1 mg/g freeze-dried extract, respectively. This percentage increased considerably when the extracts were purified using Amberlite XAD-2 yielding a phenolic content of 186 mg/g freeze-dried extract (water extract) and 311.1 mg/g freeze-dried extract (ethanol extract). Cauliflower byproduct extracts showed significant free radical scavenging activity (vs both DPPH(*) and ABTS(*)(+) radicals), ferric reducing ability (FRAP assay), and capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation (ferric thiocyanate assay). In addition, the antioxidant activity was linearly correlated with the phenolics content. The results obtained indicate that the cauliflower byproducts are a cheap source of antioxidant phenolics very interesting from both the industrial point of view and the possible usefulness as ingredients to functionalize foodstuffs.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Brassica; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Ferric Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Freeze Drying; Iron; Lipid Peroxidation; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Sulfonic Acids; Thiocyanates

Tender Cocos nucifera L. (Palmacea) water (CW), variety Chandrasankara, was tested for its ability to scavenge free radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation and protect hemoglobin from nitrite-induced oxidation. Fresh sample of CW scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and superoxide radicals but promoted the production of hydroxyl radicals and increased lipid peroxidation. The activity was most significant for fresh samples of CW and diminished significantly upon heat, acid or alkali treatment or dialysis. Maturity of coconut drastically decreased the scavenging ability of CW against DPPH, ABTS and superoxide radicals. CW protected hemoglobin from nitrite-induced oxidation to methemoglobin when added before the autocatalytic stage of the oxidation. Acid, alkali or heat treated or dialyzed CW showed a decreased ability in protecting hemoglobin from oxidation. The scavenging ability and protection of hemoglobin from oxidation may be partly attributed to the ascorbic acid, which is an important constituent of CW. As CW is a rich source of vitamins, amino acids and enzymes, etc., more than one active principle maybe involved.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cocos; Erythrocytes; Female; Free Radical Scavengers; Hemoglobins; Hot Temperature; Hydrazines; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxyl Radical; Kinetics; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Methemoglobin; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Rats; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides

Specialty sorghums, their brans, and baked and extruded products were analyzed for antioxidant activity using three methods: oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). All sorghum samples were also analyzed for phenolic contents. Both ABTS and DPPH correlated highly with ORAC (R(2) = 0.99 and 0.97, respectively, n = 18). Phenol contents of the sorghums correlated highly with their antioxidant activity measured by the three methods (R(2) >or= 0.96). The ABTS and DPPH methods, which are more cost effective and simpler, were demonstrated to have similar predictive power as ORAC on sorghum antioxidant activity. There is a need to standardize these methods to allow for data comparisons across laboratories.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Phenols; Picrates; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sorghum; Sulfonic Acids

Black tea, green tea, red wine, and cocoa are high in phenolic phytochemicals, among which theaflavin, epigallocatechin gallate, resveratrol, and procyanidin, respectively, have been extensively investigated due to their possible role as chemopreventive agents based on their antioxidant capacities. The present study compared the phenolic and flavonoid contents and total antioxidant capacities of cocoa, black tea, green tea, and red wine. Cocoa contained much higher levels of total phenolics (611 mg of gallic acid equivalents, GAE) and flavonoids (564 mg of epicatechin equivalents, ECE) per serving than black tea (124 mg of GAE and 34 mg of ECE, respectively), green tea (165 mg of GAE and 47 mg of ECE), and red wine (340 mg of GAE and 163 mg of ECE). Total antioxidant activities were measured using the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays and are expressed as vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacities (VCEACs). Cocoa exhibited the highest antioxidant activity among the samples in ABTS and DPPH assays, with VCEACs of 1128 and 836 mg/serving, respectively. The relative total antioxidant capacities of the samples in both assays were as follows in decreasing order: cocoa > red wine > green tea > black tea. The total antioxidant capacities from ABTS and DPPH assays were highly correlated with phenolic content (r2 = 0.981 and 0.967, respectively) and flavonoid content (r2 = 0.949 and 0.915). These results suggest that cocoa is more beneficial to health than teas and red wine in terms of its higher antioxidant capacity.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Beverages; Biphenyl Compounds; Cacao; Catechin; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Gallic Acid; Phenols; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids; Tea; Wine

Three hard winter wheat varieties (Akron, Trego, and Platte) were examined and compared for their free radical scavenging properties and total phenolic contents (TPC). Free radical scavenging properties of wheat grain extracts were evaluated by spectrophotometric and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry methods against stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical (DPPH*) and radical cation ABTS*+ (2,2'-azino-di[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate]). The results showed that the three wheat extracts differed in their capacities to quench or inhibit DPPH* and ABTS*+. Akron showed the greatest activity to quench DPPH radicals, while Platte had the highest capacity against ABTS*+. The ED50 values of wheat extracts against DPPH radicals were 0.60 mg/mL for Akron, 7.1 mg/mL for Trego, and 0.95 mg/mL for Platte under the experimental conditions. The trolox equivalents against ABTS*+ were 1.31 +/- 0.44, 1.08 +/- 0.05, and 1.91 +/- 0.06 micromol/g of grain for Akron, Trego, and Platte wheat, respectively. ESR results confirmed that wheat extracts directly reacted with and quenched free radicals. The TPC were 487.9 +/- 927.8 microg gallic acid equivalents/g of grain. No correlation was observed between TPC and radical scavenging capacities for DPPH* and ABTS*+ (p = 0.15 and p > 0.5, respectively).

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Bepridil; Biphenyl Compounds; Cations; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Gallic Acid; Kinetics; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Species Specificity; Sulfonic Acids; Triticum

To express the antioxidant capacity of plant foods in a more familiar and easily understood manner (equivalent to vitamin C mg/100 g), two stable radical species, ABTS(*)(-) and DPPH(*), commonly used for antioxidant activity measurements, were employed independently to evaluate their efficacies using apple polyphenolic extracts and seven polyphenolic standards including synthetic Trolox. Their antioxidant activities were expressed as vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) in mg/100 g apple or mg/100 mL of the reference chemical compounds in 10 and 30 min using the ABTS(*)(-) and DPPH(*) scavenging assays, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of Gala apples and seven phenolic standards, determined by both ABTS(*)(-) and DPPH(*) scavenging assays, showed a dose-response of the first-order. Fresh Gala apples had a VCEAC of 205.4 +/- 5.6 mg/100 g using the ABTS assay, and the relative VCEACs of phenolic standards were as follows: gallic acid > quercetin > epicatechin > catechin > vitamin C > rutin > chlorogenic acid > Trolox. With the DPPH radical assay, the VCEAC of fresh Gala apples was 136.0 +/- 6.6 mg/100 g, and the relative VCEACs of seven phenolic standards were, in decreasing order, as follows: gallic acid > quercetin > epicatechin > catechin > or = vitamin C > Trolox > rutin > chlorogenic acid. Because the ABTS assay can be used in both organic and aqueous solvent systems, employs a specific absorbance at a wavelength remote from the visible region, and requires a short reaction time, it is a more desirable method than the DPPH assay. Therefore, it is recommended that antioxidant capacity be expressed as vitamin C mg/100 g equivalent (VCEAC) using the ABTS assay.

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Catechin; Chlorogenic Acid; Chromans; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Gallic Acid; Kinetics; Malus; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plants, Edible; Quercetin; Rutin; Sulfonic Acids

Four spectrophotometric methods of determination of antioxidant capacity: a method based on the scavenging of the l,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, the "ferric-reducing ability of plasma" (FRAP), a method based on reduction of the 2.2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazolinesulfonate) free radical (ABTS.+) and a kinetic method based on the oxidation of dihydro-2,7-dichlorofluorescein by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidopropane) (ABAP) were compared with respect to standard antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione, Trolox and urate) and human blood plasma. Various reactivities of standard antioxidants in different tests were found. glutathione showing a low reactivity in the FRAP assay. Kinetic measurements show that the reduction of indicators, especially by blood plasma, may not be complete at recommended times of the assays and the time of measurement is an important parameter when comparing the results.

Topics: Adult; Amidines; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Chemistry, Clinical; Female; Glutathione; Humans; Kinetics; Male; Middle Aged; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Plasma; Spectrophotometry; Sulfonic Acids; Uric Acid

A new cyclohexenone (1) and a new caffeoyl ester derivative (2), together with the known compounds (-)-isolariciresinol 3-alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (3), (+)-1-hydroxypinoresinol 1-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4), isoacteoside (5), luteolin 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), and indole-3-carboxylic acid (7), were isolated from the leaves of Bauhinia tarapotensis. The structures of these new compounds were determined by spectroscopic data analysis. The antioxidant activities of 1-7 were determined by measuring their free radical scavenging effects, using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC) methods, and the coupled oxidation of beta-carotene and linoleic acid. Compounds 3-5 showed good activities in the DPPH and TEAC tests, while compounds 1 and 2 were active in the coupled oxidation of beta-carotene and linoleic acid bioassay.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Bepridil; Biphenyl Compounds; Caffeic Acids; Chromans; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cyclohexanones; Ecuador; Fabaceae; Flavonoids; Free Radical Scavengers; Glucosides; Indoles; Luteolin; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Leaves; Plants, Medicinal; Sulfonic Acids

Total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP) of resinous exudates from Heliotropium species was evaluated by measuring the bleaching of stable free radicals. The antioxidant capacity of the resinous exudates in Trolox equivalents, evaluated from the bleaching of ABTS derived radical cations, ranged from 2.0 M (H. huascoense) to 5.2 M (H. stenophyllum), indicating a very high concentration of phenolic compounds. Considerably smaller values were obtained by measuring the bleaching of DPPH radicals. The ratio between the values obtained employing ABTS derived radicals and DPPH, ranged from 37 (H. megalanthum) to 4.5 (H. chenopodiaceum variety typica). The magnitude of the difference can be considered as an indication of the relative reactivity of the antioxidants present in the exudates. Similar ratios were observed when stoichiometric coefficients were evaluated for representative purified flavonoids obtained from the resinous exudates.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Bepridil; Biphenyl Compounds; Cations; Chromans; Flavonoids; Free Radicals; Phenols; Picrates; Plants; Resins, Plant; Sulfonic Acids

The present study demonstrates the antiradical efficiency of fisetin, a flavonol widely distributed in fruits and vegetables, by its ability to react with two different free radicals, ABTS; and DPPH;. The polyphenolic nature of fisetin led us to consider whether it might be oxidised by polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and the results reported show that it can be oxidised by PPO extracted and partially purified from broad bean seeds. The reaction was followed by recording spectral changes with time, with maximal spectral changes being observed at 282 nm (increase in absorbance) and at 362 nm (decrease). The presence of two isosbectic points (at 265 and 304 nm) suggested that only one absorbent product was formed. These spectral changes were not observed in the absence of PPO. The oxidation rate varied with the pH, reaching its highest value at pH 5.5. The fisetin oxidation rate increased in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, an activator of polyphenol oxidase. Maximal activity was obtained at 0.87 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate. The following kinetic parameters were determined: Vmax=49 microM/min, Km=0.6 mM, Vmax/Km=8.2x10-2 min-1. Flavonol oxidation was inhibited by selective PPO inhibitors such as cinnamic acid (a classical competitive inhibitor, Ki=1.4 mM) and 4-hexylresorcinol, which behaved as a slow-binding inhibitor. The results reported show that fisetin oxidation was strictly dependent on the presence of polyphenol oxidase.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Bepridil; Biphenyl Compounds; Catechol Oxidase; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Free Radical Scavengers; Hexylresorcinol; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Oxidation-Reduction; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids