11-tetradecenyl-acetate and 9-tetradecenyl-acetate

Anecdotal reports by scientists and growers suggested commercial sex pheromone lures were ineffective with monitoring field populations of grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Clemens), in vineyards. This study addressed the need to evaluate commercial sex pheromone lures for chemical purity and efficacy of attracting grape berry moth and a nontarget tortricid, the sumac moth, Episumus argutanus (Clemens). The percentage of chemical components from a set of eight lures from each manufacturer was found using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and confirmed by chemical standards. No lures adhered to the 9:1 blend of (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9-12:Ac) to (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:Ac), though Suterra (9.1:1), ISCA (5.7:1), and Trécé (5.4:1) lures were closest. The Trécé lures contained ≍98 μg Z9-12:Ac, which is 3-51 times more than the other lures. The Suterra and ISCA lures were loaded with ≍29 and 33 μg Z9-12:Ac, and the Alpha Scents lures only contained ≍2 μg Z9-12:Ac. An antagonistic impurity, (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (E9-12:Ac), was found in all manufacturer lures at concentrations from 3.2 to 4.8%. Field attraction studies were done in summer 2010, and again in 2011, to evaluate commercial lures for their potential to attract P. viteana and E. argutanus in the presence of lures from other manufacturers. Separate experiments were established in two vineyards in Augusta County, VA, one with open and the other with wooded surroundings. In field experiments, Suterra lures detected P. viteana most often, Trécé lures detected more E. argutanus, and ISCA lures detected P. viteana in the open vineyard the least, while Alpha Scents lures were least attractive to E. argutanus in both environments. Fewer P. viteana were captured in the wooded versus open vineyard, which may limit the potential for sex pheromone monitoring of P. viteana in wooded vineyards.

Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Dodecanol; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Male; Moths; Pest Control, Biological; Pheromones; Seasons; Sex Attractants; Species Specificity; Virginia; Vitis

The relationship between pheromone composition and mitochondrial haplotype clades was investigated by coupling DNA analyses with pheromone identification and male mate searching behavior among different geographic populations of Busseola fusca. The within-population variations in pheromone blend were as great as those observed between geographic populations, suggesting that the female sex pheromone blend was not the basis of reproductive isolation between the geographic clades. Furthermore, while data from wind tunnel experiments demonstrated that most of the tested males were sensitive to small variations in pheromone mixture, there was considerable within-population variability in the observed response. The study identified a new pheromone component, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate, which when added to the currently used three-component synthetic blend resulted in significantly higher traps catches. The new recommended blend for monitoring flight phenology and for timing control measures for optimal efficacy of B. fusca is (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate (62%), (E)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate (15%), (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate (13%), and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate (10%).

Topics: Acetates; Animal Communication; Animals; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Geography; Haplotypes; Lepidoptera; Male; Sex Attractants; Stereoisomerism

We tested differences in female pheromone production and male response in three species of the genus Adoxophyes in Korea. Females of all three species produced mixtures of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) as major components but in quite different ratios. The ratio of Z9-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc in pheromone gland extracts was estimated to be ca. 100:200 for Adoxophyes honmai, 100:25 for Adoxophyes orana, and 100:4,000 for Adoxophyes sp. Field tests showed that males of each species were preferentially attracted to the two-component blends of Z9-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc mimicking the blends found in pheromone gland extracts of conspecific females. The effects of minor components identified in gland extracts on trap catches varied with species. Addition of 10-methyldodecyl acetate (10me-12:OAc) or (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc) to the binary blend of Z9-14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc significantly increased captures of A. honmai males, whereas E11-14:OAc exhibited a strongly antagonistic effect on catches of Adoxophyes sp. males. Moreover, (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9-14:OH) or (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (Z11-14:OH) added to the binary blends increased attraction of male A. orana but not A. honmai and Adoxophyes sp. males, suggesting that these minor components, in addition to the relative ratios of the two major components, play an important role in reproductive isolation between Adoxophyes species in the southern and midwestern Korea where these species occur sympatrically.

Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Chromatography, Gas; Exocrine Glands; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Geography; Lepidoptera; Male; Sex Attractants