Compounds > 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine

1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine and theobromine

1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine has been researched along with theobromine in 69 studies

Research

Studies (69)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	30 (43.48)	18.2507
2000's	34 (49.28)	29.6817
2010's	5 (7.25)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80

Authors

Authors	Studies
Bellows, DS; Clarke, ID; Diamandis, P; Dirks, PB; Graham, J; Jamieson, LG; Ling, EK; Sacher, AG; Tyers, M; Ward, RJ; Wildenhain, J	1
Cronstein, BN; Naime, D; Ostad, E	1
Cronstein, BN; Firestein, G; Naime, D	1
Gillis, RA; Kellar, KJ; Travagli, RA	1
Becker, BF; Raschke, P	1
Boyet, S; Daval, JL; Nehlig, A	1
Chi, L; Friedrichs, GS; Green, AL; Lucchesi, BR; Oh, JY	1
Kanayama, T; Kobayashi, M; Koshikawa, N; Murai, T; Takada, K; Tomiyama, K	1
Blay, J; Hoskin, DW; MacKenzie, WM	1
Hope, W; Rose'Meyer, RB; White, PJ	1
Assmann, G; Löwe, S; Nofer, JR; Schlüter, H; Tepel, M; Zidek, W	1
Ling, BN; Ma, H	1
Abe, T; Gutterman, DD; Morgan, DA	1
Cilluffo, MC; Farahbakhsh, NA	1
Hespel, P; Richter, EA; Vergauwen, L	1
Coffey, D; Cronstein, BN; Fisher, R; Lahita, RG; Merrill, JT; Salmon, J; Schreibman, D; Shen, C; Zakharenko, O	1
Chopde, CT; Ghosh, AK; Mandhane, SN	1
Barth, A; Janigro, D; Meno, JR; Newell, DW; Nguyen, LB; Wender, R; Winn, HR	1
Baumann, G; Berndt, T; Felix, SB; Frank, TM; Harms, C; Kästner, R; Stangl, V	1
Barlinski, J; Cano, E; Frossard, N; Lagente, V	1
Ho, CY; Hong, JL; Kwong, K; Lee, LY	1
Cho, CH; Tang, XL; Wang, HX; Wong, TM	1
Besson, JM; Buritova, J; Chapman, V; Honoré, P	1
Naghipour, B; Roushan-zamir, F; Shafaghi, B; Zarrindast, MR	1
Cattarini, G; Florio, T; Maragliano, A; Schettini, G; Thellung, S	1
Baumann, G; Buttke, K; Felix, SB; Frank, T; Harms, C; Muss, J; Stangl, K; Stangl, V	1
Baumann, G; Felix, SB; Frank, TM; Schrör, K; Stangl, K; Stangl, V	1
Hsu, KS; Huang, CC; Liang, YC	1
Arima, S; Endo, Y; Ito, O; Ito, S; Omata, K; Takeuchi, K; Yaoita, H	1
Davis, JM; Gute, DC; Jones, S; Korthuis, RJ; Krsmanovic, A	1
Abe, K; Saito, H	1
Caruso-Neves, C; de Oliveira, CF; Filho, CC; Lopes, AG; Monteiro, SO	1
Agostinho, P; Caseiro, P; Cunha, RA; Duarte, EP; Oliveira, CR; Rego, AC	1
Bar-Yehuda, S; Barer, F; Farbstein, T; Fishman, P; Ohana, G	1
Gabriëls, G; Hohage, H; Hollah, P; Rahn, KH; Schlatter, E; Steinmetz, M; van Le, T	1
Erdélyi, F; Sperlágh, B; Szabó, G; Vizi, ES	1
Beilstein, M; Castagnoli, K; Castagnoli, N; Chen, JF; Petzer, JP; Schwarzschild, MA; Sonsalla, PK; Staal, R; Xu, K; Xu, YH	1
Coupar, IM; Tran, BL	1
Hamann, M; Richter, A	1
Baldwin, SA; Cass, CE; Duszyk, M; Man, SF; Ng, AM; Sawicka, J; Szkotak, AJ; Young, JD	1
Shimada, H; Sugino, H; Tsuchimoto, K	1
Dai, LJ; Kang, HS; Kerstan, D; Quamme, GA; Ritchie, G	1
Iwamoto, T; Miki, S; Noguchi, K; Okamoto, K; Sato, S; Senba, E; Yasuda, T; Yoshinaga, N	1
Conklin, D; Eisenach, JC; Li, X; Ma, W; Zhu, X	1
Belem, PC; Chen, JF; Cronstein, B; Elson, G; Fink, JS; Jacobson, M; Leibovich, SJ; Montesinos, C; Pinhal-Enfield, G; Ramanathan, M; Rosania, A; Schwarzschild, MA	1
Baldridge, WH; Barnes, S; Sun, X	1
Andersson, A; Bodin, B; Carlsson, PO; Jansson, L; Källskog, O; Olsson, R	1
Diniz, C; Gonçalves, J; Leal, S	1
Armour, JA; Arora, RC	1
Bantel, C; Eisenach, JC; Li, X	1
Alfinito, PD; Manzino, L; Rijhsinghani, S; Sonsalla, PK; Wang, SP; Zeevalk, GD	1
Baldridge, WH; Barnes, S; Hartwick, AT; Lalonde, MR	1
Choi, JW; Ko, KH; Yoo, BK; Yoon, SY	1
Malec, D; Poleszak, E	1
Brumand, K; Deemyad, T; Malihi, G; Pousti, A	1
Boatto, G; De Montis, MG; Fumagalli, S; Peana, AT; Piga, GG; Pippia, P; Rubattu, P	1
Diamond, I; Fan, P; Jiang, Z; McFarland, K; Ueda, T; Yao, L	1
Chaimovitz, C; Douvdevani, A; Mazar, J; Nakav, S; Rogachev, B; Ziv, NY; Zlotnik, M	1
Mulè, F; Serio, R; Zizzo, MG	1
Fan, YJ; Lautt, WW; Ming, Z; Yang, X	1
Wang, X; Wu, BW; Wu, DM	1
Lautt, WW; Ming, Z	1
Coskun, C; Mutlu, D; Savci, V; Suzer, O; Yalcin, M; Yilmaz, MS	1
Kaidoh, M; Kawai, Y; Ohhashi, T	1
Chen, F; Fan, S; Hu, Z; Li, B; Li, Y; Xia, J; Yan, J; Yu, Z	1
Han, TH; Jang, SH; Lee, SY; Ryu, PD	1
Chatterjee, D; Chiu, GS; Darmody, PT; Freund, GG; Johnson, RW; Meling, DD; Walsh, JP	1
Ballanyi, K; Ciechanski, P; Mosca, EV; Roy, A; Scheibli, EC; Wilson, RJ	1
Gong, ZH; Huang, B; Jia, YX; Su, RB; Wang, ML; Wang, ZT; Yi, SP; Yu, G; Zhang, FY	1

Other Studies

69 other study(ies) available for 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine and theobromine

Article	Year
Chemical genetics reveals a complex functional ground state of neural stem cells. Nature chemical biology, 2007, Volume: 3, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Mice; Molecular Structure; Neoplasms; Neurons; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Sensitivity and Specificity; Stem Cells	2007
The antiinflammatory effects of methotrexate are mediated by adenosine. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1994, Volume: 370 Topics: Acyltransferases; Adenosine; Adenosine Deaminase; Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Carrageenan; Hydroxymethyl and Formyl Transferases; Inflammation; Kinetics; Leukocytes; Methotrexate; Mice; Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide Formyltransferase; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Ribonucleotides; Theobromine; Xanthines	1994
The antiinflammatory effects of an adenosine kinase inhibitor are mediated by adenosine. Arthritis and rheumatism, 1995, Volume: 38, Issue:8 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Deaminase; Adenosine Kinase; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Female; Leukocytes; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Ribonucleosides; Theobromine; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Xanthines	1995
S-adenosyl-L-methionine modulates firing rate of dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus neurones in vitro. European journal of pharmacology, 1994, Nov-03, Volume: 264, Issue:3 Topics: Action Potentials; Alkanesulfonates; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electrophysiology; Female; Male; Methylation; Motor Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; S-Adenosylhomocysteine; S-Adenosylmethionine; Signal Transduction; Theobromine; Vagus Nerve; Xanthines	1994
Adenosine and PAF dependent mechanisms lead to myocardial reperfusion injury by neutrophils after brief ischaemia. Cardiovascular research, 1995, Volume: 29, Issue:4 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Azepines; Guinea Pigs; Heart; Male; Myocardial Ischemia; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Neutrophil Activation; Neutrophils; Perfusion; Platelet Activating Factor; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Theobromine; Triazoles; Xanthines	1995
Effects of selective adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonists and antagonists on local rates of energy metabolism in the rat brain. European journal of pharmacology, 1994, Jun-02, Volume: 258, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Blood Pressure; Brain; Cochlea; Deoxyglucose; Energy Metabolism; Glucose; Male; Phenethylamines; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Theobromine; Xanthines	1994
Effect of Ado A1- and A2-receptor activation on ventricular fibrillation during hypoxia-reoxygenation. The American journal of physiology, 1994, Volume: 267, Issue:4 Pt 2 Topics: Action Potentials; Adenosine; Animals; Electrolytes; Heart; Homeostasis; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Pulmonary Artery; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rabbits; Random Allocation; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Theobromine; Time Factors; Ventricular Fibrillation; Xanthines	1994
Opposite effects of midazolam and beta-carboline-3-carboxylate ethyl ester on the release of dopamine from rat nucleus accumbens measured by in vivo microdialysis. European journal of pharmacology, 1994, Aug-11, Volume: 261, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Carbolines; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Flumazenil; Ligands; Male; Microdialysis; Midazolam; Nucleus Accumbens; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, GABA-A; Tetrodotoxin; Theobromine; Xanthines	1994
Adenosine inhibits the adhesion of anti-CD3-activated killer lymphocytes to adenocarcinoma cells through an A3 receptor. Cancer research, 1994, Jul-01, Volume: 54, Issue:13 Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Adenosine; Animals; Antibodies; CD3 Complex; Cell Adhesion; Colonic Neoplasms; Killer Cells, Natural; Mice; Theobromine; Thioinosine; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Xanthines	1994
The role of adenosine in the hypotensive actions of morphine. European journal of pharmacology, 1995, Nov-24, Volume: 286, Issue:3 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Blood Pressure; Female; Guanethidine; Morphine; Narcotics; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Theobromine; Theophylline; Xanthines	1995
Diadenosine polyphosphates regulate cytosolic calcium in human fibroblast cells by interaction with P2x purinoceptors coupled to phospholipase C. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1996, Jun-13, Volume: 1312, Issue:2 Topics: Bridged-Ring Compounds; Calcium; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cells, Cultured; Cytosol; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Fibroblasts; Fura-2; Humans; Manganese; Nickel; Norbornanes; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Purinergic Antagonists; Receptors, Purinergic; Suramin; Theobromine; Thiocarbamates; Thiones; Type C Phospholipases; Vasoconstrictor Agents; Verapamil; Xanthines	1996
Luminal adenosine receptors regulate amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels in A6 distal nephron cells. The American journal of physiology, 1996, Volume: 270, Issue:5 Pt 2 Topics: Adenosine; Amiloride; Cell Line; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Nephrons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Phenethylamines; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Sodium Channels; Theobromine; Xanthines	1996
Role of adenosine receptor subtypes in neural stunning of sympathetic coronary innervation. The American journal of physiology, 1997, Volume: 272, Issue:1 Pt 2 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Coronary Vessels; Dogs; Female; Male; Myocardial Stunning; Phenethylamines; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Sympathetic Nervous System; Theobromine; Theophylline; Vasoconstriction; Xanthines	1997
Synergistic increase in Ca2+ produced by A1 adenosine and muscarinic receptor activation via a pertussis-toxin-sensitive pathway in epithelial cells of the rabbit ciliary body. Experimental eye research, 1997, Volume: 64, Issue:2 Topics: Acetylcholine; Adenosine; Animals; Calcium; Ciliary Body; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Epinephrine; Epithelium; GTP-Binding Proteins; Pertussis Toxin; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rabbits; Receptors, Muscarinic; Theobromine; Virulence Factors, Bordetella; Xanthines	1997
Adenosine exerts a glycogen-sparing action in contracting rat skeletal muscle. The American journal of physiology, 1997, Volume: 272, Issue:5 Pt 1 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Caffeine; Cyclic AMP; Drug Combinations; Glycogen; Glycogen Synthase; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Skeletal; Phosphorylase a; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Theobromine; Xanthines	1997
Adenosine A1 receptor promotion of multinucleated giant cell formation by human monocytes: a mechanism for methotrexate-induced nodulosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism, 1997, Volume: 40, Issue:7 Topics: Adenosine; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cells, Cultured; Humans; Methotrexate; Monocytes; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Rheumatoid Nodule; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Theobromine; Xanthines	1997
Adenosine A2 receptors modulate haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats. European journal of pharmacology, 1997, Jun-11, Volume: 328, Issue:2-3 Topics: 2-Chloroadenosine; Adenosine; Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide); Animals; Catalepsy; Dopamine Antagonists; Haloperidol; Male; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Scopolamine; Theobromine; Theophylline; Xanthines	1997
Neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slices mediated by adenosine analogues and nitric oxide. Brain research, 1997, Jul-11, Volume: 762, Issue:1-2 Topics: 2-Chloroadenosine; Adenine; Adenosine; Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain Ischemia; Cell Survival; Enzyme Inhibitors; Hippocampus; Neurons; Neurotoxins; Nitric Oxide; Organ Culture Techniques; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Theobromine; Theophylline; Xanthines	1997
Release of a stable cardiodepressant mediator after myocardial ischaemia during reperfusion. Cardiovascular research, 1997, Volume: 35, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine Deaminase; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Animals; Autacoids; Catalase; Depression, Chemical; Female; Free Radical Scavengers; Guinea Pigs; Male; Metoprolol; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardial Ischemia; Myocardial Reperfusion; Myocardium; Naphthalenes; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitroarginine; Perfusion; Phospholipases A; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; Pyrones; Superoxide Dismutase; Theobromine; Xanthines	1997
Adenosine reduces airway excitatory non-cholinergic (e-NC) contraction through both A1 and A2 adenosine receptor activation in the guinea pig. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 1997, Volume: 11, Issue:6 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide); Animals; Bronchi; Cholinergic Fibers; Dipyridamole; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; Guinea Pigs; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Substance P; Theobromine; Vasodilator Agents; Xanthines	1997
Activation of pulmonary C fibres by adenosine in anaesthetized rats: role of adenosine A1 receptors. The Journal of physiology, 1998, Apr-01, Volume: 508 ( Pt 1) Topics: Action Potentials; Adenosine; Afferent Pathways; Anesthesia, General; Animals; Capsaicin; Inosine; Lung; Male; Nerve Fibers; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Respiration; Theobromine; Time Factors; Trachea; Vagus Nerve; Xanthines	1998
Reduced responsiveness of [Ca2+]i to adenosine A1- and A2-receptor stimulation in the isoproterenol-stimulated ventricular myocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 1998, Volume: 31, Issue:4 Topics: Adenosine; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Animals; Calcium; Cardiotonic Agents; Electric Stimulation; Heart Ventricles; Isoproterenol; Male; Myocardium; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rats; Rats, Inbred SHR; Rats, Inbred WKY; Theobromine; Vasodilator Agents; Xanthines	1998
UP 202-56, an adenosine analogue, selectively acts via A1 receptors to significantly decrease noxiously-evoked spinal c-Fos protein expression. Pain, 1998, Volume: 75, Issue:2-3 Topics: Adenosine; Administration, Oral; Animals; Carrageenan; Edema; Hindlimb; Indoles; Male; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Purines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Spinal Cord; Theobromine; Xanthines	1998
Effects of adenosine receptor agents on the expression of morphine withdrawal in mice. European journal of pharmacology, 1999, Mar-12, Volume: 369, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Diarrhea; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Morphine; Morphine Dependence; Naloxone; Narcotic Antagonists; Narcotics; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Theobromine; Xanthines	1999
Polydeoxyribonucleotides enhance the proliferation of human skin fibroblasts: involvement of A2 purinergic receptor subtypes. Life sciences, 1999, Volume: 64, Issue:18 Topics: Adenosine; Calcium; Cell Division; Cytophotometry; Deoxyribonucleosides; Deoxyribonucleotides; Fibroblasts; Fura-2; Humans; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; Placenta; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Second Messenger Systems; Theobromine; Xanthines	1999
Cardiodepressant mediators are released after myocardial ischaemia: modulation by catecholamines and adenosine. Acta physiologica Scandinavica, 1999, Volume: 165, Issue:4 Topics: Adenosine; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Animals; Catecholamines; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Guinea Pigs; In Vitro Techniques; Metoprolol; Myocardial Contraction; Myocardial Ischemia; Myocardial Reperfusion; Myocardium; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; Theobromine; Ventricular Function, Left; Xanthines	1999
Interaction of adenosine and prostacyclin in coronary flow regulation after myocardial ischemia. European journal of pharmacology, 1999, Jul-14, Volume: 377, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Drug Interactions; Epoprostenol; Guinea Pigs; Heart; Hemodynamics; In Vitro Techniques; Indomethacin; Myocardial Ischemia; Perfusion; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Theobromine; Time Factors; Vasodilation; Xanthines	1999
A role for extracellular adenosine in time-dependent reversal of long-term potentiation by low-frequency stimulation at hippocampal CA1 synapses. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 1999, Nov-15, Volume: 19, Issue:22 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Buspirone; Colforsin; Cyclic AMP; Electric Stimulation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Hippocampus; In Vitro Techniques; Least-Squares Analysis; Long-Term Potentiation; Male; Neurons; Piperazines; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Pyramidal Cells; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Serotonin; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1; Serotonin Antagonists; Serotonin Receptor Agonists; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Theobromine; Thionucleotides; Time Factors; Xanthines	1999
[Effect of adenosine on isolated afferent arterioles]. Nihon Jinzo Gakkai shi, 1999, Volume: 41, Issue:7 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Arterioles; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; In Vitro Techniques; Kidney; Male; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Pyrazoles; Pyridines; Rabbits; Theobromine; Vasoconstriction; Vasodilation; Vasodilator Agents; Xanthines	1999
Ischemic preconditioning prevents postischemic P-selectin expression in the rat small intestine. The American journal of physiology, 1999, Volume: 277, Issue:6 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Deaminase; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Ischemia; Ischemic Preconditioning; Jejunum; Male; Organ Specificity; P-Selectin; Protein Kinase C; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reperfusion; Theobromine; Xanthines	1999
Effect of ATP on astrocyte stellation is switched from suppressive to stimulatory during development. Brain research, 1999, Dec-11, Volume: 850, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adenine Nucleotides; Adenosine Triphosphate; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Animals; Astrocytes; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Isoproterenol; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Theobromine; Xanthines	1999
Adenosine modulates the (Na(+)+K(+))ATPase activity in malpighian tubules isolated from Rhodnius prolixus. Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology, 2000, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide); Animals; Malpighian Tubules; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Rhodnius; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Theobromine; Xanthines	2000
Adenosine modulation of D-[3H]aspartate release in cultured retina cells exposed to oxidative stress. Neurochemistry international, 2000, Volume: 36, Issue:3 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Deaminase; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Aspartic Acid; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Chick Embryo; Drug Synergism; Kinetics; Oxidative Stress; Phenethylamines; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Receptor, Adenosine A2A; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Retina; Theobromine; Tritium; Xanthines	2000
Adenosine acts as a chemoprotective agent by stimulating G-CSF production: a role for A1 and A3 adenosine receptors. Journal of cellular physiology, 2000, Volume: 183, Issue:3 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Cycle; Cell Division; Cells, Cultured; Cyclophosphamide; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; Humans; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Quinazolines; Receptor, Adenosine A3; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Theobromine; Triazoles; Xanthines	2000
Influence of purinoceptor antagonism on diadenosine pentaphosphate-induced hypotension in anesthetized rats. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2000, Volume: 294, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Hypotension; Male; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; Pyridoxal Phosphate; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1; Theobromine; Vasodilator Agents; Xanthines	2000
Local regulation of [(3)H]-noradrenaline release from the isolated guinea-pig right atrium by P(2X)-receptors located on axon terminals. British journal of pharmacology, 2000, Volume: 131, Issue:8 Topics: Adenosine Diphosphate; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Cadmium; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; Gene Expression; Guinea Pigs; Heart Atria; Hippocampus; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Norepinephrine; omega-Conotoxin GVIA; Presynaptic Terminals; Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; Pyridoxal Phosphate; Receptors, Purinergic P2; RNA; Superior Cervical Ganglion; Tetrodotoxin; Theobromine; Thionucleotides; Time Factors; Tritium; Xanthines	2000
Neuroprotection by caffeine and A(2A) adenosine receptor inactivation in a model of Parkinson's disease. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2001, May-15, Volume: 21, Issue:10 Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Caffeine; Catechols; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Immunity, Innate; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Neuroprotective Agents; Parkinsonian Disorders; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Purines; Pyrimidines; Receptor, Adenosine A2A; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Theobromine; Triazoles; Xanthines	2001
Withdrawal and bidirectional cross-withdrawal responses in rats treated with adenosine agonists and morphine. Life sciences, 2001, Jul-06, Volume: 69, Issue:7 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide); Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Morphine; Morphine Dependence; Muscle Contraction; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Theobromine; Xanthines	2001
Effects of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists in a genetic animal model of primary paroxysmal dystonia. British journal of pharmacology, 2001, Volume: 134, Issue:2 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Caffeine; Cricetinae; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Dystonia; Female; Male; Mesocricetus; Muscle Contraction; Mutation; Phenethylamines; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Quinazolines; Theobromine; Theophylline; Triazines; Triazoles; Xanthines	2001
Regulation of K(+) current in human airway epithelial cells by exogenous and autocrine adenosine. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology, 2001, Volume: 281, Issue:6 Topics: 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid; Adenosine; Affinity Labels; Amiloride; Autocrine Communication; Cell Line; Cell Polarity; Clotrimazole; Diuretics; Epithelial Cells; Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1; Equilibrative-Nucleoside Transporter 2; Growth Inhibitors; Humans; Membrane Transport Proteins; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Potassium; Potassium Channels; Quinazolines; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Respiratory Mucosa; Theobromine; Thioinosine; Triazoles; Uridine; Xanthines	2001
Role of adenosine in renal protection induced by a brief episode of ischemic preconditioning in rats. Japanese journal of pharmacology, 2001, Volume: 87, Issue:2 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Blood Pressure; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Heart Rate; Ischemia; Ischemic Preconditioning; Kidney; Male; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Renal Artery Obstruction; Renal Circulation; Reperfusion Injury; Theobromine; Theophylline; Time Factors; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed; Xanthines	2001
Adenosine modulates Mg(2+) uptake in distal convoluted tubule cells via A(1) and A(2) purinoceptors. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, 2001, Volume: 281, Issue:6 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Triphosphate; Aldosterone; Animals; Calcium; Cell Line, Transformed; Cyclic AMP; Enzyme Inhibitors; Ion Transport; Kidney Tubules, Distal; Magnesium; Mice; Parathyroid Hormone; Phenethylamines; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Theobromine; Xanthines	2001
A novel analgesic compound OT-7100 attenuates nociceptive responses in animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic hyperalgesia: a possible involvement of adenosinergic anti-nociception. Japanese journal of pharmacology, 2001, Volume: 87, Issue:3 Topics: Adenosine; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Guinea Pigs; Hyperalgesia; Immunohistochemistry; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Pyrazoles; Pyrimidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Theobromine; Xanthines	2001
Spinal noradrenergic activation mediates allodynia reduction from an allosteric adenosine modulator in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Pain, 2002, Volume: 97, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adenosine; Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Allosteric Regulation; Animals; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase; Idazoxan; Immunotoxins; Ligation; Male; N-Glycosyl Hydrolases; Neuralgia; Norepinephrine; Pain Threshold; Physical Stimulation; Plant Proteins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1; Saporins; Spinal Cord; Spinal Nerves; Theobromine; Xanthines	2002
Synergistic up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in murine macrophages by adenosine A(2A) receptor agonists and endotoxin. The American journal of pathology, 2002, Volume: 160, Issue:6 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide); Animals; Blotting, Western; Cells, Cultured; Drosophila Proteins; Endothelial Growth Factors; Female; Interferon-gamma; Lipopolysaccharides; Lymphokines; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C3H; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Phenethylamines; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Receptor, Adenosine A2A; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Signal Transduction; Theobromine; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Toll-Like Receptors; Triazines; Triazoles; Up-Regulation; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; Xanthines	2002
Adenosine inhibits calcium channel currents via A1 receptors on salamander retinal ganglion cells in a mini-slice preparation. Journal of neurochemistry, 2002, Volume: 81, Issue:3 Topics: Adenosine; Ambystoma; Animals; Calcium; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels; Dialysis; Fluorescent Dyes; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate); In Vitro Techniques; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Theobromine; Xanthines	2002
Glucose-induced islet blood flow increase in rats: interaction between nervous and metabolic mediators. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2002, Volume: 283, Issue:3 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Dipyridamole; Glucose; Islets of Langerhans; Male; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Regional Blood Flow; Theobromine; Theophylline; Vagotomy; Vasodilator Agents; Xanthines	2002
Regional differences in the adenosine A(2) receptor-mediated modulation of contractions in rat vas deferens. European journal of pharmacology, 2003, Jan-24, Volume: 460, Issue:2-3 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Triphosphate; Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide); Animals; Epididymis; Immunohistochemistry; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Muscle Contraction; Norepinephrine; Phenethylamines; Prostate; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Adenosine A2A; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Theobromine; Triazines; Triazoles; Vas Deferens; Xanthines	2003
Adenosine A1 receptor activation reduces myocardial reperfusion effects on intrinsic cardiac nervous system. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 2003, Volume: 284, Issue:5 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Female; Heart; Male; Myocardial Ischemia; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Swine; Theobromine; Xanthines	2003
Intraspinal adenosine induces spinal cord norepinephrine release in spinal nerve-ligated rats but not in normal or sham controls. Anesthesiology, 2003, Volume: 98, Issue:6 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Injections, Spinal; Ligation; Male; Microdialysis; Norepinephrine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Cord; Spinal Nerves; Theobromine; Time Factors; Xanthines	2003
Adenosinergic protection of dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons against mitochondrial inhibition through receptors located in the substantia nigra and striatum, respectively. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2003, Nov-26, Volume: 23, Issue:34 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Corpus Striatum; Dopamine; Drug Administration Routes; Drug Synergism; Electron Transport Complex II; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Huntington Disease; Male; Malonates; Mice; Mitochondria; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Parkinsonian Disorders; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra; Theobromine; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; Xanthines	2003
Adenosine A1-receptor modulation of glutamate-induced calcium influx in rat retinal ganglion cells. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2004, Volume: 45, Issue:10 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Calcium; Calcium Channels; Electrophysiology; Fura-2; Glutamic Acid; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptor, Adenosine A1; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Theobromine; Xanthines	2004
Protective effect of adenosine and purine nucleos(t)ides against the death by hydrogen peroxide and glucose deprivation in rat primary astrocytes. Neuroscience research, 2005, Volume: 51, Issue:1 Topics: Adenine; Adenosine; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Astrocytes; Benzimidazoles; Carbocyanines; Cell Death; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Glucose; Hydrogen Peroxide; In Vitro Techniques; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Membrane Potentials; Mitochondria; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Purines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Theobromine; Thioinosine; Time Factors; Xanthines	2005
Adenosine receptor ligands and dizocilpine-induced antinociception in mice. The International journal of neuroscience, 2005, Volume: 115, Issue:4 Topics: Acetic Acid; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Dizocilpine Maleate; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Male; Mice; Nociceptors; Pain; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Theobromine; Xanthines	2005
Involvement of adenosine in the effect of fluoxetine on isolated guinea-pig atria. Pharmacological research, 2006, Volume: 53, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; Depression, Chemical; Female; Fluoxetine; Guinea Pigs; Heart Atria; Heart Rate; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Theobromine; Xanthines	2006
Involvement of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in (-)-linalool-induced antinociception. Life sciences, 2006, Apr-18, Volume: 78, Issue:21 Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; Analgesics; Animals; Hot Temperature; Male; Mice; Monoterpenes; Pain Measurement; Reaction Time; Receptor, Adenosine A1; Receptor, Adenosine A2A; Theobromine; Xanthines	2006
Adenosine A2a blockade prevents synergy between mu-opiate and cannabinoid CB1 receptors and eliminates heroin-seeking behavior in addicted rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006, May-16, Volume: 103, Issue:20 Topics: Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Arachidonic Acids; Behavior, Animal; Corpus Striatum; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; Drug Synergism; Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; Enzyme Activation; Gene Expression Regulation; Heroin Dependence; Humans; Male; Neurons; Nucleus Accumbens; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Adenosine A2A; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; Receptors, Opioid, mu; Self Administration; Signal Transduction; Theobromine; Xanthines	2006
Adenosine is upregulated during peritonitis and is involved in downregulation of inflammation. Kidney international, 2006, Volume: 70, Issue:4 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists; Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Down-Regulation; Epithelium; Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Leukocytes; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Peritonitis; Phenethylamines; Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Receptor, Adenosine A1; Receptor, Adenosine A2A; Receptors, Purinergic P1; RNA, Messenger; Theobromine; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Up-Regulation; Xanthines	2006
Inhibitory responses to exogenous adenosine in murine proximal and distal colon. British journal of pharmacology, 2006, Volume: 148, Issue:7 Topics: Adenosine; Animals; Colon; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Quinazolines; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Signal Transduction; Theobromine; Triazoles; Xanthines	2006
Contribution of hepatic adenosine A1 receptors to renal dysfunction associated with acute liver injury in rats. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2006, Volume: 44, Issue:4 Topics: Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Denervation; Disease Models, Animal; Liver; Liver Diseases; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Adenosine A1; Receptors, Adenosine A2; Renal Insufficiency; Sodium; Theobromine; Theophylline; Thioacetamide; Urine; Xanthines	2006
[Action of AMP579 and adenosine on potassium or sodium ionic channels in isolated rat and guinea pig ventricular myocytes]. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica, 2006, Volume: 41, Issue:8 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; Guinea Pigs; Heart Ventricles; Imidazoles; Male; Membrane Potentials; Molecular Structure; Myocytes, Cardiac; Potassium Channels; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; Pyridines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Channels; Theobromine; Xanthines	2006
Intrahepatic adenosine-mediated activation of hepatorenal reflex is via A1 receptors in rats. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 2006, Volume: 84, Issue:11 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Blood Flow Velocity; Blood Pressure; Denervation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Injections, Intravenous; Kidney; Liver; Male; Natriuresis; Portal Pressure; Portal Vein; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Adenosine A1; Receptors, Adenosine A2; Reflex; Renal Artery; Theobromine; Urination; Xanthines	2006
Hypotensive effects of intravenously administered uridine and cytidine in conscious rats: involvement of adenosine receptors. European journal of pharmacology, 2008, Apr-14, Volume: 584, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Caffeine; Carotid Arteries; Consciousness; Cytidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Heart Rate; Hypotension; Injections, Intravenous; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Adenosine A1; Receptor, Adenosine A2A; Theobromine; Theophylline; Time Factors; Triazines; Triazoles; Uridine; Ventricular Function, Left; Ventricular Pressure; Xanthines	2008
MDA-MB-231 produces ATP-mediated ICAM-1-dependent facilitation of the attachment of carcinoma cells to human lymphatic endothelial cells. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology, 2008, Volume: 295, Issue:5 Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Adhesion; Cell Line, Tumor; Culture Media, Conditioned; Endothelial Cells; Endothelium, Lymphatic; Female; Humans; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Lymphatic Metastasis; Paracrine Communication; Protein Denaturation; Receptors, Purinergic P2; Suramin; Theobromine; Time Factors; Xanthines	2008
Adenosine modulates the excitability of layer II stellate neurons in entorhinal cortex through A1 receptors. Hippocampus, 2011, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Calcium; Calcium Channels; Entorhinal Cortex; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Organ Culture Techniques; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Presynaptic Terminals; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Adenosine A1; Receptors, Adenosine A2; Synaptic Transmission; Theobromine; Xanthines	2011
Adenosine reduces GABAergic IPSC frequency via presynaptic A₁ receptors in hypothalamic paraventricular neurons projecting to rostral ventrolateral medulla. Neuroscience letters, 2011, Feb-18, Volume: 490, Issue:1 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; Afferent Pathways; Animals; Biophysics; Electric Stimulation; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials; Male; Medulla Oblongata; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Adenosine A1; Theobromine; Xanthines	2011
Hypoxia/reoxygenation impairs memory formation via adenosine-dependent activation of caspase 1. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 2012, Oct-03, Volume: 32, Issue:40 Topics: Adenosine; Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; Amnesia, Anterograde; Amygdala; Animals; Caffeine; Caspase 1; Caspase Inhibitors; Conditioning, Classical; Cues; Enzyme Activation; Fear; Hypoxia, Brain; Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; Male; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Maze Learning; Mental Recall; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Oxygen; Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type I; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Recognition, Psychology; Theobromine; Xanthines	2012
Methylxanthine reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the neonatal rat: mechanism and location of action. Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, 2014, Aug-15, Volume: 200 Topics: Adenosine A1 Receptor Antagonists; Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Apnea; Brain Stem; Carotid Body; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; Phrenic Nerve; Quinazolines; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiration; Theobromine; Theophylline; Tissue Culture Techniques; Triazoles; Xanthines	2014
Antinociceptive effects of incarvillateine, a monoterpene alkaloid from Incarvillea sinensis, and possible involvement of the adenosine system. Scientific reports, 2015, Nov-03, Volume: 5 Topics: Adenosine; Alkaloids; Analgesics; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Bignoniaceae; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Freund's Adjuvant; Hyperalgesia; Interleukin-1beta; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Mice; Monoterpenes; Motor Activity; Paclitaxel; Pain Measurement; Theobromine; Theophylline; Xanthines	2015