| Excerpt | Reference |
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| "Infantile spasms are classified as a "generalized" seizure disorder in the international classification system, which suggests that the underlying brain abnormality causing the seizures also must be diffuse or generalized." | ( Chugani, HT; Peacock, WJ; Shewmon, DA; Shields, WD, 1992) |
| "Infantile spasms are generalized seizures specific to early infancy, and are believed to result from complex cortical-subcortical interactions during a critical period of development." | ( Chen, BC; Chugani, HT; Phelps, ME; Sankar, R; Shewmon, DA, 1992) |
| "The prognosis of infantile spasms is grim when a detectable brain lesion is present." | ( Boulloche, J; Dautreme, P; Le Luyer, B; Mallet, E; Tron, P, 1991) |
| "By contrast West syndrome is easier to evaluate as the spasms are the only, and characteristic, seizure type." | ( Appleton, RE, 1995) |
| "Infantile spasms is a refractory seizure disorder for which a number of different treatment regimens are available." | ( Bobele, GB; Bodensteiner, JB, 1994) |
| "West syndrome is a peculiar form of epilepsy of infancy and childhood characterized by spasms or massive myoclonus, regression neuropsychomotor development, and EEG abnormalities referred as hipsarrhythmia." | ( Kamiyama, MA; Tonholo-Silva, ER; Yoshinaga, L, 1993) |
| "West syndrome is an age-specific epileptic syndrome with onset in infancy." | ( Kábová, R; Velísek, L; Veresová, S, 1997) |
| "West syndrome is a rare epileptic syndrome associated with infantile spasms, a specific abnormal electroencephalographic pattern (termed hypsarrhythmia), and mental retardation." | ( Clark, PO; Glauser, TA; Strawsburg, R, 1998) |
| "The treatment of West syndrome is not well established at present and further research is needed to improve the therapeutic protocol." | ( Ito, M; Seki, T; Takuma, Y, 2000) |
| "Infantile spasms are typical crisis found in the childhood being a serious pathology with an obscure prognosis." | ( Fonseca, LF; Oliveira, AL, 2000) |
| "West syndrome is an epileptic encephalopathy which includes psychomotor deterioration." | ( Dhondt, JL; Dulac, O; Mikaeloff, Y; Plouin, P; Ponsot, G, 2000) |
| "Infantile spasms are a devastating epileptic encephalopathy of the young child." | ( Nabbout, R, 2001) |
| "Infantile spasms are a rare but devastating pediatric epilepsy that, outside the United States, is often treated with vigabatrin." | ( Elterman, RD; Mansfield, KA; Nakagawa, J; Shields, WD, 2001) |
| "Infantile spasms is an epilepsy syndrome with several distinctive features, including age specificity during infancy, characteristic semiology (epileptic spasms), specific electroencephalographic patterns (interictal hypsarrhythmia and ictal voltage suppression), and responsiveness to the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)." | ( Holmes, GL; Stafstrom, CE, 2002) |
| "Infantile spasms are often associated with transient cortical, especially occipital, hypometabolic foci that are not necessarily associated with structural lesions and do not indicate a poor prognosis." | ( Aärimaa, T; Erkinjuntti, M; Gaily, E; Granström, ML; Grönroos, T; Holopainen, I; Liukkonen, E; Metsähonkala, L; Rantala, H; Salmi, E; Sillanpää, M; Valanne, L, 2002) |
| "Infantile spasms is a catastrophic form of epilepsy found only in infants and young toddlers, with the peak incidence between 4 - 7 months of age." | ( Zupanc, ML, 2003) |
| "Infantile spasms are an epileptic manifestation typical of infancy." | ( Nustad, A; Rasmussen, M; Sandvig, I; Skjeldal, OH, 2005) |
| "Infantile spasms is a severe infantile seizure disorder that is difficult to treat and has a high morbidity." | ( Edwards, SW; Hancock, E; Johnson, AL; Kennedy, CR; Lux, AL; Newton, RW; O'Callaghan, FJ; Osborne, JP; Verity, CM, 2005) |
| "West syndrome is a generalized epilepsy syndrome composed of infantile spasms and onset is usually within the first year of life." | ( Chiarelli, F; Coppola, GG; Iannetti, P; Manco, R; Mingione, S; Verrotti, A, 2007) |
| "West syndrome is a severe epileptic encephalopathy of infancy characterized by a poor developmental outcome and hypsarrhythmia." | ( Boor, R; Jacobs, J; Jansen, O; Moehring, J; Moeller, F; Siniatchkin, M; Stephani, U; van Baalen, A; Wolff, S, 2007) |
| "Infantile spasms is one of the most severe epileptic syndromes of infancy and early childhood." | ( Frost, JD; Hrachovy, RA; Lee, CL; Swann, JW, 2008) |
| "Infantile spasms is a catastrophic childhood seizure disorder for which few animal models exist." | ( Aleem, IS; Ashraf, A; Cortez, MA; Kanawaty, A; Liu, CC; Sadeghnia, HR; Shen, L; Snead, OC; Stewart, L; Trepanier, CH; Wu, Y, 2009) |
| "Infantile spasms are characterized by age-specific expression of epileptic spasms and hypsarrhythmia and often result in significant cognitive impairment." | ( Betancourth, D; Chudomelova, L; Galanopoulou, AS; Moshé, SL; Raffo, E; Scantlebury, MH, 2010) |
| "Infantile spasms are usually resistant to conventional antiepileptic drugs." | ( Ko, TS; Yum, MS, 2009) |
| "Infantile spasms is the name given to a difficult to treat, severe infantile epilepsy with high morbidity." | ( Darke, K; Edwards, SW; Hancock, E; Johnson, AL; Kennedy, CR; Lux, AL; Newton, RW; O'Callaghan, FJ; Osborne, JP; Verity, CM, 2010) |
| "Infantile spasms are the classical seizure type of West syndrome." | ( Betancourth, D; Chudomelova, L; Coppola, A; Galanopoulou, AS; Raffo, E; Scantlebury, MH, 2010) |
| "West syndrome is an age-specific form of epilepsy that associates infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia and a delay in or the complete stoppage of psychomotor development, although this last case is not essential." | ( Arce-Portillo, E; Blanco-Martinez, B; Candau Fernandez-Mensaque, R; Madruga-Garrido, M; Munoz-Cabello, B; Rufo-Campos, M; Ruiz-Del Portal, L, 2011) |
| "When infantile spasms are accompanied by hypsarrhythmia on electroencephalogram, the condition is labeled West syndrome." | ( Belliveau, P; Pesaturo, KA; Spooner, LM, 2011) |
| "Infantile spasms are seizures manifesting within a spectrum of epileptic encephalopathies of infancy that often lead to cognitive impairment." | ( Briggs, SW; Coppola, A; Galanopoulou, AS; Ono, T; Raffo, E, 2011) |
| "Infantile spasms is a severe infantile seizure disorder." | ( Darke, K; Edwards, SW; Hancock, E; Johnson, AL; Kennedy, CR; Lux, AL; Newton, RW; O'Callaghan, FJ; Osborne, JP; Verity, CM, 2011) |
| "Infantile spasms are the signature seizures of West syndrome." | ( Galanopoulou, AS; Moshé, SL; Ono, T, 2011) |
| "Infantile spasms is an age-specific epileptic syndrome associated with poor developmental outcomes and poor response to nearly all traditional antiepileptic drugs except adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)." | ( Shang, AJ; Wang, J; Yang, G; Zhang, Y; Zhou, WJ; Zou, LP, 2012) |
| "West syndrome is an age-specific epileptic disorder that occurs in infancy and early childhood." | ( Lam, WM; Manasco, KB; Shumiloff, NA, 2013) |
| "West syndrome is an age-dependent epilepsy with onset peak in the first year of life whose aetiology may be symptomatic or cryptogenic." | ( Fontana, A; Giordano, G; Mangano, GR; Mangano, S; Nardello, R; Spitaleri, C; Tripi, G, 2013) |
| "Infantile spasms are a catastrophic form of pediatric epilepsy with inadequate treatment." | ( Maheshwari, A; Noebels, JL; Olivetti, PR, 2014) |
| "West syndrome is an age-dependent epileptic syndrome related to a group of infantile epileptic encephalopathies and characterized by a triad of basic symptoms: series of infantile spasms, psychomotor retardation and severe paroxysmal EEG changes." | ( Globa, OV; Kremenchugskaya, MR; Kuzenkova, LM; Podkletnova, TV, 2014) |
| "Infantile spasms are seizures typical of an age-related epileptic encephalopathy." | ( Cole, JW; Mytinger, JR; Weber, A, 2015) |
| "Infantile spasms are a rare, catastrophic, age-specific seizure disorder of infancy." | ( Boyd, J; Go, C; Jones, K; McCoy, B; Ochi, A; Puka, K; Snead, OC, 2015) |
| "West syndrome is an epileptic encephalopathy characterized by epileptic spasms, a specific pattern on electroencephalography of hypsarrhythmia, and developmental regression." | ( Ando, N; Azuma, Y; Fukasawa, T; Ishihara, N; Ito, Y; Kawai, H; Kidokoro, H; Kubota, T; Naganawa, S; Natsume, J; Ogawa, C; Sakaguchi, Y; Takeuchi, T; Tsuji, T; Yamamoto, H, 2016) |
| "Infantile spasms are seizures associated with a severe epileptic encephalopathy presenting in the first 2 years of life, and optimal treatment continues to be debated." | ( Berg, AT; Coryell, J; Dlugos, D; Gaillard, WD; Grinspan, Z; Hamikawa, L; Hartman, AL; Joshi, S; Knupp, KG; Kossoff, EH; Leister, E; Loddenkemper, T; Millichap, J; Mytinger, JR; Nickels, KC; Nordli, DR; Ryan, N; Shellhaas, RA; Sullivan, J; Wirrell, E, 2016) |
| "West syndrome is the triad of infantile spasms, interictal hypsarrhythmia, and mental retardation." | ( Batalov, S; Chowdhury, S; Dimmock, DM; Farnaes, L; Kingsmore, SF; Nahas, SA; Nelson, J, 2017) |
| "West syndrome is a distinct, infantile onset, epileptic encephalopathy, associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcome." | ( Angappan, D; Malhi, P; Sahu, JK; Singhi, P, 2019) |
| "Children with infantile spasms are often treated with hormonal therapies including adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and prednisolone." | ( Cree-Green, M; Knupp, K; McGarry, L; Messer, R; Ray, K, 2020) |
| "Children with infantile spasms are likely to have a poor outcome." | ( Riikonen, R, 2020) |
| "Infantile spasms are associated with a wide variety of clinical conditions, including perinatal brain injuries." | ( Anderson, AE; Ballester-Rosado, CJ; Frost, JD; Lam, S; Lam, TT; Le, JT; Mohila, CA; Swann, JW, 2022) |
| Excerpt | Reference |
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| "1) Only one of 27 children with West syndrome and related disorders pretreated using high-dose PAL-P alone before ACTH showed a clinically excellent response." | ( Seki, T, 1990) |
| "In contrast, cryptogenic infantile spasms, in which there is no identifiable brain lesion, usually run a favorable course under treatment." | ( Boulloche, J; Dautreme, P; Le Luyer, B; Mallet, E; Tron, P, 1991) |
| "Recurrence of hypsarrhythmia was observed most often in patients treated with doses lower than 200mg/kg/day." | ( Garaizar, C; Garcia-Nieto, ML; Madoz, P; Prats, JM; Rua, MJ, 1991) |
| "Five patients with infantile spasms and hypsarrhythmia and one with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were treated with brief thiopentone anaesthesia as the primary treatment of infantile spasms." | ( Meretoja, O; Neuvonen, PJ; Riikonen, R; Sainio, K; Santavuori, P; Tokola, RA, 1988) |
| "The 18 patients had either West syndrome (12 patients) or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (6 patients), which was intractable to antiepileptic drug therapy and to adrenocorticotrophic hormone." | ( Kawase, S; Matsuo, S; Mitsufuji, N; Nishimura, A; Sawada, T; Takeuchi, Y; Tominaga, M; Yamazoe, I, 1995) |
| "A 3-year-old boy with West syndrome who was shown to have a cystic lesion on magnetic resonance imagings underwent surgical treatment." | ( Aihara, N; Ishikawa, T; Kamiya, K; Kanayama, M; Katano, H; Nagai, H; Yamashita, N, 1994) |
| "Most respondents who treat infantile spasms use corticotropin (ACTH) as their drug of first choice (88%)." | ( Bobele, GB; Bodensteiner, JB, 1994) |
| "Nodding spasm and hypsarrhythmia on EEG disappeared in all patients in the liposteroid therapy group within four doses; however, partial seizures and focal spikes on EEG reappeared in three patients 2 months after the end of liposteroid therapy." | ( Asoh, M; Kamiyama, N; Murakami, H; Ohta, C; Yamamoto, H, 1998) |
| "ACTH is the standard treatment for infantile spasms (IS) in North America." | ( Carmant, L; Cossette, P; Riviello, JJ, 1999) |
| "Further, in the West syndrome and the NMDA seizure model, there is an incongruent response to therapy with antiepileptic drugs." | ( Kábová, R; Liptáková, S; Pometlová, M; Slamberová, R; Velísek, L, 1999) |
| "We treated a female patient with West syndrome caused by thiamine-responsive pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) deficiency." | ( Chen, S; Ito, M; Kuroda, Y; Maehara, M; Naito, E; Saijo, T; Yokota, I, 1999) |
| "The treatment of West syndrome is not well established at present and further research is needed to improve the therapeutic protocol." | ( Ito, M; Seki, T; Takuma, Y, 2000) |
| "Approximately 10-30% of patients with West syndrome respond to high-dose vitamin B(6) treatment." | ( Toribe, Y, 2001) |
| "Twenty patients with West syndrome were initially treated with high-dose vitamin B6 (40 to 50 mg/kg/day) and valproate (40 to 50 mg/kg/day)." | ( Fujii, T; Ito, M; Miyajima, T; Okuno, T, 2001) |
| "Five patients with symptomatic infantile spasms had epilepsy following treatment; three of them were in the autistic spectrum." | ( Askalan, R; Boyd, J; Brian, J; Bryson, S; Mackay, M; McDermott, C; Otsubo, H; Roberts, W; Snead, C; Weiss, S, 2003) |
| "Two groups of children with salaam seizures were studied-16 treated with routine anticonvulsants (control group) and 20 who had hydrocortisone added to their routine medication (Cortef-plus group)." | ( CROWTHER, DL, 1964) |
| "Valproate has also been used in the treatment of infantile spasms, with an efficacy of approximately 25 - 40%." | ( Zupanc, ML, 2003) |
| "Early treatment of cryptogenic infantile spasms with a high-dose ACTH protocol is associated with favorable long-term cognitive outcomes." | ( Ariel, R; Danziger, Y; Kivity, S; Lerman, P; Mimouni, M; Shinnar, S, 2004) |
| "ACTH should be the first choice for treatment of infantile spasms." | ( Riikonen, R, 2004) |
| "Reports on the use of topiramate for treatment of infantile spasms are limited." | ( Chutorian, A; Hosain, SA; Merchant, S; Solomon, GE, 2006) |
| "Although West syndrome is well known clinical epileptic syndrome, there is no agreement about the first- and second-line treatments." | ( Chiarelli, F; Coppola, GG; Iannetti, P; Manco, R; Mingione, S; Verrotti, A, 2007) |
| "Patients with West syndrome and hypsarrhythmia could be included if topiramate treatment had started at an age of < or =3 years." | ( Korinthenberg, R; Schreiner, A, 2007) |
| "Children with West syndrome have better seizure control and development, if the treatment is started within 1 month of onset of symptoms." | ( Sharma, NL; Vishwanthan, V, 2008) |
| "All affected patients were treated for infantile spasms; none of 56 patients with infantile spasms who were not treated with vigabatrin showed the same abnormalities." | ( Conry, JA; de Menezes, MS; Elling, NJ; Ferri, R; Gaillard, WD; Gilles, E; Goodkin, HP; Heffron, A; Kadom, N; McCarter, R; McClintock, WM; Molloy-Wells, E; Pearl, PL; Saneto, RP; Trzcinski, S; Vezina, LG, 2009) |
| "Vigabatrin used to treat infantile spasms (IS) has been associated with transient magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities." | ( Bebin, M; Carmant, L; Chiron, C; Collins, SD; Conry, JA; Donald Shields, W; Elterman, RD; Frost, M; Paolicchi, JM; Thiele, EA; Wheless, JW; Zupanc, ML, 2009) |
| "VGB is under assessment for treatment of infantile spasms (IS) and refractory complex partial seizures (CPS)." | ( Abelson, MB; Ben-Menachem, E; Pellock, JM; Shields, WD; Willmore, LJ, 2009) |
| "Early treatment of infantile spasms seems to be important." | ( Riikonen, RS, 2010) |
| "The ideal treatment of infantile spasms is unclear, but many studies advocate hormonal treatment." | ( Hartman, AL; Kossoff, EH; Rubenstein, JE; Vining, EP, 2009) |
| "Spasms in series and hypsarrhythmia disappeared after treatment with high-dose phenobarbital; however, single spasms persisted with right-sided predominance, and polyspike activity in the left parieto-temporal areas preceded or coincided with these spasms." | ( Hoshino, K; Komaki, H; Nakagawa, E; Saito, Y; Sakuma, H; Sasaki, M; Sugai, K, 2010) |
| "We treated 7 patients with West syndrome (WS) and TSC with VGB." | ( Ando, N; Fujimoto, S; Hattori, A; Ishikawa, T; Ito, T; Kobayashi, S; Togari, H, 2010) |
| "To determine Topiramate efficacy on treatment of infantile spasms and ancillary seizures, and whether there were any improvements on EEG." | ( Al-Baradie, RS; Elseed, MA, 2011) |
| "One patient had hypsarrhythmia at the time of treatment with rufinamide, and 9 other patients had a history of hypsarrhythmia." | ( Bergin, AM; Bourgeois, BF; Coulter, D; Duffy, FH; Kothare, SV; Libenson, MH; Loddenkemper, T; Olson, HE; Poduri, A; Rotenberg, A; Takeoka, M; Vendrame, M, 2011) |
| "The mainstay of treatment for infantile spasms is adrenocorticotropic hormone; however, vigabatrin, a vinyl derivative of γ-aminobutyric acid, has been used for the treatment of infantile spasms in Europe since 1989." | ( Belliveau, P; Pesaturo, KA; Spooner, LM, 2011) |
| "Both prompt diagnosis and prompt treatment of infantile spasms may help prevent subsequent developmental delay." | ( Darke, K; Edwards, SW; Hancock, E; Johnson, AL; Kennedy, CR; Lux, AL; Newton, RW; O'Callaghan, FJ; Osborne, JP; Verity, CM, 2011) |
| "The ketogenic diet (KD) is a treatment of infantile spasms (IS)." | ( Chu-Shore, CJ; Numis, AL; Pfeifer, HH; Thiele, EA; Yellen, MB, 2011) |
| "The conventional treatments for infantile spasms, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and vigabatrin, are not always effective, especially in symptomatic infantile spasms (SIS)." | ( Galanopoulou, AS; Moshé, SL; Ono, T, 2011) |
| "To determine whether a new model of cryptogenic infantile spasms consisting of prenatal priming with betamethasone and postnatal trigger of spasms by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) responds to chronic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) treatment, and has electroencephalography (EEG) signature, efficacy of treatments, and behavioral impairments similar to those in human infantile spasms." | ( Chachua, T; Velíšek, L; Velíšková, J; Yum, MS, 2011) |
| "Successful short-term treatment of cryptogenic infantile spasms with ACTH or prednisolone leads to better long-term developmental outcome than treatment with VGB." | ( Adams-Webber, T; Ashwal, S; Go, CY; Mackay, MT; Snead, OC; Stephens, D; Weiss, SK, 2012) |
| "Low-dose ACTH should be considered for treatment of infantile spasms." | ( Adams-Webber, T; Ashwal, S; Go, CY; Mackay, MT; Snead, OC; Stephens, D; Weiss, SK, 2012) |
| "Vigabatrin has shown efficacy in the treatment of infantile spasms caused by tuberous sclerosis complex, but its effects on focal seizures caused by tuberous sclerosis complex have not been determined." | ( Ko, TS; Lee, EH; Yum, MS, 2013) |
| "The role of therapy on improvement of hypsarrhythmia has not been systematically assessed." | ( Arambepola, C; Muhandiram, EC; Sri Ranganathan, S; Sumanasena, S; Wanigasinghe, J, 2014) |
| "Improvement of hypsarrhythmia was assessed blindly using a hypsarrhythmia severity scale before and after completion of therapy." | ( Arambepola, C; Muhandiram, EC; Sri Ranganathan, S; Sumanasena, S; Wanigasinghe, J, 2014) |
| "We reviewed 71 children with West syndrome (cryptogenic 14) who had obtained control of epileptic spasms with initial treatment (adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 37, high-dose vitamin B6 2, and antiepileptic drugs 32)." | ( Ikeda, T; Kimizu, T; Kimura, S; Mano, T; Mogami, Y; Suzuki, Y; Toribe, Y; Yamada, K; Yanagihara, K, 2014) |
| "We suggest that effective treatment for West syndrome should produce both cessation of epileptic spasms and disappearance of epileptic activity on EEG." | ( Ikeda, T; Kimizu, T; Kimura, S; Mano, T; Mogami, Y; Suzuki, Y; Toribe, Y; Yamada, K; Yanagihara, K, 2014) |
| "The current treatment guidelines for treatment of infantile spasms is ambiguous regarding individuals with known etiology and is backed by limited evidence." | ( Sogawa, Y; Thodeson, D, 2014) |
| "In all animals, hypsarrhythmia was abolished by the last treatment day." | ( Ballester-Rosado, C; Frost, JD; Hrachovy, RA; Le, JT; Lee, CL; Swann, JW, 2015) |
| "In the treatment of infantile spasms, risk-benefit assessment should consider both the low prevalence of ERG-identified VAVFL among patients with brief (<6-9months) exposure and the very low prevalence of clinically apparent VAVFL in this population." | ( Hussain, SA; Li, M; Sankar, R; Schwarz, MD; Tsao, J; Wu, JY; Wu, YW; Zhou, R, 2016) |
| "VGB is effective in treating infantile spasms, a rare seizure disorder associated with significant morbidity." | ( Ainslie, GR; Gibson, KM; Pearl, PL; Vogel, KR, 2017) |
| "Infants with untreated West syndrome were randomized to receive 14 days of prednisolone (40 to 60 mg/day) or intramuscular long-acting ACTH (40 to 60 IU every other day)." | ( Arambepola, C; Ranganathan, SS; Sumanasena, S; Wanigasinghe, J, 2017) |
| "Treatment choice and categorization of hypsarrhythmia were determined clinically at each site." | ( Bluvstein, JS; Chu, CJ; Demarest, ST; Gaillard, WD; Grinspan, Z; Hussain, SA; Joshi, S; Keator, C; Knupp, KG; Loddenkemper, T; Mohamed, IS; Nickels, KC; Patel, AD; Sánchez Fernández, I; Saneto, RP; Shellhaas, RA; Singh, RK; Stack, CV; Stafstrom, CE; Wirrell, E; Wusthoff, CJ; Yozawitz, E, 2017) |
| "Eighty-two percent of patients had hypsarrhythmia, but this was not associated with gender, mean age, preexisting developmental delay or epilepsy, etiology, or response to first-line therapy." | ( Bluvstein, JS; Chu, CJ; Demarest, ST; Gaillard, WD; Grinspan, Z; Hussain, SA; Joshi, S; Keator, C; Knupp, KG; Loddenkemper, T; Mohamed, IS; Nickels, KC; Patel, AD; Sánchez Fernández, I; Saneto, RP; Shellhaas, RA; Singh, RK; Stack, CV; Stafstrom, CE; Wirrell, E; Wusthoff, CJ; Yozawitz, E, 2017) |
| "Vigabatrin was approved for the treatment of infantile spasms by the US Food and Drug Administration, but not in Japan at the time of initiating this clinical study because of concerns about irreversible peripheral visual field defects (VFDs)." | ( Ohtsuka, Y, 2018) |
| "Rapid diagnosis and effective treatment of infantile spasms could therefore improve outcomes." | ( Alber, FD; Cortina Borja, M; Edwards, SW; Hancock, E; Johnson, AL; Kennedy, CR; Likeman, M; Lux, AL; Mackay, MT; Mallick, AA; Newton, RW; Nolan, M; O'Callaghan, FJK; Osborne, JP; Pressler, R; Rating, D; Schmitt, B; Verity, CM, 2018) |
| "Thirty infants with West syndrome were randomized to receive treatment with either synthetic, intramuscular adrenocorticotropic hormone (30-60 IU) or oral zonisamide (4-25 mg/kg/day)." | ( Angappan, D; Malhi, P; Sahu, JK; Singhi, P, 2019) |
| "After initially successful treatment of infantile spasms, the long-term cumulative risk of relapse approaches 50%, and there is no established protocol to mitigate this risk." | ( Bebin, EM; Goyal, M; Hussain, SA; Krueger, DA; Northrup, H; Peters, JM; Sahin, M; Schmid, E; Wu, JY, 2018) |
| "Among the responders, four had hypsarrhythmia resolution, no spasm relapse, and no other seizure types more than 2 years after pyridoxal therapy." | ( Daida, A; Hamano, SI; Hirata, Y; Ikemoto, S; Koichihara, R; Kubota, J; Matsuura, R, 2019) |
| "Thus, AQB-565 may represent a novel treatment of infantile spasms similarly effective as ACTH but with potentially limited side effects." | ( Chern, CJ; Chern, CR; Velíšek, L; Velíšková, J, 2019) |
| "Hormonal therapy is the first-line treatment for infantile spasms and is sometimes used in combination with topiramate for better seizure control and potentially improved developmental outcomes." | ( Fox, JR; Guido-Estrada, N; Jarrar, R; Williams, K, 2020) |
| "In the eight patients who had West syndrome (WS) in infancy, FOs associated with spikes were abundant during the WS period prior to adrenocorticotropic hormone therapy, with significantly greater numbers of FOs compared to the post-WS period (median 242 and 0, respectively; p = 0." | ( Akiyama, T; Endoh, F; Kobayashi, K; Matsuhashi, M; Tsuchiya, H, 2020) |
| "An 8-month-old girl was diagnosed with West syndrome (infantile spasms), and VPA was administered at the standard level of 25 mg/kg/day." | ( Eto, K; Hara, K; Ito, S; Nagata, S; Nishikawa, A; Oguni, H; Otani, Y; Suzuki, Y, 2021) |
| "In one of the three infants, West syndrome developed during treatment with vitamin B12 and normalization of the vitamin B12 level." | ( Calvo, A; Caraballo, R; Crespo, A; Falsaperla, R; Greco, F; Pavone, P; Sullo, F, 2021) |
| "All consecutive children with hypsarrhythmia or hypsarrhythmia variant on EEG with/without IS, who had been treated with vigabatrin as first-line anti-seizure medication (ASM) followed by high-dose oral prednisolone (8 mg/kg/day; maximum 60 mg/day) in cases who did not respond to vigabatrin, were included." | ( Al-Shehhi, W; Boyd, J; Chau, V; Donner, E; Go, C; Jain, P; Sharma, R; Snead, C, 2022) |
| "There are three recommended first-line treatments for infantile spasms, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), oral corticosteroids, and vigabatrin, though non-standard treatments such as topiramate are sometimes selected." | ( Grinspan, ZM; Knupp, KG; Min, JY; Patel, AD; Shellhaas, RA; Zhang, M, 2021) |
| "Compared to other treatments for infantile spasms, use of ACTH was associated with greater cost in the first 6 months of treatment, but not with reduced ED visits or hospitalizations." | ( Grinspan, ZM; Knupp, KG; Min, JY; Patel, AD; Shellhaas, RA; Zhang, M, 2021) |
| "Vigabatrin (VGB) is the first-line treatment for infantile spasms (IS)." | ( Gao, J; Han, F; He, W; Liu, K; Luo, XM; Shi, XY; Wan, L; Wang, J; Wang, QH; Wang, YY; Xu, Y; Yang, G; Yang, XY; Zou, LP, 2022) |
| "Report a series of children with West syndrome (WS) treated with vigabatrin (VGB) who developed characteristic MRI alterations." | ( Calvo, A; Caraballo, RH; Crespo, A; Fassulo, L; Gallo, A; Pociecha, J; Princich, J; Reyes Valenzuela, G; Rugilo, C; Semprino, M, 2022) |
| "Early diagnosis and treatment of infantile spasms have a better prognosis." | ( Chandran, S; Janardhan, K; Teoh, KW; Yap, F, 2022) |
| "Individuals without hypsarrhythmia on the pretreatment EEG (i." | ( Baumer, FM; Bhalla, S; Bhatia, S; Harini, C; Hussain, SA; Joshi, C; Keator, CG; Liu, S; Mytinger, JR; Samanta, D; Shellhaas, R; Singh, RK; Yozawitz, EG; Yuskaitis, CJ; Zhang, B, 2022) |