2--deoxyguanosine-5--phosphate and xanthosine

The neuroprotective role of adenosine and the deregulation of adenosine receptors in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been extensively studied in recent years. However, little is known about the involvement of purine metabolism in AD. We started by analyzing gene expression in the entorhinal cortex of human controls and AD cases with whole-transcript expression arrays. Once we identified deregulation of the cluster purine metabolism, messenger RNA expression levels of 23 purine metabolism genes were analyzed with qRT-PCR in the entorhinal cortex, frontal cortex area 8, and precuneus at stages I-II, III-IV, and V-VI of Braak and Braak and controls. APRT, DGUOK, POLR3B, ENTPD3, AK5, NME1, NME3, NME5, NME7, and ENTPD2 messenger RNAs were deregulated, with regional variations, in AD cases when compared with controls. In addition, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry based metabolomics in the entorhinal cortex identified altered levels of dGMP, glycine, xanthosine, inosine diphosphate, guanine, and deoxyguanosine, all implicated in this pathway. Our results indicate stage- and region-dependent deregulation of purine metabolism in AD.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adenylate Kinase; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alzheimer Disease; Chromatography, Liquid; Deoxyguanine Nucleotides; Entorhinal Cortex; Female; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation; Glycine; Humans; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Middle Aged; Purines; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Ribonucleosides; RNA Polymerase III; RNA, Messenger; Xanthines